The

Philippine
Presidents
Submitted to the Faculty of the
College of Arts and Science
Cavite States University
Indang, Cavite

Ma.Nikkie D. Evalla
October 2014
BSIT2-6

Era:
Constitutio
n:
Preceded
by:
Succeeded
by:
Inauguratio
n:
Capital:
Vice
Emilio Aguinaldo
President:
January 23, 1899
March 23,
leader

Prime
Minister:

First President of the Philippines

President of the First Republic
1899 Malolos Constitution
position established
position abolished
January 23, 1899, Barasoain Church,
Malolos, Bulacan (aged 29)
Malolos, Bulacan
None
Apolinario Mabini (January 21-May 7,
1899); Pedro Paterno (May 7November 13, 1899)

Revolutionary
Emilio
Aguinaldo was

born on March 22, 1869, in Kawit, Cavite, Philippines. On January 1, 1896, Emilio
Aguinaldo also known as Kapitan Miong married Hilaria del Rosario from Imus. They
had five (5) children namely; Miguel, Carmen, Emilio Jr., Maria and Cristina.
In 1898, he achieved independence of the Philippines from Spain and was
elected the first president of the new republic under the Malolos Congress. He also
led the Philippine-American War against U.S. resistance to Philippine independence.
Aguinaldo died of a heart attack on February 6, 1964 in Quezon City, Philippines.

I. Politics (Administration)
General Emilio F. Aguinaldo established Dictatorship when he returned in
Cavite after being exiled from Hong Kong, a month later Apolinario Mabini

persuaded him to change his government into Revolutionary Government. It was

also in his term when Malolos Republic having its own Congress, Constitution, and
National and Local Administration was functioning as a government. It adopted the
Spanish fiscal system; the same was done in the existing taxes.
The main problem in his administration is that he was young and
inexperienced and that there were no other presidents experiences before him to
follow.

II. Economics
The economy is at its lowest state during the Fil-am war. Famine hits Filipino
people. Even before the said war, the country is already experiencing a great
mishap in economy because of Spaniards. Resources that belongs to the Philippines
are continuously being taken, many landless Filipinos specially farmers and others
willing to be treated as slaves just to earn for living.

III. Programs (Reforms)

War taxes and voluntary contributions were solicited from the people.
A national loan was launched. President Aguinaldo ordered schools open.
Elementary education was made compulsory and free.
The Director of Public instruction appointed Enrique Mendiola, a Filipino
instructor who founded "Instituto de Burgos". The school
offer courses in agriculture, surveying, and commerce, as well as a complete A.B
course.
On October 1898 a government decree fixed the opening date of the
"Universidad Literia". Courses offered were Medicine, Surgery, Pharmacy, and
Notary Public. The President of the Philippines appointed the professors thereof.
They, in turn, choose the University Highest Official. The first to occupy this position
was Joaquin Gonzales. Later, he was succeeded by Dr. Leo Ma. Guerrero.

IV. National Issues

National issues within Aguinaldos presidency revolve in the Filipino-American
war. Filipino army is not considered a real army because they lack qualities and
proper training. On the first phase of the war, the Filipino outnumbered the
Americans but our arms dont have enough ammunition, funds and military supplies
which resulted in defeat. Famine and illness due to war is also spreading in the
country.

V. Transnational Issues
Citizens look unto the Americans as their hero from the Spanish people, but in
reality the country did not gain a hero in Americans but a new conqueror.
Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation reveals the hidden agenda of the Americans
in helping the Philippines against the Spain. They wanted to drive away the
Spaniards so they could replace them.
Without the country knowing, under the Treaty of Paris Philippines is sold for
$20 Million to the Americans by the Spain. This means that the control of the
country is now in the hands of the Americans.

Era
Constitutio
n
Successor
Inaugurati
on

Capital

Tayabas

VicePresident

before
a
in 1907

Chief
Justice

1909

Speaker of
the
National
Assembly

Second President of the Philippines

First President of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines
1935 Constitution
Amended 1935 Constitution
Sergio Osmea
November 15, 1935, Legislative Building,
Manila (aged 57)
December 30, 1941, Malinta Tunnel,
Corregidor (aged 63)
November 15, 1943, Washington, D.C.
(aged 65)
Manuel
Manila, Philippines (1935-1942)
Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D.C.,
Quezon was
U.S.A. (1942-1944)
governor of
Sergio Osmea (November 15, 1935Manuel L. Quezon
province
December 30, 1941; December 30,
First term: November 15, 19351941-August 1, 1944)
being
elected
December
30, 1941
Ramon Avancea (April 1, 1925Second term: December 30, 1941representative
December 24, 1941)
August 1, 1944
Jose Abad Santos (December 24, 1941to the newly
May 2, 1942)
established
Gil Montilla (November 25, 1935Philippine
December 30, 1938)
Jose Yulo (January 24, 1939-December
Assembly. In
30, 1941)
Quezon was
appointed

resident commissioner for the Philippines, entitled to speak, but not vote, in the U.S.
House of Representatives; during his years in Washington, he fought for a speedy
grant of independence by the U.S., which happened in 1935.

I. Politics (Administration)
Manuel Quezons Commonwealth administration is a presidential system of
government with unicameral legislature. Filipinos reelected Quezon, Osmea, and
legislators to fill seats in the newly created bicameral congress on November 11,

1941. During his term, from the seven departments existing before his
administration he added two more; the National Defense and Public Welfare.

II. Economics
Manuel L. Quezon made several institutions and programs to attend to the
needs of the economy on his term. Healthy economy is hard to establish back then
because we became independent on U.S. His effort to fix the economy was see on
the Commonwealth Act No. 2 which established the National Economic Council, this
act helps solve social imbalance, land maldistribution, provide land to the landless
and farmers, provide housing and create an employment to the unemployed.

