Math 141 Equation Sheet

MATH 141 EQUATION SHEET

SIMPLE INTEGRATION FORMULAS

Kdx = Kx + C ( K and C are constants)

x n+1
=
+C (n
x
dx

n +1

x dx = ln x + C

1 )

cosines (or sines) and solve using

substitution.
If both m and n are even we use the
formulas
1 cos 2 x
1 + cos 2 x and
sin 2 x =
cos 2 x =
2
2

Second case:

dx = e x + C

SUBSTITUTION

f (u ( x)) u ( x)dx = f (u ( x)) + C

INTEGRATION BY PARTS

udv = uv vdu
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS PART I
u ( x)
d
f (t )dt = f (u ( x)) u ( x)
dx a
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS PART II

tan

x sec n xdx
2

If n is even we isolate sec x we then

change the remainder of the secants to
tangents using the formula
sec 2 x = 1 + tan 2 x and use substitution
( u = tan x )
If both n and m are odd we isolate
sec x tan x then change the
remainder of the tangents into secants
using the formula tan 2 x = sec 2 x 1
and use substitution ( u = sec x )

Note that in the second case the case where

n is odd and m even is not covered, this case
is dealt with case by case.

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS

For x 2 a 2 we use the substitution

For x 2 + a 2 we use the substitution

f ( x)dx = F (b) F (a)

where F ( x ) is an antiderivative of

f (x )

IMPROPER INTEGRALS
An integral

f ( x)dx

is an improper integral if it

satisfies at least one of the two following

conditions:

a or b are or

f is undefined for any point in the interval [a,

b]
In the case of an improper integral we replace a
or b (or the point in between, or both) with a
letter, evaluate the integral then take the
appropriate limit. If we get a finite answer the
integral is called convergent otherwise its a
divergent integral.

tan

x sec n xdx .

First case:

sin

x cos n xdx

If m or n is odd we isolate

cos x

or

x = a tan

For

a2 x2

x = a sin

AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES

The area between two curves is given by a
definite integral. Say the area in question is
between
to:

we use the substitution

x = b . Its value is equal

" higher curve" " lower curve" dx

A
+ ...
( x a)
For each factor of ( x 2 + a ) we put
Ax + B
+ ...
( x 2 + a)
For each factor

VOLUMES
The main formula for finding the volume
generated by the revolution of an area over an
b
axis is:
R2 r 2d ?
a

If the axis is parallel to the x-axis then its a dx, if

the axis is parallel to the y-axis its a dy.

AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION OVER AN

INTERVAL
interval

[ a, b ]

is given by 1

f (x )

b a a

f ( x)dx

over the
.

LENGTH OF A CURVE

be a function continuous on [a, b]

differentiable on (a, b). The arc length of the

curve from x = a to x = b is given by

Once we have the denominator factored (and

of course the degree of the numerator is less
than the degree of the denominator AND
substitution failed) we do the following:

For each factor of ( x a ) we put

and

By higher curve I mean the one more positive.

Let

x=a

The average value of a function

PARTIAL FRACTIONS

TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
In this part we turn out attention to integrals of
two forms sin m x cos n xdx and

x = a sec

Once we have the partial fractions we proceed to

the common denominator, then to finding the
values of the constants and finally we compute
the integral of each of the partial fractions we
found.

(L) n

we put a partial

fraction for every power going from 1 to

n
Ex: For ( x 2 +3) 3 we put the partial fractions

Ax + B
Cx + D
Ex + F
+
+
( x 2 + 3) ( x 2 + 3) 2 ( x 2 + 3) 3

L = 1 + ( f ( x)) 2 dx
a

If the roles of x and y are reversed we use the

formula L =

1 + ( g ( y )) 2 dy

AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION

Let

be a function continuous on [a, b]

differentiable on (a, b) such that f ( x ) 0 on

[a, b]. The surface area S of the surface of
revolution generated by revolving the graph of f
on [a, b] about the x-axis is given by
b

S = 2 f ( x) 1 + ( f ( x)) 2 dx
a

sin x , we change the remaining of the

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(If the function g ( y ) on [c, d] is revolving about

the y-axis then the surface area S of the surface
of revolution is given
by

S = 2

g ( y)

1 + ( g ( y )) dy
2

SEQUENCES AND SERIES

Given a series

The Integral test

the series

a
n =1

PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS

FIRST DERIVATIVE

1.

and the improper integral

SECOND DERIVATIVE

The Comparison Test

convergent.
If
an

is given by L =

t2

t1

dx dy
+
dt dt

and

bn

n is

x = r cos , y = r sin

The Root Test

1.

n is divergent.

, If

lim n a n < 1 , the series is absolutely

n

convergent.

and

2.

lim n a n > 1 , the series is divergent.

3.

lim n a n = 1 , the test is inconclusive

n
n

The Alternating Series Test

series of the form

y
r = x 2 + y 2 , = tan 1
x
AREA OF THE REGION BETWEEN THE ORIGIN AND
THE CURVE

(1)

1
A = r 2 d
2

(1)
n =1

an .

a n is convergent if:

1.

lim a n = 0 and,

2.

a n +1 < a n

for all n. (The series is

decreasing)

Absolute and Conditional

Convergence

Given a series

n it is either

LENGTH OF CURVE

1.

absolutely convergent if

If r = f ( ) has a continuous first derivative for

and if the point P (r , )

2.

convergent
conditionally convergent if

a
a

is

n is convergent but

traces the curve exactly once as runs from

to then the length of the curve is given by

a n+1
= 1 , the test is inconclusive.
n a
n

lim

Given a series

bn is

both converge or both diverge

n =1

From rectangular to polar coordinates:

3.

We apply this test to alternating series i.e.

From polar to rectangular coordinates:

r = f ( ),

If lim a n = c > 0 then

3.

POLAR COORDINATES

divergent then

The length or the arc of the curve between two

t2

convergent then

points corresponding to parameter values t1 and

a n+1
< 1 , the series is absolutely
n a
n

lim

a n+1

We apply this test to series of positive terms.

The comparison test can be applied in 3
forms:
1.
If
an bn and bn is

ARC LENGTH OF A PARAMETRIC CURVE

, If

2.
lim
> 1 , the series is divergent.
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a

2.

convergent.

f ( x)dx both converge or both diverge.

dy
dy
= dt
dx dx
dt

d dy

d 2 y dt dx
=
2
dx
dx
dt

3.

dr
r2 +
d
d

n is divergent

divergent if

n is divergent.

RATIO TEST

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