Jordan University of Science and Technology

Civil Engineering Department

Environmental Engineering Laboratory CE453
Student Name: Feda'a Mohammad Saleh
ID: 20110023088
Experiment Name: Acid-Base Titration
Section Number: 2
Instructor Name: Lubna Al Khalidy

Introduction:

An acidbase titration is the determination of the concentration of an acid

or base by exactly neutralizing the acid or base with an acid or base of
known concentration. This allows for quantitative analysis of the
concentration of an unknown acid or base solution. It makes use of
.the neutralization reaction that occurs between acids and bases

.Acidbase titrations can also be used to find percent purity of chemicals

During a titration, the volume of one reagent, the analyte, is
predetermined while the other reagent, the titrant, is prepared in a buret
and slowly introduced to the analyte solution. The completion of this
reaction can be determined via observation through the use of an
indicator. The amount of titrant released from the buret at the endpoint
signifies the volume of solution necessary to complete the reaction.
From this given volume, the concentration of either titrant or analyte can
be determined when equilibrium is reached between reactant and
product
The equivalence point of the reaction, the point at which equivalent
amounts of the reactants have reacted, will have a pH dependent on the
relative strengths of the acid and base used.In this experiment the tyrant,
which is placed in the buret , will be "NaOH". The analyte; which is
."placed in a beaker below the buret, will be an acid "H2SO4
A pH electrode will be placed in one of the acid solutions only and a
solution of one of the bases will slowly drip from a buret into the acid
solution @ constant rate. A titration curve is normally a plot of pH versus
volume of titration

Theory:

The study of acid base titrations involves consideration of the reaction

which occur between acids and base .for this purpose the distinguish
between strong and weak acids and bases
The titration of weak acid with a strong base involves at least two
sequential reactions; the initial reaction is the titration, of the hydrated
proton with the OH added.
The second reaction, which may be very rapid or slow, and transfer of the
proton from the weak acid toH2O.
The titration of weak acid with a strong base involves at least two
sequential reactions; the initial reaction: is the titration of the hydrated
proton with the OH-added.
The second reaction: This may be very rapid or slow, involves transfer of
the proton from the weak acid to H2O.
The PH of the equivalence point is dependent upon the degree of
dissociation of the weak acid and its concentration as well as on the
ionization constant of water.

To determine the equivalence point of an acid-base titration, either a PH

meter or acid - base indicators can be used

Objectives:

1. To determine the interaction of acids and bases

2. To examine methods for determining equivalence points of reaction.

Apparatus& Samples:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

PH meter
Glass indicator electrode
Magnetic stirrer
Bursts
Sample:
NaOH: "0.01M" provides approximately 50ml per group.
H2SO4:".005M" provides approximately 50ml per group.
Acetic acid: "0.01M" provides approximately 50ml per group.
Indicator: Methyl orange and phenolphthalein.

Procedure:
1. Put 25ml of HSO solution with 0.1M in a beaker then add 2 drops of
phph indicator.
2. Gradually add NaOH solution (0.1M) from a burette and take the
reading of pH from pH-meter.
3. Repeat step 1 & 2 using mo indicator.
4. Repeat step 1, 2, & 3 for CH3COOH solution (0.1M).
5. Plot the data in graphs and analyze them.

Data & Results:

CH3COOH/ phph

volume
(ml)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18

pH
3.5
3.5
3.55
3.56
3.73
3.83
3.93
4.02
4.11
4.2

4.28
4.35
4.51
4.6
4.68
4.8
4.93
5.08
5.21
5.4
5.65
5.95
6.3
6.8
8
8.8
9.3
CH3COOH/ MO
volume
(ml)
pH
0
3.5
2
3.6
4
3.64
6
3.7
8
3.77
10
3.84
12
3.9
14
3.98
16
4.05
18
4.12
20
4.2
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52

CH3COOH +ph-ph
6
5
4
PH

3
2
1
0
0

10

15

20

voulme (ml )

25

30

35

40

CH3COOH +MO
6
5
4
PH

3
2
1
0
0

10

15

20

voulme (ml )

H2SO4 / PHPH

volume
(ml)

pH
2.37
0
2.4
2
2.41
4
2.42
6
2.43
8
2.45
10
2.47
12
2.5
14
2.52
16
2.53
18
2.55 H2SO4/MO
20
2.59
22
24
volume (ml) 2.61
pH
2.64
26
0
2.37
2.68
28
2
2.38
2.79
30
4
2.41
2.8
6
32
2.43
8
2.86
2.44
34
10
2.46
2.98
36
12
2.5
3.1
38
14
2.54
3.28
40
16
2.58
42
3.52
18
2.63
44
4.15
20
46
52.68
22
2.74
48
5.55
24
2.8
50
5.9
26
2.88
52
6.1
28
2.95
54
6.25
30
3.07
56
6.6
32
58
73.2
34
3.4
60
8.2
36
3.8
5
38