III. Programs (Reforms)

Commonwealth Act No. 1, President Manuel L. Quezon asks for General
McArthur service to devise an effective yet affordable National Defense Plan for the
Philippines. This defense plan was later abolished because 16 Million is not sufficient
enough to fund the act. A compulsory military training for men age 20 in a period of
5 months and pre-military training in high school was enforced. Quezon also push
the standardization of ROTC (Reserve Officers Training Corps) programs in colleges
and universities.
In response to social imbalance and land maldistribution; National Economic
Council as an adviser and Social Justice Program that bought lands and distribute it
to farmers and landless Filipinos. Law also requires a written agreement between
farmers, tenants and landlords to protect citizens from an unfair rent increase.
Court of Industrial Relations was established for the creation of Agricultural and
Industrial Bank, National Land Settlement Administration and National Housing
Commission to provide housing, National Relief Administration for calamities and for
finding employment to the unemployed.
Institute of National Language was established for studying the issue of
choosing the countrys mother tongue; National Council of Education to guide the

education policies, adult education program, for vocational schools, also in charge
of the Education Act of 1940. He also makes Pilipino the national language.

IV. National Issues

Regaining independence is tough battle Filipino face and with Quezon it
became possible. He fought for Philippines to be self-governed, prepared us to be
independent from America and later on lead our country to its full independent
government. He tried to solve problems inherited from Spanish and Americans
Administrations, fought graft and corruption in the country, build up the national
defense and strengthen economy that is dependent on the U.S.
Filipino pays attention on choosing the mother tongue and because of this the
Institute of Natl Language was created, he was known as Ama ng Wikang
Pambansa.

V. Transnational Issues
Upon the Commonwealth Act No.1 America seems threaten because they
held back weapons and showed lack of support for the defense plan. Still, Quezon
aims for amity and friendship, fairness and square deals in the countrys relations
with other nations, their citizens and subjects.

Era
Constitutio
n
Predecesso
r
Successor
Inauguratio
n
Capital
Vice
President
Chief
Justice
Speaker of
the
National
Assembly

Third President of the Philippines

President of the Second Republic
1943 Constitution
Position established
Position abolished
October 14, 1943, Legislative
Building, Manila (aged 51)
Manila
None
Jose Yulo (February 5, 1942-August
1945)
Benigno S. Aquino Sr. (October 17,
1943-February 2, 1944)

Jose P. Laurel
October 14, 1943-August 17, 1945

Jose P. Laurel born on March 9, 1891 in the small town of Tanuan in Batangas,
his parents were Sotero Laurel, Sr. and Jacoba Garca. He studied and received his
law degree at the University of the Philippines in 1915 and at Yale University in
1920. In 1957, he retired from the political arena and led a normal life with his
former wife, Paciencia Hidalgo concentrating on the development of the Lyceum of
the Philippines established by his family. Jose Laurel died on November 5, 1959.

I. Politics (Administration)
Jose P. Laurels administration is also known as the Puppet Republic. Laurel
was among the Commonwealth officials instructed by the Japanese Imperial Army to
form a fake government when they invaded and occupied the country. He willingly
served under the Japanese Military Administration.

II. Economics
During Laurel's term as President, hunger was the main problem. Prices of
essential supplies rose. The government exerted every effort to increase production
and bring consumers' goods under control. However, the greediness of the Japanese
prevails.

III. Programs (Reforms)

He formulated the 1943 constitution; a temporary constitution expected to

last until the end of war, this established a republican government with a strong
executive that states the duties and obligations of the people rather than their
rights and privileges.
Laurel issued an executive order organizing the Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa
Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI) as the sole political organization to back the
government.

IV. National Issues

Filipino people were torn in half whether hes a hero or a traitor; others think
that he was ready to obey the orders of the Japanese Army for the maintenance of
peace and order and the promotion of well-being of our people on the contrast the
idea that he did not make any negative actions against the Japanese Government
when they occupied the Philippines.
Food Shortage; during his presidency, the Philippines faced a crippling food
shortage which demanded much of Laurel's attention.

V. Transnational Issues
Mickey Mouse money enforced by the Japanese Army it has very low value
caused by severe inflation. Inflation plagued the country with the devaluation of the
Japanese money, evidenced by a 60% inflation experienced in January 1944.

Era

Constitution
Predecessor
Successor
Inauguration
Capital
Vice-President
Chief Justice
Senate
President
Speaker of the
House

Fourth President of the Philippines

Second President of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Amended 1935 Constitution
Manuel L. Quezon
Manuel Roxas
August 1, 1944, Washington, D.C.
(aged 67)
Manila
None
Manuel V. Moran (July 9, 1945-March
Sergio Osmea
20, 1951)
(succeeded)
Manuel Roxas (July 9, 1945-May
25,
August
1,
1944-May
28, 1946
1946)
Jose C. Zulueta (June 9-December 20,
1945)

Sergio Osmea was born in the island of Cebu on Sept. 9, 1878. He entered
the San Carlos Seminary in Cebu in 1889 and then earned his bachelor's degree
from San Juan de Letran College. His schooling was interrupted by the 1896
revolution and the Filipino-American War. After the revolutionary struggles he
continued his studies until he passed the bar examination on Feb. 20, 1903.
On March 5, 1906, Osmea was elected provincial governor of Cebu at the
age of 28. Osmea assumed the presidency in 1944 after the death of Quezon on
August 1, 1944 and sat until May 28, 1946.

I. Politics (Administration)
After the war, Osmea restored the Commonwealth government and the
various executive departments. On 8 August 1944, President Osmea issued
Executive Order 15-W reorganizing and uniting the Executive Departments of the
Commonwealth government.

II. Economics

During his time when the country is still recovering from the damage of the
war; the Philippine National Bank has been rehabilitated and the country joined the
International Monetary Fund. To help the economy be somewhat stabilized.

III. Programs (Reforms)

The First Commonwealth Congress earnestly took up the various pending
assignments to solve the pressing matters affecting the Philippines, especially in
regard to relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. The first bill enacted was
Commonwealth Act No. 672 rehabilitating the Philippine National Bank.
To prepare for the forthcoming independent status of the Philippine, President
Osmea created the Office of Foreign Relations. President Osmea entered into an
agreement with the United States Government to send five Filipino trainees to the
U.S. State Department to prepare themselves for diplomatic service.

