%impedanceofpowertransformer

Elaborateon%impedanceofpowertransformer.
Byrameshon5August,20081:12am
Pleaseelaborateon%impedanceofpowertransformer.

ByAnanymouson6August,200811:28pm
1outof1membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
"Thepercentageimpedanceofatransformeristhevoltdroponfullloadduetothewinding
resistanceandleakagereactanceexpressedasapercentageoftheratedvoltage."
"Itisalsothepercentageofthenormalterminalvoltageatonsiderequiredtocirculatefullload
currentundershortcircuitconditionsonotherside."
Theimpedanceofatransformerhasamajoreffectonsystemfaultlevels.Itdeterminesthe
maximumvalueofcurrentthatwillflowunderfaultconditions.
Itiseasytocalculatethemaximumcurrentthatatransformercandeliverundersymmetrical
faultconditions.Bywayofexample,considera2MVAtransformerwithanimpedanceof5%.
Themaximumfaultlevelavailableonthesecondarysideis:
2MVAx100/5=40MVA
andfromthisfiguretheequivalentprimaryandsecondaryfaultcurrentscanbecalculated.
Atransformerwithalowerimpedancewillleadtoahigherfaultlevel(andviceversa).
Thefigurecalculatedaboveisamaximum.Inpractice,theactualfaultlevelwillbereducedby
thesourceimpedance,theimpedanceofcablesandoverheadlinesbetweenthetransformerand
thefault,andthefaultimpedanceitself.

ByN.S.Narayananon3November,20081:52am
MyclienthasstipulatedthatthePERCENTAGEIMPEDANCEVOLTAGEforthe60MVA
132/66KVPowerTransformershallbeMORETHAN20%.
Myquestionsareasfollows:
[1]IfthePercentageImpedanceismore,theFAULTLEVELCURRENTwillless.Thusitwill
beuseful.
[2]ButarethereanyADVERSEEFFECTSifthePERCENTAGEIMPEDANCEismore?
[3]IsthereanyceilingforthePERCENTAGEIMPEDANCEVALUE?Ifyes,howmuchit
shouldbe?

ByPhilCorso

on5November,20083:09pm

2outof3membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
RespondingtoPoints[2]&[3]inNarayanan's03Nov08(01:52)query:
Typicallyatransformer'simpedanceissufficienttowithstandmaximumfaultexposure.Also,
formostmanufacturers,20%isconsideredanupperlimit.However,voltageregulationwill
sufferandnonnormaloradditionaltapsmaybeberequiredascompensation.Beyond20%,
physicalconstraintscanresultinamodelfarremovedfromgoodengineeringpractice.
Inmyopinion,itisfarmoreprudenttoinstallanimpedanceinthetransformer'sprimary
supplycircuitthanchooseaoneofakindtransformerdesign.
Regards,PhilCorso(cepsicon@aol.com)

ByDilipon28June,20113:27pm
@Phil,
iampurchasingatransformerforSubmergedArcFurnace.Rating45MVA,33KVPrimary,
170300vsecondary,,coolingOFWF.OnLoadtaochangeron33KVsidewith32tap
positions.Biddersarequotingimpedanceinrange6%8%.
Whatshouldbemyrequirementtoaskformoreimpedanceonless?plelaboratewith
calculations.Youmaysendmailonmel_ematrediffmail.com

ByPhilCorso
on28June,20116:46pm
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
Dilip...fortheassistanceyouseek,pleasecontactmeofflistat:
cepsicon[at]AOL[dot]com
Regards,PhilCorso

ByPhilCorso
on28June,20116:57pm
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
Dilip...furthertomyearlierreply,Iliketoknowwhyyouneverrespondedto
Control.ComThread#:
http://www.control.com/thread/1257876382"ParallelOperationofTransformers"
PhilCorso

BySdhirB.Pednekaron1April,20121:09pm
>RespondingtoPoints[2]&[3]inNarayanan's03Nov08(01:52)query:
>Typicallyatransformer'simpedanceissufficienttowithstandmaximumfaultexposure.
Also,formostmanufacturers,

>20%isconsideredanupperlimit.However,voltageregulationwillsufferandnonnormal
oradditionaltapsmaybe
>berequiredascompensation.Beyond20%,physicalconstraintscanresultinamodelfar
removedfromgoodengineeringpractice.
>Inmyopinion,itisfarmoreprudenttoinstallanimpedanceinthetransformer'sprimary
supplycircuit
>thanchooseaoneofakindtransformerdesign.
>Regards,PhilCorso(cepsicon@aol.com)
Phil'sansweristotallyrightanswer.

