Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Management
Safety And Health Officer Certificate
Course
Copyright@NIOSH 2005(2)
Learning Objectives
To define what is hazard, risk and danger
To explain the risk assessment process
To describe the method of identifying
hazard
To use the risk assessment matrix
To explain the hierarchy of control
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Scope
Overview of risk and risk
assessment
Planning for risk assessment
Risk control
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Definitions
Hazard: A source or a situation with a
potential for harm in terms of human
injury or ill health, damage to property,
damage to the environment or a
combination of these
Danger: Relative exposure to hazard
Copyright@NIOSH 2005(2)
Definitions
Risk: A combination of the likelihood of
an occurrence of a hazardous event with
specified period or in specified
circumstances and the severity of injury
or damage to the health of people,
property, environment or any combination
of these caused by the event
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Risk Assessment
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Basic Principles Of
Risk Management
1. Integrate Risk Management as part
of planning at all levels of business
2. Accept all risks
3. Make risk decisions appropriately
(depending on level of risk)
4. Manage the risk
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When To Review
Risk Assessment
Types of review:
initial review
periodic review
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When To Review
Risk Assessment
Review whenever there are changes:
internal
Before modification, changes or introduction of
new
Materials, machinery or processes, working
procedures
external
Amendments of national laws and regulations
Developments in OSH knowledge and technology
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Basic Components Of
Risk Management
Hazard Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Control
Review
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The Process of
Risk Management
Start
Classify Activities
(Work, Product, Services, Activities)
Identify Hazards
Determine Risk
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Hazard Identification
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SOURCES OF HAZARDS
Man
Unsafe acts
Machinery Installation, layout and design of
equipment
Materials Substances such as chemicals and
gases use in the workplace
Method
The way people carry out their
work
Media
Workplace condition i.e. air quality,
ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration
etc.
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Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification
of Hazards
Mechanical
Electrical
Biological
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Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification
of Hazards
Chemical
Ergonomics
Psychological
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Pre-Assessment
Information Gathering
Information on the facilities, processes and
activities of the organization, including:
Area Map
Site plan(s); own and neighbor
Process flow-charts
Inventory of materials (raw materials,
chemicals, wastes, products, sub-products)
Toxicology and other health and safety data
Monitoring data
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Pre-Assessment
Classifying Work Activities
Geographical areas within/outside the
premises
Stages in a production process, or in the
provision of a service
Defined the tasks (e.g. driving, window
cleaning)
Identify the working groups
Land use, previous property use, future use
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Methods Of
Identifying Hazards
Hazard Analysis
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Document Review
Reports of accidents, accident
investigation and audits
Information from publications
Acts, Regulations and Codes of Practice
Statistics
Handbooks
Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
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Exposure Monitoring
Types of monitoring: area and personal
monitoring.
Monitoring of:
Noise
Heat
Radiation
Air contaminants
Chemicals etc.
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Biological Monitoring
Biological monitoring is a regular
measuring activity where selected
validated indicators of the uptake of toxic
substances in the human body are
determined in order to prevent health
impairment
This form of monitoring could entail
examination of, for example, blood, urine,
saliva and expired air
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Biological Monitoring
Biological monitoring commonly features
in the health or medical surveillance
of persons exposed to hazardous
environments especially complying to
legal requirement i.e. USECHH
Regulations 2000 etc.
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Medical Surveillance
Health Surveillance is Warranted if:
Substance is used in workplace
Substance is hazardous
Evidence or reason to suspect injury
Atmospheric monitoring insufficient
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Hazards Analysis
Method use: (example)
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
Fault Tree Analysis etc.
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Pump failure
No water flow occurs if both pumps fail or if the control valve fails.
If the individual initiating event probabilities P(A), P(B), and P(C) are known,
then the probability of P(T) the top or end event can be calculated.
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Risk Assessment
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Determining Severity
Severity in terms of:
Harm to health
Damage to property
Damage to environment
Or the combination of the above
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Severity
Determine severity categories i.e.:
Fatality
Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or
damage to health)
Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or
damage to health requiring days off work)
Negligible injuries (first aid)
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Determining Likelihood of
Occurrence of Hazard
Based on statistic & data, professional
judgement.
Determine likelihood categories i.e.:
highly likely,
likely,
highly unlikely.
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Likelihood
Very likely - could happen frequently
Likely - could happen occasionally
Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely
Highly unlikely - could happen, but
probably never will
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Very Likely
Likely
High
High
High
Medium
High
High
Medium
Medium
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Likelihood
Unlikely Highly Unlikely
High
Medium
Medium
Low
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
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Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determine severity categories i.e.:
4: Fatality & Permanent Disability
3: More than 4 days MC
2: Less than or 4 days MC
1: First aid and near misses
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Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determining Likelihood of Occurrence of
Hazard
4: Daily
3: Weekly
2: Monthly
1: Yearly
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Semi-Quantitative
Risk Assessment
LIKELIHOOD
SEVERITY
Yearly
Monthly
Weekly
Daily
More than
4 days MC
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Fatality &
Permanent
Disability
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First Aid
and Near
Misses
Less than
or 4 days
MC
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Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Where the hazards presented by the
undertaking are numerous and complex,
and may involve novel processes, for
example in the case of large chemicals
process plants, detailed and sophisticated
risk assessments will be needed, and it is
appropriate to carry out a detailed
quantitative risk assessment
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Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Quantitative risk assessment involves
obtaining a numerical estimate of the risk
from a quantitative consideration of
event probabilities and consequences
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Quantitative
Risk Assessment
In carrying out quantitative risk
assessments, special quantitative tools
and techniques will be used for hazard
identification, and to estimate the severity
of the consequences and the likelihood of
realization of the hazards
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Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Where such methods and techniques are
used it is important that they are carried
out by suitably qualified and experience
assessors
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A
L
A Reduce risk
R
P No need for detailed
Risk is undertaken if
a benefit is desired
LEVEL
OF
RISK
TOLERABLE IF:
Reduction
Impractical
or
Cost / gain grossly
Disproportionate
action
Trivial
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Hazard
Effect
Current Risk
Control
Legal
Reqmt
Risk
Severity.
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Likelihood.
Risk
Rating
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Risk Control
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Principle of Control
Substitution
Modify process
Enclosure
Local exhaust
Fugitive
emission control
Isolation
Housekeeping
General
ventilation
Continuous area
monitoring
Dilution
ventilation
Automation or
remote control
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Training and
education
Worker rotation
Enclosure of
worker
Personal
monitoring
Personal
protective devices
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Consideration In Implementing
Risk Control
Review measures regularly; modify if
necessary
Comply with national laws and
regulations
Reflect good management practice; and
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Consideration In Implementing
Risk Control
Consider the current state of knowledge
Include information or reports from
organizations such as:
DOSH, OSH services, and others
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Hierarchy Of Control
MOST EFFECTIVE
Elimination - remove the hazard.
FAIRLY EFFECTIVE
Substitution - use less hazardous one.
Isolation isolate the work area i.e. X-ray machine in
restricted room
Engineering Control design, isolation at source,
barricade, guarding,
LEAST EFFECTIVE
Administrative Control safe work procedure, isolation
i.e. reduce exposure time and limit, training, signage etc
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PPE - last resort. Copyright@NIOSH 2005(2)
Summary
The basis of OSH management is the
identification of hazard, risk assessment and
control
Ways of identifying hazards varies from
inspection of the workplace to reviewing
legislation
Risk assessment allows an organisation to build
a sound basis for managing hazard
Hierarchy of hazard control starts by elimination;
use PPE as protection is the last resort
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