IV. National Issues

Death of former president Manuel L. Quezon; Osmea praise him and his
doings in one of his inauguration speech.

V. Transnational Issues
The Bell Trade Act is very controversial that it took two terms before the issue
settled down. This is where the public hears the Act, spreads it, until eventually the
issue is in every corner of the country.

Era
Constitution
Predecessor
Successor
Inauguration
Capital
Vice-President
Chief Justice
15,
fifth Pr

Senate
President

last of

Speaker of the
House

the Co

Fifth President of the Philippines

Third and last President of the
Commonwealth
First President of the Third Republic
Amended 1935 Constitution
Sergio Osmea
Elpidio Quirino
May 28, 1946, Legislative Building,
Manila (aged 54)
July 4, 1946, Independence
Grandstand, Manila (aged 54)
Manuel
Manila
Acua
Elpidio Quirino (May 28, 1946-April
Roxas (January
17, 1948)
Manuel V. Moran (July 9, 1945-March
1, 1892 April
20, 1951)
1948) was the
Jose Avelino (May 25, 1946-July 4,
Manuel Roxas
First term:
Mayof28,
1946 July 4,
esident
the
1946; July 5, 1946-February 21,
1946
1949)
Philippines, the
term: July 4, 1946 April 15,
Eugenio Perez (May 25, 1946-JulySecond
4,
1946;
mmonwealth
July 5, 1946-December 30, 1949)

of the Philippines and the first of the sovereign Third Philippine Republic. He ruled as
President from the Philippines' independence from the United States of America on
4 July 1946 until his abrupt death in 1948.

I. Politics (Administration)
Prior to the Philippine national elections of 1946, at the height of the last
Commonwealth elections, Roxas became Liberal Partys candidate for President. The
Nacionalistas, on the other hand, had Osmea for President. Osmea refused to
campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew his reputation. On the April 23,
1946, Roxas won 54 percent of the vote, and the Liberal Party won a majority in the
legislature.

II. Economics

Since the country was severely damaged by the war, the economy was
struggling because of low output growth and high unemployment rates. Production
became low because farms and factories were ruined. Unemployment rates were
rising at a fast pace; because businesses were closing, there were no more jobs
available for people. The reconstruction cost of these buildings reached 126 million
pesos. Also, there was an annual lack of budget of about 200 million pesos.

III. Programs (Reforms)

The approval of the Bell Trade Act (The Philippine Rehabilitation Act and the
Philippine Trade Act); the US congress offered 800 million dollars as rehabilitation
money in exchange of this. The act states that U.S. citizens and corporations were
granted equal access to the natural resources of the country. Treaty of General
Relations recognizing Philippine independence as of July 4, 1946 includes
establishment of US bases and hand over American sovereignty over the
Philippines.
Laurel granted a General Amnesty to the guerrillas imprisoned during World
War II and to those arrested for conspiring with Japan.

IV. National Issues

Although Roxas was successful in obtaining rehabilitation funds from America
to repair what has been destroyed in the Philippines, he was still criticized for his
approval to the Bell Trade Act. Graft and corruption did not stop in the government.
Scandals such as the surplus war property scandal, school supplies scandal and
Chinese immigration scandals appeared during his time.
People were infuriated at Roxas to the point that there were plans of
assassinating him. Fortunately for the former president, he escaped an attempted
murder by a Tondo barber, Julio Guillen, who threw a grenade on the platform at
Plaza Miranda after the President addressed the rally of citizens.

V. Transnational Issues
World War II paralyzed the whole country; its effect is excessive that $ 800
million is needed for the recovery of the Philippines. However, the president
managed to find a resource for this amount.
One criticism in Roxas administration is his friendship with the Americans. He
was too close to them to the point that he allowed US military bases in the country,
permitted trade restrictions for Filipinos, and gave special privileges for US property
owners and investors.

Era

Constitution
Predecessor
Successor
Inauguration

Capital
VicePresident:
Chief Justice
e
Elpidio Quirino
1890
First term: April 17, 194829,
December 30, 1949 (succeeded)
a FilipDecember 30,1949Second term:
December 30, 1953 (elected)

, and
sixth
the

Senate
President

Speaker of
the House

Sixth President of the Philippines

Second President of the Third
Republic
Amended 1935 Constitution
Manuel Roxas
Ramon Magsaysay
April 17, 1948, Malacaan Palace, Manila
(aged 57)
December 30, 1949, Independence
Grandstand, Manila (aged 58)
Manila; Quezon City
Fernando Lopez (December 30, 1949December 30, 1953)
Ricardo M. Paras (April 2, 1951-February
17, 1961)
Manuel V. Moran (July 9, 1945-March 20,
1951)
Mariano Jess Cuenco (February 21, 1949December 30, 1951)
Quintin Paredes (March 5, 1952-April 17,
1952)
Camilo Osas (April 17, 1952-April 30,
1952; April 17, 1953-April 30, 1953)
Eulogio Rodriguez (April 30, 1952-April 17,
1953;
November 30, 1953-December 30, 1953)
Jose Zulueta (April 30, 1953-November 30,
1953)
Eugenio Perez (July 5, 1946-December 30,
1953)

Elpidio
Rivera
Quirino (Nov
mber 16,
February
1956) was
ino politician
the
President of
Philippines.
lawyer by
profession,
Quirino

entered politics when he became a representative of Ilocos Sur from 1919 to 1925.
After the war, Quirino was elected vice-president in 1946 election, after the death of
the incumbent president Manuel Roxas in 1948, he succeeded the presidency. 1949
presidential election, he won the president's office under Liberal Party. After his
term, he retired to his new country home in Novaliches, Quezon City, where he died
of a heart attack on February 29, 1956.

I. Politics (Administration)
Elpidio Quirino's six years as president were marked by notable postwar
reconstruction, general economic gains, and increased economic aid from the
United States. Basic social problems, however, particularly in the rural areas,
remained unsolved, and his administration was tainted by widespread graft and
corruption.

