LECTURE NOTES: PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

DARWIN M. MURILLO

Engr.

BASIC CONCEPTS:
STATISTICS is a branch of applied mathematics that deals with the collection,
organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS - deals with the collection and presentation of data and the
summarizing of values that describe the groups characteristics.
e.g.Measures of central tendency and variation.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS deals with the predictions and inferences based on the
analysis and interpretation of the results of the information gathered by the statistician.
e.g. (common statistical tools for inferential statistics) t-test, z-test, analysis of
variance, chi-square, and
Pearson r.
VARIABLE is a numerical characteristic or attribute associated with the population
being studied.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF VARIABLES
1. CATEGORICAL OR QUALITATIVE VARIABLES are classified according to some
attributes or categories.
e.g. gender, eye color, political preferences, religion, blood type, civil status,
year level, course, profession, and socioeconomic status. (the categories
may be ordered but specific numerical values may or may not be assigned
e.g. 1 means poor, 2 average, and 3 good).
2. NUMERICAL-VALUED OR QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES are classified according
to numerical characteristics.
e.g. (height, age, pulse rate, number of children, and speed)
e.g. Age in years (5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20 and above)
Height in cm (100-149, 150-199, 200-249)
Grade in Math (1.00-1.49, 1.5-1.99, 2.00-2.49, etc.)
NUMERICAL-VALUED VARIABLES CLASSIFICATION
1.
DISCRETE VARIABLES values obtained by counting.
2.
CONTINUOUS VARIABLES values obtained by measuring.

SCALES OF MEASUREMENTS
1. NOMINAL SCALE measurement scale that classifies elements into two or more
categories or classes.

Ref: BASIC STATISTICS by E.B.Parreno and R.O.Jimenez

Page 1

LECTURE NOTES: PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

DARWIN M. MURILLO

Engr.

2. ORDINAL SCALE scale that ranks individuals in terms of the degree to which
they possess a characteristic.
3. INTERVAL SCALE scale that, in addition to ordering scores from the highest to
lowest, establishes a uniform unit in the scale so that any distance between two
consecutive scores is of equal magnitude.
4. RATIO SCALE scale that in addition to being an interval scale, also has an
absolute zero in the scale.
POPULATION defined as a group of people, animals, places, things, or ideas.
SAMPLE is a subgroup of the population.
PARAMETER a numerical measure that describes the characteristic of a population.
STATISTIC a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of a sample.

Exercises I.
Identify each quantitative variable as discrete or continuous. Write D if discrete and C if
continuous.
_______1.
Number of foreigners migrating to the Philippines each year.
_______2.
Length of hair of female students.
_______3.
The boiling point of water is 100 degrees.
_______4.
Her home telephone number is 2581876.
_______5.
Johns height is 168 cm.
_______6.
The number of school children with missing teeth in Barangay A is 2000.
Ref: BASIC STATISTICS by E.B.Parreno and R.O.Jimenez

Page 2

LECTURE NOTES: PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

DARWIN M. MURILLO

Engr.

_______7.

The following data are the densities of sample substances taken from
Tabing-Ilog (in g/cc): 23.6, 19.8, 15.0, 7.8, 1.6, and 2.4.
_______8.
The average speed of motorboats cruising in Manila Bay everyday is 50 m/s.
_______9.
Anxiety level of 8 selected grade one pupils in MCU Elementary School
Marta Low
Luisa - Average
Marissa - Low
Martha High
Lana High
Maridel - Low
Kelly Average
Sandy Low
______10. Religion of 5 job applicants in XYZ Company
Applicant A Roman Catholic
Applicant B Jehovahs Witness
Applicant C Roman Catholic
Applicant D Seventh Day Adventist
Applicant E Baptist
_______11. Average monthly income in pesos of 5 families in Caloocan City.
Family 1 23,000
Family 2 12,000
Family 3 14,500
Family 4 18,000
Family 5 55,000
_______12. Contents of cola soft drink in ounces.
Bottle 1 2.3
Bottle 2 2.5
Bottle 3 2.6
Bottle 4 2.2
Bottle 5 2.3
_______13. The age in years of babies admitted in KKK Hospital for treatment of
bronchopneumonia are as follows:
1.2, 0.5, 2.4, 3.6, 3.3, 2.7, 5.0, 4.8
_______14. Weights in pounds of math Quiz contestants.
Luis 120
Manuel 125
Lucia 200
Felna 145
Gerry 166
_______15. Scores of 16 students in a Statistics Quiz.
34, 56, 45, 78, 45, 56, 56, 45, 67, 45, 34,
_______16. The mean score of students in a chemistry quiz is 45.
_______17. The total area of farm lands in a certain town is 120,000 square meters.
_______18. The volume of a soft drink bottle is 1.5 liters.
_______19. The density of water is 1g/cc.
_______20. The water pressure is at the bottom of a swimming pool is 1,500 newtons per
square meter.
Exercise II.

Ref: BASIC STATISTICS by E.B.Parreno and R.O.Jimenez

Page 3

LECTURE NOTES: PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

DARWIN M. MURILLO

Engr.

Identify the type of variable in each column as qualitative or quantitative.

Applicants for different positions in ABC Company.
1

AGE

CIVIL
STATUS

NATIONA
LITY

RELIGIO
N

NO. OF
DEPENDE
NTS

DEGREE
EARNED

SEX

JOB
APPLYIN
G FOR

24

SINGLE

FILIPINO

23

SINGLE

FILIPINO

28

MARRIED FILIPINO

IGLESIA
NI
KRISTO

27

MARRIED FILIPINO

BUDDHIS
T

29

MARRIED FILIPINO

28

MARRIED AMERICAN

32

WIDOW

35

MARRIED CHINESE

25

SINGLE

CHINESE

27

SINGLE

CHINESE

IGLESIA
NI
KRISTO

29

SINGLE

FILIPINO

ISLAM

24

SINGLE

FILIPINO

ISLAM

AMERICAN

CATHOLI
C

BAPTIST

Ref: BASIC STATISTICS by E.B.Parreno and R.O.Jimenez

Page 4