ByRandhirShinmarh on12November,20088:30pm
Hellodear,
1.Ifpercentageimpedanceoftransformerincrease,thenlosseswillincreaseandefficiency
willdecrease.
2.Your20%figureisabnormaltome.Z%isatradeoffbetweeneconomicsand
performance.

ByPhilCorso
on13November,200812:52pm
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
Randhir,
1)Whileahigherimpedancewillresultinanincreaseinpercentregulation,itdoesn't
necessarilyincreaselosses.
2)10%isusuallythepreferredmaximumlimit,butmanufacturerscangohigher.
3)Iagree%Zisatradeoffbetweeneconomicsandperformance,butaren'tmostdesigns?
Regards,PhilCorso(cepsicon@aol.com)

Bybishnu on20October,20106:42am
Hello,
Iwouldliketoincludethetransformertap(realvalue)intheloadflowandoptimisation.
Forthis,ineedtherealisticdataofresistanceandreactanceofatransformer(5MVA,
33/0.4kV).Theratingofatransformercouldbehigheraswell.Next,howcaniincorporate
thetransformerdata(resistanceandreactance)withthetransmissionlinebetweentwo
buses?
bishnu(getbishnu100[at]yahoo.com)

Bypinakichatterjeeon28September,20123:59am
>[3]Isthereanyceilingforthe
>PERCENTAGEIMPEDANCEVALUE?Ifyes,how
>muchitshouldbe?
thevalueshouldbeasperISS20%

Byajon26December,20111:57am
this%impedanceiscalculatedat50hz,whatwillbeimpedanceat5hz.10hzwillitbelinear
i.rfor5hzdivideby10and10hzdivideby5andsoon.AsRisnotaffectedduetofrequency
changeonlyLwillbechanged.

ByPhilCorso
on26December,20117:31pm
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
AJ...theimpedanceformulais:
%Z=SQRT[(%R)^2+(%X)^2]at50Hz.
And,asyoudeduced,onlytheXtermisaffectedbyfrequency.Thus,the%Zformula,for
anyfrequency,f,is:
%Z=SQRT[(%R)^2+(%Xxf/50)^2]
Pleasenotetheformulaisfortypicalpowertransformers!Itignoresfrequencysensitive
elementsfoundinlowimpedancetransformerdesigns,highefficiencytransformers,non
linearcoreeffects,harmonicsduetosaturation,interwindingcapacitancs,andwindingto
corecapacitances.
Regards,PhilCorso

ByJeffreyAldenOlsonon10January,20127:31am
whenrecordingaudio,isthevoltageACorDC?anddoesthatmatterwheniamTryingto
figureImpedance?Totellyouthetruth,IamstillVERYlost,andconfused..Ifihavea
voltometerandIwouldliketomeasurewhetherthesalvagedtransformersIhaveareStepUp,
StepDown,orevenforisolation(Asyoucansee,iknowverylittleofwhattheinternethas
providedmewith)**Iamalsoquiteyoung.Pleaseanyhelpwilldo.
j.alden.olson[at]gmail[dot]com

Byshivon30March,20123:34am
Hello,
Iamatrainee.Ineedtosimulatethepowersysteminasoftwarecalledpowerworldsimulator.
Forthat,IneedRandXspecificationsoftransformerandtransmissionline.

Intransformerbeingusedhereatmyworkplace,%impedencevoltisprovided.Itsgivenlike
6.25%+/ISTOL.Whatdoesitmean?HowcanIderiveR&Xvaluesfromthis.LoadLossis
alsoprovided.
Forthefollowingratings,IneedR&Xvalues
1)1000kva
2)6300KVA
3)1600KVA
4)630KVA
5)400KVA
ForTransmissionline,XLPEcableisused.WheretofinditsR&Xvalues?Ingeneral,what
arethevaluesforit?