25

30

35

40

H2SO4+phph
6
5
4
PH

3
2
1
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

25

30

35

40

voulme (ml )

H2SO4+MO
6
5
4
PH

3
2
1
0
0

10

15

20

voulme (ml )

Sample calculation:
Equivalence Pt. (Methyl orange)for CH3COOH occurred at Vol18 Ml
and PH of 4.12
2.Equivalence Pt (Phenolphthalein)CH3COOH occurred at Vol 50 mL
and PH of 8.8
3.Equivalence Pt(Methyl orange) for for occurred at Vol 36 mL

and PH 3.8

4.Equivalence Pt(Phenolphthalein) for for occurred at Vol 60 mL and PH 8.2

Discussion:

In this experiment will react the following combinations of strong and

weak acids and basics (all solutions are approximately 0.1 M)
Titration"1": H2SO4 with NaOH use Methyl orange as indicator.
Titration "2": ": H2SO4 with NaOH use phenolphthalein as
indicator .
Titration "3": Acetic acid with NaOH use Methyl orange as
indicator.
Titration "4": ": Acetic acid with NaOH use phenolphthalein as
indicator .
by drawing the relationship between the volume of (Na OH)&PH we
can know an equivalent point then take the volume which
corresponding to an equivalent point ,and by using the equation:
N1*V1=N2*V2
The unknown concentration of acid can be determined.
As based is added to acid, a graded increase in PH will occur until the
solution gets close to the equivalence point
At the equivalence point, equal numbers of moles of acid and base
have been added and the pH will reflect which species are present
equivalent point(where sudden change in PH accurse) , this can be also
when MO change to yellow colour and (PH.PH) solution change from
colourless to pink
In acid solutions, or when PH is less than the PKa of the indicator, the
indicator is largely in the HI form.
The titration curve will be sigmoid with the inflection point (the point
where the curvature changes direction) is the equivalence point.
Beyond the equivalence point, where more base has been added than
acid, gradual increase in pH are observed.
Acid - Base indicators (also known as pH indicators) are substances
which change colour with pH. They are usually weak acids or bases,
which when dissolved in water dissociate slightly and form ions.
acid-base indicators change color within characteristic pH ranges

the indicator phenolphthalein was chosen as it was a weak acid-strong

base titration, as acetic acid is a weak acid and NaOH is a strong base.
.At equivalence point, the resulting solution contains only CH3COONa

The PH level for HCL is higher than at any case of using Methyl
Orange or methyl red and of course it was meant the PH level at the
. equivalent

Two familiar acid-base indicators are methyl

.orange and phenolphthalein

Indicator

Acid

Base

pH range

Methyl Orange

Red

Yellow

3.1 - 4.4

Phenolphthalein

Colourless

Pink

8.3 - 10.0

errors in this experiment because of the following reasons: Some personal errors like reading errors caused by the eye or the non-horizontal taken
reading.
Some Factorial errors in the PH measure.
The taken reading was not taken at the accurate time .

Conclusion:
The main reaction in the series of acid-base titrations is neutralization.
During neutralization, the acid and base reacts to form a salt and water
(i.e. H+ + OHH2O). As the all the reactants are colorless, an
appropriate indicator must be added to indicate the color change at
the end point.
pH equivalence depend on the degree of dissociation of the acid, acid
concentration and the ionization constant of water.
The term "strong" usually refers to substance which is completely
dissociated into its ions in solution.
The term "weak usually refers to substance which is partially
dissociates in solutions.
At the equivalence point, the weak acid is consumed and converted to
its conjugate base
Any acid-base indicator that changes colour between pH 4 and pH 10 is
suitable to detect the end-point for a strong acid - strong base titration.
Both methyl orange and phenolphthalein could be used. Just one drop
of the added base will bring about a change in colour of the indicator.
Phenolphthalein is a colorless, weak acid which dissociates in water
forming pink anions
Acidity are important parameters in treating raw and wastewater , so it
is essential that these parameters be monitored in both raw and
treated water to ensure optimum dosages of treatment chemical
In acid solutions, or when PH is less than the PKa of the indicator, the
indicator is largely in the HI form
The pH curve for the strong acid - weak base titration shows that
phenolphthalein is not a suitable indicator but methyl orange is fine.
For the titration of weak acid - strong base, phenolphthalein, but not
methyl orange, is a suitable indicator. For a weak acid - weak base
titration, the pH curve shows there is no rapid change in pH
corresponding to the addition of just one or two drops of the base. For

this reason it is not usually possible to detect the end-point using an

acid-base indicator.

References :-

1.
2.
3.
4.

Sanitary LAB. Manual (Experimental Water Quality Engineering).

The LAB Lecture note
http://www.odinity.com/acid-base-titration-analysis/.
http://ar.scribd.com/doc/37286376/Report-on-Acid-Base-Titration#scribd