CONTENTS

PAGE NUMBER
1.Certificate
3
2.Acknowledgement

3.Introduction
5
4.Experiment 01
10
(Procedure, observation, conclusion)

5.Scope for further study

17

6.Bibliography

18

PT DEEN DAYAL UPADHYAYA

SANATAN DHARMA VIDHYALAYA ,
KANPUR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Sarthak Khare of class
XII , has completed his project on finding
foaming capacity of different soap. He has
successfully prepared this project report in the
chemistry laboratory of our school. This project
may be considered as partial fulfillment 20152016 conducted by the central board of
secondary education, Delhi
External Examiner
Mr. Manoj Tiwari

(Principal)
3

Internal Examiner

Acknowledgement

would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my teacher Mr. Sudhir Awasthi as
well as our principal Mr. MANOJ TIWARI who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonder

Foaming capacity
of different soap, which also helped me
project on the topic

in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so

many new things. I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project
within the limited time. I am making this project not
only for marks but to also increase my knowledge.

THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.

Introduction
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of
higher fatty acid like stearic acid,
plasmatic and oleic acids can be either
saturated or unsaturated. They contain
hydrocarbon chain about 10-20
carbon with one carboxylic acid
group as the functional group.
A soap molecule is a tadpole shaped
structure, whose ends have different
polarities. At one end is the long
hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and
hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but
oil soluble. At the other end is the short
polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophilic,
i.e., water soluble and insoluble in oil and
grease.
5

Long Hydrocarbon Chain

[Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic
end]
When soap is shaken
becomes a soap solution
in
nature.
Agitating
concentrate the solution
and causes foaming.

with water it
that is colloidal
it
tends
to
on the surface

This helps the soap molecules make a

unimolecular film on the surface of water
and to penetrate the fabric. The long nonpolar end of the soap molecule that are
hydrophobic, gravitate towards and
surround the dirt (fat or oil with dust
absorbed in it). The short polar end
6

containing the carboxylate ion, face the

water away from the dirt. A number of
soap molecules surround or encircle dirt
and grease in a clustered structure called
micelles, which encircles such particles
and
emulsify
them.

Cleansing action of soap decreases in

hard water. Hard water contains calcium
and magnesium ions which react with
sodium carbonate to produce insoluble
carbonates of higher fatty acids
7

2C17H35COONa + Ca2+
(C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na+
(WATER SOLUBLE)
(PRECIPITATE)

2C17H35COONa + Mg2+
(C17H35COO)2Mg + 2Na+
This hardness of water can be removed
by addition of sodium carbonate.
Ca2+ + Na2CO3

CaCO3

+ 2Na+

Mg2++ Na2CO3

MgCO3 + 2Na+

The dirt in the cloth is due to presence of

dust particle in fat or grease, which
sticks to the cloth. When the dirty cloth
is dipped in soap or detergent solution
the soap and dust particle come in
8

contact with each other the non polar

tails of the soap begin to dissolve in nonpolar oil or grease while the polar head
part remains directed in water. As more
particle enter the grease each fat or oil
surrounde by a number of negatively
charge polar head and the similar charge
repel each other. The oil or grease
droplets break off and are still
surrounded by negatively charged polar
head of the soap molecule. As a result
the cloth get free from the dirt and the

droplets are washed away with water.

10

SOAP

DETERGENTS

1) Soap are
sodium salt of

1) Synthetic
detergents are

long chain
carboxylic acids.

sodium salts of
long chain

2) Soap are not

suitable

benzene sulphonic
acid.

for washing
purpose when

2) Synthetic
detergent can

water is hard.

be used for
washing even

3)Soap have
relatively
weak cleansing
action.

when water is hard.

3 )Synthetic
detergent have
a strong cleansing
action.

11

Soap contain alkali matter, which affects our skin

and even skin may crack. To maintain the oily and
moisture balance on our skin, fatty material
required in soap. In general the fatty matter in
soap is approximately 70% to 80% fatty matter
below 70% made our skin dry, rough and skin may
crack where as highest percentage [%] of fatty
matter above 80% made the soap sticky and oily
and washing become very difficult. From the table
it is clear that the Lux international is the best soap
for bathing purpose because it contain large
amount of TFM or maximum percentage [%] of TFM.

Aim
To compare the foaming capacities of five
different soaps

APPARATUS:
12

5 test tubes, 5 conical flasks (100ml), test

tube stand, Bunsen burner and stop
watch.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
5 different samples of soap and distilled
water

13

THEORY:
The foaming capacity of soap sample
depends upon the nature of soap and its
concentration. This can be compared for
various samples of soaps by taking the
same concentration of solution and
shaking them.

14

The foam is formed and the time taken

for disappearances of foam in all cases is
compared. The lesser the time taken by a
solution for disappearance of foam, the
lower is its foaming capacity.

15

PROCEDURE:
Five conical flask (100 ml each) are taken and
numbered 1 to 5
In each of these flasks equal amount (say 5 gm)
of the given samples of soap shavings or
granules are taken and 50ml of distilled water is
added.
Each conical flask is heated few minutes to
dissolve all the soap completely.
In a test tube stand, five big clean and dry test
tubes are taken and numbered 1 to 5.
One ml of the five soap solution is then poured
in the test tubes of corresponding number
10ml of distilled water is then added to each test
tube.
Test tube no 1 is then shaken vigoursly 5 times.
The foam would be formed in the empty space
above the container. Stop watch is started
immediately and the time taken for the
disappearance is noted
Similarly the other test tubes are shaken well for
equal number of times( i.e.-5 times) with
approximately with the same force and the time
16

taken for the disappearance of foam in each

case is recorded.
The lesser the time taken for the disappearance
of foam, lower is its foaming-capacity.

Observation:
Observ
ation:

Amount of each
sample taken

5 gm

Amount
distilled
taken

50 ml

of
water

1 ml

Volume of
soap taken

each
10ml

Volume of distilled
water added

17

S.L.
No.

Soap
sample

1.

Dettol

Time
taken
(Min.)
10

2.
3.
4.
5.

Lux
No.1
Breeze
Lifeboy

15
20
22
25

CONCLUSION:
The soap for which the time taken for the
disappearance of foam is highest has
maximum foaming capacity and is the
best quality soap among the soaps
tested.

18

SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY

1. We can also perform this test
with washing powder and
washing soaps to test their
foaming capacity and the effect
of the addition of sodium
carbonate (washing soda) on
19

the foaming capacity of

different soap solution.
2. We can buy good quality soap
by testing its foaming capacity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

20

 Comprehensive practical chemistry

by Dr. N.K.verma, B.K Vermani.
www.en.wikipedia.org
www.miniscience.com

21