ByPhilCorso
on7August,200812:45am
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
RespondingtoRamesh's5Aug08(00:12)request...followingisasimplifieddiscussion:
Atransformer'simpedance(alsoreferredtoasimpedancevoltage)isequaltothevoltage,in%
ofitsratedvoltage,thatwhenappliedtotheprimarywindingofatransformerwillcauserated
currenttoflowinitsshortedsecondarywinding.Forexample,consideratransformerrated
500kVA,6kV/400V,and4.0%impedance.Itmeansthatwhen240Visappliedtotheprimary
winding,thentheratedcurrent,720A,willflowintheshortedsecondary.
Toelaborate,consideratwowindingtransformerhavinganequalnumberofturnsinitsprimary
andsecondarywindings.Theeffectivetransformerresistanceisthesumoftheprimaryand
secondaryresistances.Similarly,theeffectivetransformerreactanceisthesumoftheprimary
andsecondaryleakagereactances.Finally,theeffectivetransformerimpedanceisthevector
additionofitseffectiveresistanceandreactance.
Ifadditionalinformationisrequired,letmeknow!
Regards,PhilCorso(cepsicon@aol.com)

ByPhilCorao
on20October,201012:10pm
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
Bishnu...yourquestionisagoodone.Although,theeffecttapshaveonloadflowandfault
dutystudiesisseldomconsidereditiscleartapchangerscaninfluenceaccuracyofthose
studies.
Togiveyouanideaofthevariationthatinfluencesthetheoreticaleffects,followingareseveral
designfactorsthatmustbetakenintoaccount:a)coreorshellconstructionb)3or5limb
magneticstructurec)locationoftap,i.e.,terminalendorneutralendofawyewindingd)
tapchangerstepsthataresymmetricalaboutthenominalratingorskewedtoeitherthelow
highervoltageande)others!
Allisnotlosthowever.Mostsystemplannersordesignersuseeitheroftwoapproachesto
"adjusting"thereactancecomponentofthetransformer'snominalimpedance:A)proportional
tothestepintervalorB)proportionaltothesquareofthestepinterval.Ifyouwouldlike
additionaldetailcontactmeoffforum.

Regards,PhilCorso(cepsicon[at]aol[dot]com)

ByGeorgeMattamon12January,20112:29pm
Ifalowerthanstandardimpedancevoltageisrequiredforapowertransformerwhile
designing,howisitachieved?

ByPhilCorso
on12January,201110:08pm
2outof3membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
George...alargenumberoffactorsinfluenceatransformer'simpedance.
Keyfactorsarecorematerialselectionsuchaspermeability,fluxdensity,laminatethickness,
andcoating.Othersareconductorcharacteristics(resistance,shape,Ampacity,and
insulation.)Stillothersarecoregeometrysuchconstructiontype(coreorshell,)numberof
limbsorlegs(3or5)limbshape(circular,square,hexagonal,oroctagonal)coilarrangement
onthecorelimb,andothers.
Fortunately,thereareanumberofmanufacturesthatwillgladlyprovidecostincrements
basedonthedesireddeviationfromindustrialstandards.
Inclosing,ifyouarecontemplatingpurchaseofatransformerhavinganoffnormimpedance
tocompensateforpowersupplyinadequacies,ortomitigateharmoniceffects,thereare
alternatives,aswellasrestraints,thatshouldbeconsidered.Onesuchconcernistheimpact
onshortcircuitduty.Ontheotherhand,ifbasicknowledgeisyourgoal,thenIwasgladto
help.
Regards,PhilCorso

ByRonnieon8February,20114:29am
I'musing45/55MVAONAN/ONAFtransformer.SupposeI'musinganimpedanceof
12.5%forthepurposeofcalculation...thenthisimpedancewhichcorrespondsto55MVA
wouldbedifferentfortransformeroperationat45MVA?Pleaseadvice.Alsoadviceif
there'sanyIECcodewhichstatessthrelatedtothisproblem.

ByPhilCorso
on8February,20118:38am
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
Ronnie...Unlessshowndifferentlyonthetransformer'snameplate,theimpedanceisbased
onitsOA(45MVA)rating.Furthermore,impedanceisnotalteredforoperationatother
capacities.However,tapsettingdoesaffectreactance.
Regards,PhilCorso(cepsicon[at]aol[dot]com)

ByPhilLevel on28June,201112:44pm
1outof1membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...