II. Economics
The Philippines in Quirinos term is still undergoing reconstruction of the
damages from the war. Economy is not in great shape. Unemployment from the
previous government is one of the main problem his administration faces. The
country is struggling a high inflation rate and Quirinos solution to this is to increase
the wages of the people so that purchasing and producing will be balanced.

III. Programs (Reforms)

He establish PACSA (Presidents Action Committee on Social Amelioration),
ACCFA (Agricultural Credit Cooperatives Financing Administration), Labor
Management Advisory Board, and the Rural Banks of the Philippines to fix the
economy of his administration. He also set up the Central Bank and Rural banking.
His second objective was to restore the faith and confidence of the people in
the government body of the Philippines. To do this, he revived former president
Quezons fireside chats which updated the people about the government via live
radio broadcast from the Malacanang palace.

He also concluded peace with Japan and granted amnesty to HUKBALAHAP

members on June 21, 1948. In his efforts he achieved many of his goals including;
industrial ventures heightened, irrigation improved, and the road system developed.

IV. National Issues

Quirinos administration was bombarded with controversies. The major
controversy surrounding his governance was his bid for a second term in office in
1949. The elections wherein Quirino won was believed to be the most corrupt. He
was also the first president to undergo an impeachment trial because he allegedly
purchased a very expensive Golden Orinola using government money. Issues within
the government make people despise Quirino.

V. Transnational Issues
Philippines is not ideal for business in this time, it is evident that Americans
were gradually decreasing their business. This causes unemployment rates to go
higher together with other national problems the countrys economy is weakened.

Era
Constitution
Predecessor
Successor
Inauguration
Capital
Vice-President
Chief Justice
Ramn del
Ramon Magsaysay
Fierro
December 30, 1953-March 17,
Magsaysay
1957 (August

Senate
President
Speaker of the
House

Seventh President of the Philippines

Third President of the Third Republic
Amended 1935 Constitution
Elpidio Quirino
Carlos P. Garcia
December 30, 1953, Independence
Grandstand, Manila (aged 46)
Quezon City
Carlos P. Garcia (December 30,
1953-March 17, 1957)
Ricardo M. Paras (April 2, 1951February 17, 1961)
Eulogio Rodriguez (January 25,
1954-December 30, 1957)
Jose B. Laurel Jr. (January 25, 1954December 30, 1957)

31, 1907 March 17, 1957) was the seventh President of the Republic of the
Philippines, serving from December 30, 1953 until his death in a 1957 aircraft
disaster.

I. Politics (Administration)
Ramon Magsaysay was dubbed as the guy because many considered him
as the president who really connected and represented the common man being a
president with a sympathetic heart to the masses. He even opened Malacaang to
the public.

II. Economics
Rehabilitation of establishments ruined because of World War is still ongoing
but there is a lack on fund to support this.

III. Programs (Reforms)

Started to resolve problems on land distribution through Land Reform Act of
1955 which gave emphasis on the welfare of the poor farmers who desired to own
agricultural land. He also establish the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Act
(NARRA) to give land to some famers and the FACOMA (Farmers Cooperative and
Marketing Association) to organize the farmers.

IV. National Issues

Corruption among cabinet members and the endless attempts to bribe the
president were the most common issues of that time where corruptions was very
rampant among government officials and President Magsaysay was among the very
few who resisted and had zero tolerance against corruption.

V. Transnational Issues
The administration of President Magsaysay was active in the fight against the
expansion of communism in the Asian region. He made the Philippines a member of
the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), which was established in Manila on
Sept. 8. Members of SEATO were alarmed at the possible victory of North
Vietnam over South Vietnam, which could spread communist ideology to other
countries in the region.

Era
Constitution
Predecessor
Successor

Inauguration

Capital
Garca was born

Carlos P. Garcia
in
Talibon,
Bohol,
to
First term:
March
18, 1957December
30, and
Policronio
Garca
1957 (succeeded)
Ambrosia Polstico,
Second term: December 30,
1957-December
30,
who
were both natives

of Bangued, Abra.

Vice-President
Chief Justice
Senate President
Speaker of the
House

Eighth President of the Philippines

Fourth President of the Third
Republic
Amended 1935 Constitution
Ramon Magsaysay
Diosdado Macapagal
March 1, 1957, Malacaan Palace,
Manila (aged 61)
December 30, 1957,
Independence Grandstand, Manila
(aged 62)
Quezon City
Diosdado Macapagal (December
30, 1957-December 30, 1961)
Ricardo M. Paras (April 2, 1951February 17, 1961)
Eulogio Rodriguez (January 22,
1957-April 5, 1963)
Daniel Z. Romualdez (January 27,
1958-December 30, 1961)

Garca grew up with politics, with his father serving as a municipal mayor for four
terms. He pursued his college education at Silliman University in Dumaguete
City, Negros Oriental, and later studied at the Philippine Law School where he
earned his law degree in 1923. He was among the top ten in the bar examination.
On 24 May 1933, he married Leonila Dimataga, and they had a daughter, Linda
Garca-Campos. After his failed reelection bid, Garca retired to Tagbilaran to
resume as a private citizen. On 14 June 1971, Garca died from a fatal heart attack.

I. Politics (Administration)

At the time of President Magsaysay's sudden death on 17 March 1957, Vice

President Garca enplaned back for Manila. Upon his arrival he directly repaired
to Malacaang Palace to assume the duties of President. President Garca's first
actions dealt with the declaration of a period of mourning for the whole nation and
the burial ceremonies for the late President Magsaysay.

II. Economics
Recovering from the World War II is almost finished yet the country is
experiencing several economic challenges. The flow of imports had greatly
increased making the Philippines heavily dependent of imported products. Imports
coming from the United States were also allowed to enter the country without
tariffs, the Philippines also promised not to change its exchange rate from $1 is to
Php2.

III. Programs (Reforms)

Filipino First Policy, law that was passed by the Garcia administration, to give
local businessmen more priority over foreign investors. Products of Filipino
businessmen were also preferred over foreign products. The Austerity Program was
implemented by Garcia in order to curt the rampant graft and corruption within the
country. The program centered on wise spending, industry, thrift, trustworthiness,
integrity and honesty.
The Garcia administration also put emphasis on cultural revival, due to the
colonization of many countries he felt that the revival of the Filipino culture was
needed. The award was given to Filipino artists, scientist, historians and writers.
Bohlen-Serrano Agreement passed during his term, was a law that shortened the
original 99 year lease of US bases here in the Philippines to 25 years; the
agreement was renewable for periods only up to 5 years.

IV. National Issues

Corruption was also widespread in the country since he had just inherited the
Magsaysay administration. Several cases of corruption were found within the
government offices during his administration.

V. Transnational Issues
The focus of the Garcia administration is on the economic independence from
foreign interest. Garcia was criticized by foreign countries, especially the United
States for his anti-foreign policies.

Era
Constitution
Predecessor
Successor
Inauguration
Capital
Vice-President
Chief Justice

1910

Senate
President

was
the nint
the

Speaker of the
House

serving

Ninth President of the Philippines

Fifth President of the Third Republic
Amended 1935 Constitution
Carlos P. Garcia
Ferdinand E. Marcos
December 30, 1961, Quirino
Grandstand, Manila (aged 51)
Quezon City
Emmanuel Pelaez (1961-1965)
Cesar Bengzon (April 28, 1961-May
29, 1966)
Eulogio Rodriguez (January 22,
1957-April 5, 1963)
Ferdinand E. Marcos (April 5, 1963December 30, 1965)
Daniel Z. Romualdez (January 22,
1962-March 9, 1962)
Cornelio T. Villareal (March 9, 1962December 30, 1965)

Diosdado
Pangan
Macapagal (Se
tember 28,
April 21, 1997)

Diosdado Macapagal
December 30, 1961
Decemberof30, 1965
h President

Philippines,
from 1961 to

1965. A native of Lubao, Pampanga, Macapagal graduated from the University of

the Philippines and University of Santo Tomas, after which he worked as a lawyer for
the government. He died of heart failure, pneumonia, and renal complications, in
1997, at the age of 86.

I. Politics (Administration)

In the 1961 presidential election, Macapagal ran against Garcia's re-election

bid, promising an end to corruption and appealing to the electorate as a common
man from humble beginnings. He defeated the incumbent president with a 55% to
45% margin. His inauguration as the president of the Philippines took place on
December 30, 1961.

II. Economics
Exchange controls were lifted and the Philippine peso was allowed to float on
the free currency exchange market. The peso devalued from P2.64 to the U.S.
dollar, and stabilized at P3.80 to the dollar, supported by a $300 million stabilization
fund from the International Monetary Fund.

III. Programs (Reforms)

The following programs were created during his administration; opened
Malacanang to the Public however it didnt last long because people started to only
loft around, dismissed corruption in the government when the official couldnt justify
his sudden acquisition of wealth, changed the date of the Philippine Independence
from June 12 to July 4, Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963 which abolished share
tendency on rice and corn farmlands and establishment of a leasehold system
where farmers would pay rentals to landlords instead of harvests.

IV. National Issues

The Stonehill Scandal involving numerous congressmen and businessmen
accused for graft and corruption within the government though several programs
passed.

V. Transnational Issues
On September 12, 1962, during President Diosdado Macapagal's
administration, the territory of eastern North Borneo (now Sabah), and the full

sovereignty, title and dominion over the territory were ceded by the then reigning
Sultan of Sulu, HM Sultan Muhammad Esmail E. Kiram I, to the Republic of the
Philippines. The cession effectively gave the Philippine government the full authority
to pursue their claim in international courts.

Era

Constitution
Predecessor
Successor

Inauguration

Capital
Vice-President

Prime Minister

Chief Justice

Senate President

Speaker of the
National
Assembly

Speaker of the
House

Tenth President of the Philippines

Sixth and Last President of the Third Republic
First President of the Fourth Republic
Amended 1935 Constitution
1973 Constitution
Amended 1973 Constitution
Diosdado Macapagal
Corazon C. Aquino
December 30, 1965, Quirino Grandstand,
Manila (aged 48)
December 30, 1969, Quirino Grandstand,
Manila (aged 52)
June 30, 1981, Quirino Grandstand, Manila
(aged 64)
February 25, 1986, Malacaan Palace, Manila
(aged 69)
Quezon City (1965-1978)
City of Manila (1978-1986)
Fernando Lopez
(December 30, 1965-December 30, 1969-Ferdinand E. Marcos
December 30, 1965 February
1972)
25, 1986
Ferdinand E. Marcos (concurrent capacity as
President)
(June 12, 1978-June 30, 1981)
Cesar E.A. Virata
(June 30, 1981-February 25, 1986)
Ramon C. Aquino (November 20, 1985-March
6, 1986)
Felix V. Makasiar (July 25, 1985-November 19,
1985)
Enrique M. Fernando (July 2, 1979-July 24,
1985)
Querube C. Makalintal (October 1973December 1975);
Cesar Bengzon (April 28, 1961-May 29, 1966)
Gil Puyat (January 26, 1967-September 23,
1972)
Arturo M. Tolentino (January 17, 1966-January
26, 1967)
Nicanor E. Yiguez (July 23, 1984-March 25,
1986)
Querube C. Makalintal (June 12, 1978-June
30, 1984)
Cornelio T. Villareal (April 1, 1971-September
23, 1972)
Jose B. Laurel Jr. (February 2, 1967-April 1,
1971)
Cornelio T. Villareal (January 17, 1966February 2, 1967)

Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr. (September 11, 1917 September 28,
1989) was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as President of the
Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled under martial law in 1972 to control the
threat of the New People's Army until 1981. In 1983, his government was accused
by some of being involved in the assassination of Ninoy Aquino. Public outrage led
to the snap elections of 1986 and to the making of so called People Power
Revolution in February 1986.