PhilCorsowrote:
>...ifyouarecontemplatingpurchaseofatransformerhavingan
>offnormimpedancetocompensateforpowersupplyinadequacies,orto
>mitigateharmoniceffects,therearealternatives,aswellasrestraints,
>thatshouldbeconsidered.Onesuchconcernistheimpactonshortcircuitduty...
Iamconsideringthree20/110kVstepuptransformersratedat30,45and55MVA.The
30MVAtransformersubstation110kVbusbarisconnectedtoadistributionnetworkvia
19kmof630mmtrefoilXLPE.The45MVAisconnectedtothesame110kVbusbarfora
5kmremotegenerator.The55MVAisconnectedtothesame110kVbusbarvia13kmof
150mmtrefoilcable.
Impedancesareexpectedtobelessthan10%,IneedtodosomecalculationsforthisbutI'm
actuallyinterestedinmitigatingharmoniceffectsandalsoindealingwithchargingcurrents
forsuchlongundergroundHVlines.

ByPhilCorso
on28June,20112:17pm
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
PhilLevel...toavoidmisinterpretationofyourdata,pleaseforwardasimpleSLD
(SingleLineDiagram)orhanddrawnsketchtomeat:
cepsicon[at]AOL[dot]com
Regards,PhilCorso

Bymustafaon15February,20122:49pm
dearMrCorso
iamaskingwhyitwascalledpercentageimpedance(%Z)whileitis%ofvoltages?
regards...

ByPhilCorso
on15February,201210:19pm
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
Mustafa...yourquestionisreallyanexcellentone.Infact,%Z(impedance)and%V(%of
ratedprimaryvoltagetoproduceratedsecondarycurrentwithsecondaryshorted)arenot
exactlyequal!But,approximationsduringtestingarenegligibleintheinterestofpracticality!
Let'sstartwiththedefinitionof"Exact""impedance.ImpedanceisthetotaloppositiontoAC
currentflowinanelectricalapparatus,thus'involved'withlosses.But,inordertosimplify
calculations,testingparametersarecarriedouttojustafewsignificantfigures.
Forexampleconsiderthe"OpenCircuit"test.Impedancevoltageisusuallylowerthanfull
loadimpedancevoltage.Thus,excitationlossesforthepartvoltagetestarejustafewpercent
lessthanwhenthetestiscarriedoutatfullvoltage
Nowconsiderthe"ShortCircuit"test.Iftheprimarycurrentisatratedvoltage,butexciting
currentignored,thensecondarycurrentisalsoatitsratedvalue.

Ihopetheaboveisadequateforyourpurposes.Ifnot,letmeknow.Regards,PhilCorso

BySunilon16February,20129:31am
Ineedhelpfromyouguys,
Wehavetwotransformers(20MVA,10%IMPEDANCE,16KAfaultamaps)feedingto
6.6KVswitchgear(singlebus).NowthereisanissuewithCTkneepointvoltage,beforethe
consultanthasdesignedtheC.Taspertransformerfaultcalculation.butnownewsetting
hasbeenissuedbyconsideringB/Cclosecondition(2transformerinparallel)andthe
incomerCT'sforREFprotectionaretobereplacedwithNewsettingwithKneepoint
voltagedoublethenbefore.
NowmyquestionishowdoestheCTsizingfortheincomersmatterwiththeB/COpenor
closecondition.
IfeelthesizingfortheCT'sshouldbechangedonlyforoutgoingfeedersnotforincoming
side.butIwanttoknowwhetherIamrightorwrong,pleasegiveyourthoughts.
Regards
SunilKumar

ByPhilCorso
on16February,20121:46pm
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
Sunil...locationandratiosofthephaseandneutralCTsusedfortheREFschemeisvery
important.CanyouprovideasimpleSingleLineDiagram(SLD)orahanddrawnsketch
ofsystem?
Regards,PhilCorso(cepsicon[at]AOL[dot]com)

ByPhilCorso
on18February,201211:09pm
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
Sunil...basedontheSLDyouforwardedtome,yourinstinctthataCTchangeoutis
unwarranted,iscorrect!
Regards,PhilCorso