I. Politics (Administration)
In his earlier term, good governance was present. However, upon entry of his
wife, Imelda, corruption started to surface. He declared martial law which started a
disordered nation under his dictatorship and tyranny.

II. Economics
To help finance a number of economic development projects, the Marcos
government borrowed large amounts of money from international lenders.
The Philippines' external debt rose from $360 million (US) in 1962 to $28.3 billion in
1986, making the Philippines one of the most indebted countries in Asia.

III. Programs (Reforms)

Martial Law was declared by Marcos to suppress the increasing civil discord
and the threats of communist conquest. The declaration was initially granted by
some however this violates the people and the masses human rights because of the
abuses by the military.
In his administration, the Philippines became a member of the ASEAN. It was
in his term when the Decentralization Act; an act that permits the local government
heads to appoint office heads is passed. He also had programs for diplomatic
relations with communists and socialist states.

Stabilization of government finance by means of more effective collection of

taxes, imposing new tax laws, and getting loans from foreign banks and
governments.

IV. National Issues

Marcos Ill-gotten wealth; a sizable amount of government money went to
Marcos family and friends in the form of loans. Widespread corruption in the
government and abuse of authority and power primarily seen on the declaration of
Martial Law cause a decrease in freedom and democracy during the second term of
Ferdinand Marcos administration. Peace and order had become the primary problem
with the founding of NPA and the MNLF, Plus the outrage of people because of the
assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.
Unemployment is also a great problem due to the countrys weakened
economy.

V. Transnational Issues
The Marcoses established good relations with world leaders, therefore
bringing the Philippines image to higher grounds. Foreign relations brought foreign
investments in and made the economy boom. Because of the developments
(economically, industrially, and infrastructures) Marcos accomplished; there was a
massive increase in tourism rates. During this time, the ratio of the peso to a dollar
is 1:1. However, the economy declined during his second term and the prices of the
market increased.

Era

Constitution

Predecessor
Successor
Inauguration

Coju

Seat of
Government
Vice-President

Eleventh President of the Philippines

Second and Last President of the Fourth
Republic
First President of the Fifth Republic
Amended 1973 Constitution
1986 Freedom Constitution
1987 Constitution of the Republic of the
Philippines
Ferdinand E. Marcos
Fidel V. Ramos
February 25, 1986, Club Filipino, San Juan
(aged 53)
City of Manila

Mara
Corazn
"Cory"
Sumulong

angco Aqu
Salvador H. Laurel (1986-1992)
Marcelo B. Fernan (July 1, 1988-December
January
6, 1991)
1933
Pedro L. Yap (April 18, 1988-July 1, 1988)
August 1,
Claudio Teehankee (April 2, 1986-April 18,
Chief Justice
1988)
2009) was
Ramon C. Aquino (November 20, 1985a
Philippine
March 6, 1986)
Jovito Salonga (July 27, 1987-January 1,
politician,
Senate
1992)
who
served as
Neptali Gonzales (January 1, 1992-June 30,
President
the
11th Presi
1992)
Ramon V. Mitra Jr. (July 27, 1987-June 30,
dent Speaker of the
of the
House
1992)
Philippines, the first woman to hold that office, and the first female president

Corazon C. Aquino
ino (
February 25, 1986-June 30,
25, 1992

in Asia.

I. Politics (Administration)
Corazon Aquinos administration from the people power revolves on giving
people democracy and freedom that they sought for during the 2 nd term of Marcos.

II. Economics
There is a $26 billion foreign debt incurred by her predecessor, which has
badly stained the international credit standing and economic reputation of the
country.

III. Programs (Reforms)

Cory Aquino pushed for the restoration of democracy through abolishing the
legislature, declaring a revolutionary government and writing a new constitution
(1987 Constitution). Proclamation no. 1, a call to all appointive public officials to
submit their courtesy resignations and appointing Cabinet ministers and task forces
to help her run the government. Proclamation No. 3 proclaims her government a
revolutionary government. and circulates a provisional Freedom Constitution,
which gives legislative more power than her.
United States trading in the First Philippine Fund Incorporated where she
urged American business to increase its investments in the Philippines.
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law an act which aims to promote social
justice and industrialization. A fund provided for CARP; a special fund known as the
Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), with an initial amount of Php50 billion to cover the
estimated cost of the program from 1987-1992.

IV. National Issues

Aquino was not safe from the controversies that eventually centered on
Hacienda Luisita, a 6,453-hectare estate located in the Province of Tarlac, which she
inherited from her family. She was recorded for allowing Hacienda Luisita, which was
now owned by the Tarlac Development Corporation, to opt for stock distribution,
instead of land redistribution. She also has an issue concerning the farmers of
Mendiola being massacred.
A series of natural disasters hit the country such as the 1990 earthquake, the
eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, and a series of Typhoons. Power Shortage is very evident
in her term; brownouts were very frequent and would last for about 12 hours.

V. Transnational Issues

Foreign investors build up during Marcos regime started to pull their

investments from the country because of coup detats and various groups.

Twelfth President of the Philippines

Era
Second President of the Fifth
Republic
1987 Constitution of the Republic
Constitution
of the Philippines
Predecessor
Corazon C. Aquino
Successor
Joseph Ejercito Estrada
June 30, 1992, Quirino
Inauguration
Grandstand, Manila (aged 64)
Capital
Manila
Joseph Ejercito Estrada (June 30,
Vice-President
1992-June 30, 1998)
Andres R. Narvasa (December 8,
Chief Justice
1991-November 30, 1998)
Neptali Gonzales (January 26,
1998-June 30, 1998; August 29,
1995-October 10, 1996;
January
1,
Fidel V.
Ramos
1992-JanuaryJune
18,30,
1993)
1992 June 30, 1998
Senate President
Ernesto Maceda (October 10,
1996-January 26, 1998)
Eduardo J. Angara (January 18,
1993-August 29, 1995)
Speaker of the
Jose de Venecia (July 27, 1992Ramos was
House
June 30, 1998)
born in Lingayen, Pangasinan and his parents were Narciso Ramos, a lawyer,
journalist, member of the House of Representatives, and secretary of
the Department of Foreign Affairs; and Angela Valdez-Ramos, an educator and
advocate of women's suffrage.
Ramos completed his education at Centro Escolar University Integrated
School. Ramos is married to the former Amelita Martinez, more popularly known
as Ming Ramos. The two have five children: Angelina Jones, Josephine
Samartino, Carolina Sembrano, Christine Jalasco, and Gloria Ramos.