ByJackyon20February,20114:36am
i'mdoingmyuni'sproject.Aboutopencircuittestforatransformer,whydoesincreasingthe
inputvoltage,Xm(reactanceisuppose)willdecrease?isthereanexplanationbehindit?
andalso,whyisRcconstantthroughouttheexperiment?
Youcanemailmeatjackyk1988[at]hotmail.com

ByPhilCorso
on20February,20117:05pm
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
Jacky...
(a)ReurXmcomment:
Idon'tquiteunderstandyourcommentthat,astestvoltageincreases,Xmdecreases.Canyou
provideacalculationillustratingyourobservation?
(b)ReurRccomment:
BecauseRcrepresentsthewindingresistance,aswellasthecoreloss.
Regards,PhilCorso

ByATon28March,20146:27pm
HelloPhil:
Ihaveaquestion.Ihavea1000kVADeltaWyetransformerwith13.8kV/0.48kV,Z%=5.75%,
loading=80%,andpf=0.8lagging.
Ihavetofindanappropriatetapsettingin2.5%)steps(Alltapsettings=5%,2.5%,0,2.5%,
5%)ontheHVwindingsothatthevoltageatthesecondaryterminalis480V+/5%.
Forthis,IamtoldIhavetoconsidertheeffectoftheinternalvoltagedropwithinthe
transformer(Z%effect)asafunctionof%loading.
Whatwouldbethebestwaytocalculateinternalvoltagedropoftransformerwithabove
information?andhowwouldIcalculatetheappropriatetapsettingontheprimarysidetomake
surethatthevoltageonsecondaryis+/480V?
V_primary=13800
Amicorrecttothis?
Vpercent_impedance=0.0575*13800=793.5
I_rated=(1000kVA*0.8+j*(1000kVA*sin(cos1(0.8))))/(sqrt(3)*13800)=33.469+j*25.102
Z=Vpercent_impedance/I_rated=15.17j11.37
sin(cos1(0.8))=0.6
V_secondary=(V_primary(((1000kVA*0.8+
j*1000kVA*0.6)*0.8)/(sqrt(3)*V_primary))*Z)*480/13800=465.87j10.2
V_primary_required=480*(13800/480)+((1000kVA*0.8+
j*1000kVA*0.6)/(sqrt(3)*V_primary))*Z=14593.145j0.25102
CHG=(abs(V_primary_required)abs(V_primary))/abs(V_primary)=0.05746
andselecttheappropriatetapsettingbasedonCHG.
Thereforeselectingatapof+5%change..
Amicorrect..IamveryconfusedandneedtoknowthatIamontherighttrack.

Thanks
IfIamincorrect,thenkindlyletmeknow

ByPhilCorso
on29March,20141:07am
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
AT...Ihopeyoudon'tmindmyaskingthefollowingjusttobesureaboutyourquery:
1)AXfmr'sNameplateneverlistsLoadCharacteristics!
2)Thus,areyoulookingforthemathematicalproceduretodeterminewhattheVoltage
Regulation(VR)is,fortheLoadyoudefinedas800kVAat0.8pf,lagging?
Regards,
PhilCorso

ByATon30March,20143:06am
HelloPhil:
Yes,theloadinginformationisnotlistedontheXfmr'sNameplate.Yes,Iamtryingtolook
foramathematicalprocedurethatwouldallowmetocalculatethevoltagedropacrossthe
transformerwiththeinformationandallowmetocalculateappropriatetapsettingtoachieve
desiredvoltageonthesecondaryside.

ByPhilCorso
on30March,201412:29pm
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
AT...OK!Let'sstartwithbasics:
A)Given:kVA(L)=800PF(L)=0.8kV(L)=0.48Xfmr's%Z=5.75!
B)Find:LoadCurrentMagnitude:I(L)=kVA(L)/[SQRT(3)*kV(L)]=1,155A!
C)Find:LoadCurrentinComplexUnitsIr(L):I(L)*PF(L)+j*I(L)*SQRT[1PF(L)]!
D)Find:VoltageRegulation!But,whatisVoltageRegulation?Theanswer::
ItisthechangeinSecondaryvoltage(Vsec)fromitsNoLoadvalue,Vs(o)toitsUnder
Loadvalue,Vs(u),withthePrimaryvoltage(Vpri)heldconstant!Expressedasapercent,it
is:
Vr=100*[Vs(o)
Vs(u)]/Vs(u),in%!
Althoughitappearssimple,itsaccuracydependsverymuchontheXfmr'sefficiency,thus
moredetailisrequired!Certainly,onecanusetheRuleofThumb(RoT)...Vris
proportionaltoits%impedance!ThebasicproblemisthattheNoLoadsecondaryvoltage,
Vs(o),when13.8kVisappliedtotheXfmr'sprimary,isnotknown,andnotgivenonthe
Xfmr'snameplate!UsingRoT,theVrwouldbe80%of5.75%orabout4.6%,yielding
458V!

Inreality,theactualVoltageDropisnotproportionalto%Z,butinsteadvariesdis
proportionatelywithexcitingcurrent,whichisignoredintheRoTapproach!
AT,atthispointImustaskthequestion,"Howmuchaccuracyisrequired?"
Regards,
Phil

ByATon30March,20146:08pm
1outof1membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
HelloPhil:
Thankyouforthespeedyreply.
IwouldlikeasmuchaccuracyaspossiblefromtheinformationthatIamgiven.
Buttorecap...
So,becausethe1000kVAtransformeris80%loaded,wehavedeterminedtheloadkVA
=800kVAwithPF(L)=0.8,kV(L)=0.48,%Z=5.75%.
Nowyousaidtofindtheloadcurrentandgavetheanswertobe1155A.
WhenIdidthecalculation=>
I(L)=800kVA/[SQRT(3)*480]=962.250A
amiwrong?pleasetellme....Imusthavemadeamistakesomewhere..
Loadcurrentincomplexunits=>I(L)*0.8+j*I(L)*0.6=769.800+j577.350
Vr=100*[Vs(o)Vs(u)]/Vs(u)
80percentof5.75is4.6,therefore,
Vr=4.6%
Therefore,
4.6=100*[Vs(o)Vs(u)]/Vs(u)
4.6/100=[Vs(o)Vs(u)]/Vs(u)
0.046=Vs(o)/Vs(u)1
0.046+1=Vs(o)/Vs(u)
1.046=Vs(o)/Vs(u)
AssumingVs(o)=480V
1.046*Vs(u)=480
Vs(u)=480/1.046=458.89
AsfarasaccuracyisconcernedItriedadifferentapproachandIthinkthatIgotsimilar
results.NowIamhopingthatitisnotafluke.
AsfarasIhaveread,Ithinkthatthepercentimpedanceiscalculatedbyshortingoutthe

secondaryofatransformerandinjectingvoltageintotheprimaryuntiltheratedcurrentis
measuredintheprimaryorsecondary.Andthevoltageatwhichtheprimarycurrentis
measuredisthendividedbytheratedvoltagetogeneratethepercentimpedancevalue.
Sowiththatinmind:
%Z=Vz/Vrated
5.75%=Vz/13800
0.0575*13800=Vz
Vz=793.5V
Irated_primary=1000kVA/[Sqrt(3)*13800]
Irated_primary=41.837A
therefore,
%Z=Vz/Vratedand
Z=Vz/Irated_primary
Z=793.5/41.837=18.966ohms
AssumingV_primary=13800V
cos(theta)=0.8
sin(cos1(theta))=0.6
Therefore,afterthevoltagedropduetothetransformerimpedance=>
I_excit=[((1000k*0.8)+j*(1000k*0.6))*0.8]/[Sqrt(3)*13800]=26.776+j20.082
Amps
V_primary_induced=(13800*0.8+j*13800*0.6)(26.776+j20.082)*18.966=
10532.17274+j7899.129558=13165.21593<36.86989
V_secondary=13165.216<36.87*480/13800=457.9205<36.869
theVsecondarythatIcalculatedisprettycloseto:
80percentof0.0575=0.046
10.046=0.954
Vsec=480*0.954=457.92V
TheaboveisIthinkwhatyoucalculatedinyouroriginalreply.
Doyouthinkthatmysecondapproach(subtractingvoltagedropfromprimaryand
convertingittosecondary)isappropriate?Orismyapproachtotallyflawedandigotthat
answerbymerefluke?
IwasthinkingabouttryingtofindtheexactR+jXvaluefrompercentimpedanceto
calculateamoreaccuratevoltagedropbycalculatingpercentreactancebyusingformula:
%X=[((kV)*(kV))/kVA]*%Z/100
%X=[(13800*13800)/1000kVA]*(5.75/100)
%X=10.9503
%R=Sqrt[(%Z*%Z)(%X*%X)]