I. Politics (Administration)
During the Ramos administration, civil liberty and government stability was
restored. Prior to the Ramos Presidency, there were many coup dtat attempts and

uprisings during the Aquino administration. This lead to a damaged government;

Politics were shaken and people started to lose their trust in the government.

II. Economics
The Philippines was recovering from economical difficulties that arose from
the lack of foreign investors during the Aquino administration. During the Ramos
administration however, the Philippines experience economic growth and stability.
Though the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 struck, the Philippines wasnt as badly
affected as other Asian Nations. But it was during this crisis when the Philippine
Peso devaluated and dropped because of a financial shortage.

III. Programs (Reforms)

Fidels responses to the power shortage are the Republic Act 7638 (Charter of
the Department of Energy) an act that made possible the creation of the
department of energy, Republic Act 7648 (Electric Power Crisis) an act that
prescribes the measures that are necessary and proper to effectively address the
electric power crisis in our country, Republic Act 7832 (Anti-electricity and
Electric Transmission Lines/Materials Pilferage Act) this act penalizes theft and
pilferage of electric lines and materials.
Republic Act 8179 an act that allows foreign investments. It supports Republic
Act 7042, which promotes foreign investments and prescribes the procedures and
actions foreign investors have to do when registering for a business in the
Philippines.

IV. National Issues

Similar to the past government, the Philippines was experiencing widespread
and frequent brownouts because of the huge demand for electricity and the old and
depreciated power plants. Power crisis remained unsolved before a new
administration enters.

V. Transnational Issues
Because of the Coup attempts, foreign investors felt it was risky for them to
invest in the Philippines, thus, economy isnt progressing. The lack of foreign
investors during the past administration is still present up to Fidels term; it is still a
major economic issue that needs to be solved.

Era
Constitution
Predecessor
Successor
Inauguration
Capital
Vice-President
Chief Justice:

Senate
President

Speaker of the
House

Thirteenth President of the Philippines

Third President of the Fifth Republic
1987 Constitution of the Republic of the
Philippines
Fidel V. Ramos
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
June 30, 1998, Barasoain Church,
Malolos, Bulacan (aged 61)
Manila
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (June 30, 1998January 20, 2001)
Hilario G. Davide (November 30, 1998December 20, 2005)
Andres R. Narvasa (December 8, 1991November 30, 1998)
Aquilino Pimentel (November 13, 2000June 30, 2001)
Franklin M. Drilon (July 12, 2000November 13, 2000)
Blas Ople (June 29, 1999-July 12, 2000)
Marcelo H. Fernan (July 27, 1998-June 28,
1999)
Arnulfo T. Fuentabella (November 13,
2000-January 24, 2001)
Manuel Villar (July 27, 1998-November
13, 2000)

Joseph Ejrcito Estrada was born on April 19, 1937 in Tondo, an

urban district of Manila. His family later moved to the wealthy suburb of San Juan.
He was expelled during his primary studies at the Ateneo de Manila University and
Joseph Ejercito Estrada

subsequently
in an engineering
Juneenrolled
30, 1998-January
20, 2001 course at the Mapa Institute of
Technology in an effort to please his father, but dropped out.
Estrada is married to former First Lady-turned-senator Dr. Lusa "Loi"
Pimentel, whom he met while she was working at the National Center for Mental
Health (NCMH) in Mandaluyong City, and has three children with her.

I. Politics (Administration)
Estradas administration is popularly recognized as corrupt governance,
because of issues and for bringing too many problems to the economy and nation
as well. He had the highest number of voters in the history of Philippines; this might
be cause of his non proven yet appealing to the public advocacy Erap para sa
Mahirap.

II. Economics
During Estradas administration; the economic was strong but during the
latter part, the admin failed to capitalize on the gains of the previous
administration. When Estrada was accused of influencing an investigation in the
stock market manipulation, foreign investments declined.

III. Programs (Reforms)

Estradas Clean Air Act is a great act for loving our environment none the
less, it focused only on the air quality management. If Erap implemented a law that
focused on the environment as a whole and not just the air management, he could
be a president who is really concerned about the status of our natural resources.

IV. National Issues

Estrada was impeached due to his plunder and perjury case; Graft and
corruption a national issue his administration faced, The Asian Financial Crisis where
peso fell from 26 per dollar to 28 pesos to 40 pesos by the end of the crisis, serious
drought of lands in the rural areas affecting employment of the farmers and the rise
of the prices of rice is due to phenomenal El Nino, graft and corruption and the
Asian Financial Crisis eventually led to Poverty hitting almost 60 percent of Filipinos
nationwide.

V. Transnational Issues
President Erap managed to attract foreigners and make the countrys tourism
bloom yet as the issues of plunder and other corrupt acts of his government arise
tourism seemed to be going down at a great rate.