%R=Sqrt[(18.966*18.966)(10.9503*10.9503)]
%R=15.485
I_excit=[((1000k*0.8)+j*(1000k*0.6))*0.8]/[Sqrt(3)*13800]=26.776+j20.082
Amps
V_primary_induced=(13800*0.8+j*13800*0.6)(26.776+j20.082)*(15.485+
j10.9503)=10845.27756+j7675.824997=13286.7792<35.2892
Vsecondary=13286.779<35.2892*480/13800=462.149
Amiatallontherighttrackintheabovetwomethodsofcalculationsorismybrainout
forlunch.Whichofthetwomethodsismoreaccurateinyouropinion?

ByATon30March,20146:36pm
HelloPhil:
Thankyouforthespeedyreply.
IwouldlikeasmuchaccuracyaspossiblefromtheinformationthatIamgiven.
Buttorecap...
So,becausethe1000kVAtransformeris80%loaded,wehavedeterminedtheloadkVA
=800kVAwithPF(L)=0.8,kV(L)=0.48,%Z=5.75%.
Approachinyouranswer:
Nowyousaidtofindtheloadcurrentandgavetheanswertobe1155A.
WhenIdidthecalculation=>
I(L)=800kVA/[SQRT(3)*480]=962.250A
amiwrong?pleasetellme....Imusthavemadeamistakesomewhere..
Loadcurrentincomplexunits=>I(L)*0.8+j*I(L)*0.6=769.800+j577.350
Vr=100*[Vs(o)Vs(u)]/Vs(u)
80percentof5.75is4.6,therefore,
Vr=4.6%
Therefore,
4.6=100*[Vs(o)Vs(u)]/Vs(u)
4.6/100=[Vs(o)Vs(u)]/Vs(u)
0.046=Vs(o)/Vs(u)1
0.046+1=Vs(o)/Vs(u)
1.046=Vs(o)/Vs(u)
AssumingVs(o)=480V

1.046*Vs(u)=480
Vs(u)=480/1.046=458.89
AsfarasaccuracyisconcernedItriedadifferentapproachandIthinkthatIgotsimilar
results.NowIamhopingthatitisnotafluke.
Myapproach#1:
AsfarasIhaveread,Ithinkthatthepercentimpedanceiscalculatedbyshortingoutthe
secondaryofatransformerandinjectingvoltageintotheprimaryuntiltheratedcurrentis
measuredintheprimaryorsecondary.Andthevoltageatwhichtheprimarycurrentis
measuredisthendividedbytheratedvoltagetogeneratethepercentimpedancevalue.
Sowiththatinmind:
%Z=Vz/Vrated
5.75%=Vz/13800
0.0575*13800=Vz
Vz=793.5V
Irated_primary=1000kVA/[Sqrt(3)*13800]
Irated_primary=41.837A
therefore,
%Z=Vz/Vratedand
Z=Vz/Irated_primary
Z=793.5/41.837=18.966ohms
AssumingV_primary=13800V
cos(theta)=0.8
sin(cos1(theta))=0.6
Therefore,afterthevoltagedropduetothetransformerimpedance=>
I_excit=[((1000k*0.8)+j*(1000k*0.6))*0.8]/[Sqrt(3)*13800]=26.776+j20.082
Amps
V_primary_induced=(13800*0.8+j*13800*0.6)(26.776+j20.082)*18.966=
10532.17274+j7899.129558=13165.21593<36.86989
V_secondary=13165.216<36.87*480/13800=457.9205<36.869
theVsecondarythatIcalculatedisprettycloseto:
80percentof0.0575=0.046
10.046=0.954
Vsec=480*0.954=457.92V
TheaboveisIthinkwhatyoucalculatedinyouroriginalreply.
Doyouthinkthatmysecondapproach(subtractingvoltagedropfromprimaryand
convertingittosecondary)isappropriate?Orismyapproachtotallyflawedandigotthat
answerbymerefluke?

Myapproach#2:
IwasthinkingabouttryingtofindtheexactR+jXvaluefrompercentimpedanceto
calculateamoreaccuratevoltagedropbycalculatingpercentreactancebyusingformula:
%X=[((kV)*(kV))/kVA]*%Z/100
%X=[(13800*13800)/1000kVA]*(5.75/100)
%X=10.9503
%R=Sqrt[(%Z*%Z)(%X*%X)]
%R=Sqrt[(18.966*18.966)(10.9503*10.9503)]
%R=15.485
I_excit=[((1000k*0.8)+j*(1000k*0.6))*0.8]/[Sqrt(3)*13800]=26.776+j20.082
Amps
V_primary_induced=(13800*0.8+j*13800*0.6)(26.776+j20.082)*(15.485+
j10.9503)=10845.27756+j7675.824997=13286.7792<35.2892
Vsecondary=13286.779<35.2892*480/13800=462.149
Summation:
Amiatallontherighttrackintheabovetwoapproaches(1and2)orismybrainoutfor
lunch.Whichofthetwoapproachesismoreaccurateinyouropinion?Isanyofmy
approachvalid?

ByPhilCorso
on31March,201411:03am
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
AT...Severalcommentsaboutyourthesis:
1)"WhenIdidthecalculation=>I(L)=800kVA/[SQRT(3)480]=962.250A!"Youare
correct,Ierred!
2)"%Z...shortingsec'y,decreasingpri'yVuntilratedcurrentflowsinpri'yorsec'y"
Pri'y(NO!Sec'y(YES!)
3)"Doyouthinkmy2ndapproach(subtractingvoltagedropfrompriyandconvertingit
tosec'yisappropriate?"(NO!)
4)"OrismyapproachtotallyflawedandIgotthat(AN)answerbymerefluke?"(YES!)
Now,'TherestoftheStory!'IsaidthatusingRoTwasanapproximation!Furthermore,if
youwantedaccuracyadditionalparametersareessential,includingtheselected
'EquivalentCircuitModel,i.e.,'PI'or'T'!Infact,Iexcitingcurrentisconstantforthe'PI'
model,butitisafunctionofpri'yvoltagedropwiththe'T'model!
AT...bringingyourquerytoaconclusion:theexactanswerisquiteformidablebutcanbe
foundina'PowerTransformerDesign'Text!Therequireddatacanbedeterminedfrom
'OpenCkt'and'ShortCkt'tests(usuallyavailablefromtheXfmrMfgr)!
Ifyouwanttheanswerfrommethencontactmeofflistwithyourfullname,yourtitle,or
jobfunction,andyourlocation.

Phil(cepsicon@aol.com)

ByPhilCorso
on31March,20141:32pm
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
AT...Additionaltomypreviouspost:
5)"%X=.....=10.9503"(NO!)Yourcalculated%Xvalueisgreaterthanthegiven
%Zvalue!
Phil

ByPhilCorso
on1April,201411:07am
1outof2membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
AT...wouldyouprefertheRoTformula,ignoringimpactofX/Rratioandexciting
current,onList?
Phil

ByKSon22April,20147:48pm
HiPhil
Canyoukindlyadvisewhatistheeffectofsystemfaultlevelontransformerdesign.
Ihavea1250kVA,6.6/0.42kV,5%transformerforaclientwhomentionedsystemfault
levelat40kA.
NowtheclientisaskingifthetransformerisstillOKifthesystemfaultlevelis63kA??
Youvaluablefeedbackismuchappreciated.

ByPhilCorso
on23April,20148:03am
1outof1membersthoughtthispostwashelpful...
KS...
doyoumeantheshortcircuitlevelonthe6.6kVlevelincreasedfrom40to63kA?
Regards,
PhilCorso

ByMajidRasheedon13July,20147:15pm
DearSir,
Iamusing63kVA20/.4kv,4%impedancetransformer.Willithavefaultlevelcurrent=

45.5ampsonprimaryside?
AmIright?
Orpleasetellmetheactualwaytocalculatethis.alsowhatarethethingswhichmay
affectthefaultlevel.
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