Era
Constitution
Predecessor
Successor
First
Inauguration
Second
Inauguration
Capital
Vice President

Fourteenth President of the Philippines

Fifth President of the Fifth Republic
1987 Constitution of the Republic of the
Philippines
Joseph Ejercito Estrada
Benigno S. Aquino III
January 21, 2001, EDSA Shrine (aged 54)
June 30, 2004, Cebu Capitol (aged 57)
Manila

Manuel de Castro (June 30, 2004-June 30, 2010)

Teofisto Guingona (February 7, 2001-June 30,
She
2004)
was born
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
Renato C. Corona (May 17, 2010-May 29, 2012)
as
Mara
Reynato Puno (December 8, 2006-May 17, January 20, 2001 June 30,
2010
Gloria
2010)
Chief Justice
Artemio Panganiban (December 20, 2005December 7, 2006)
Hilario Davide (November 30, 1998-December
20, 2005)
Juan Ponce Enrile (November 17, 2008June 5,
2013)
Manuel Villar (July 24, 2006-November 17,
Senate
2008)
President
Franklin M. Drilon (July 23, 2001-July 24, 2006)
Aquinlino Pimentel (November 13, 2000-June
30, 2001)
Prospero C. Nograles (February 5, 2008-June
30, 2010)
Speaker of the Jose C. de Venecia (July 23, 2001-February 5,
House
2008)
Feliciano R. Belmonte Jr. (January 24, 2001-June
30, 2001)
Macaraeg Macapagal to politician Diosdado Macapagal and his wife, Evangelina
Macaraeg-Macapagal. Arroyo then studied for two years at Georgetown University's
Walsh School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C. In 1968, Arroyo married lawyer
and businessman Jose Miguel Arroyo of Binalbagan, Negros Occidental, whom she
had met while still a teenager.

I. Politics (Administration)

President Arroyo was named the 14th president of the Philippines during the
People Power II, January 20, 2001 in Edsa when former President Joseph Estrada was
forced out of office because of allegations of plunder and corruption. In 2004, she
won the elections and was elected to a full term presidency until 2010. Arroyos
administration became a basin of the problems from Estradas term.

II. Economics
The Philippines came close to a financial meltdown in 2001 during the
impeachment of Former President Estrada. The revenues were too low, with its
$54.8 billion in foreign debt. Investors doubted to invest in the Philippines at that
time due to the political crisis the country was experiencing.

III. Programs (Reforms)

Restoring Political Stability and Building New Politics; she established
partnerships with the civil society by involving people in governance, Building High
Standards of Morality and Performance; making a new Anti-Graft Commission which
will promote integrity among the officials and presidential appointees, Battle of the
Budget; monitoring local government remittances, strengthening audit and tax
reform programs by computerization to improve tax collections.
The Anti-Poverty Strategy; land for the landless, Human Development
Services, Protection from Violence, More Livelihood Opportunities. Charter change
includes a movement to overthrow the present form of government and make it into
a federal parliamentary-unicameral form of government.

IV. National Issues

Hello Garci Controversy (June 2005) about Arroyos conversations with
COMELEC Commissioner Virgilio Garcilliano. The conversation was about cheating
the 2004 national elections. In the conversation she asked if she would win by a

million votes and Garci replied that she will coincidentally or suspiciously she did
win by over a million votes in the 2004 presidential elections.
NBN-ZTE Controversy (April 2007) is about a deal between the Philippines
and ZTE Corporation, a company in china. The deal was worth $329.59 Million and
was aimed at improving the communication capabilities of the Philippines. There
were two other corporations willing to do the job for the Philippines at lower prices
but was turned down.
Gloria Arroyos Expensive Dinners; the public began noticing the expensive
dinners that President Macapagal Arroyo was having when an article from the New
York Post reported that GMA and her entourage to the US dined in the famous Le
Cirque in New York and spent $20,000 or almost 1 Million Pesos.

V. Transnational Issues
Iraq War; Philippines sent a small humanitarian contingent which included
medics and engineers. These troops were recalled in July 2004 in response to the
kidnapping of Filipino truck driver Angelo de la Cruz. With the hostage takers
demands met, the hostage was released. The early pullout drew international
condemnation, with the United States protesting against the action, saying giving in
to terrorist demands should not be an option.
ASEAN Summit; Arroyo's foreign policy is anchored on building strong ties
with the United States, East Asian and Southeast Asian nations, and countries
where overseas Filipino workers work and live. In 2007, the Philippines was host to
the 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu City.

Era
Constitution
Predecessor
Successor
Inauguration
Seat of
Government
Vice President
Chief Justice
was

in M
the
five

Senate
President
Speaker of the
House

Fifteenth President of the Philippines

Fifth President of the Fifth Republic
1987 Constitution of the Republic of the
Philippines
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
Incumbent
June 30, 2010, Quirino Grandstand,
Manila (aged 50)
Manila

Benigno
Simeon

"Noynoy"
Jejomar C. Binay (June 30, 2010-Present)
Ma. Lourdes P.A. Sereno (August 25, 2012-Benigno
Aquino
S. III
Aquino III
Present)
June 30, 2010-Present
born on
Renato C. Corona (May 17, 2010-May 29,
February 8,
2012)
Juan Ponce Enrile (July 26, 2010-June 5,
1960
2013)
anila. He is
Franklin M. Drilon (July 22, 2013-Present)
Feliciano Belmonte (July 26, 2010-Present) third of the
children

of Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. In 1983, after three years in exile in the United States,
Aquino's family returned to the Philippines, shortly after the assassination of his
father on August 21, 1983. Aquino joined the Liberal Party in calling for the
resignation of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo at the height of the Hello Garci
scandal.
Following the death and funeral of Aquino's mother, former President Corazon
Aquino, many people began calling on Aquino to run for President of the Philippines.
This groundswell of support became known as the "Noynoy Phenomenon".

I. Politics (Administration)
The Presidency of Benigno S. Aquino III began at noon on June 30, 2010,
when he became the fifteenth President of the Philippines, succeeding Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo.

II. Economics

Despite Typhoon Yolanda and a string of natural disasters throughout 2013,

Philippine economic growth accelerated to 7.2 percent in 2013. Underlying this
remarkable growth are the countrys strong macroeconomic fundamentals which
continued to support domestic demand and shield the economy from the persistent
weaknesses of the global economy

III. Programs (Reforms)

No wang-wang policy; Presidential Decree No. 96 was issued
regulating the use of sirens, bells, whistles, horns and other similar devices only to
motor vehicles designated for the use of the President, Vice President, Senate
President, House Speaker, Chief Justice, Philippine National Police, Armed Forces of
the Philippines, National Bureau of Investigation, Land Transportation Office, Bureau
of Fire Protection and ambulances.
Reproductive Health Bill; in January 2013, Aquino signed legislation which
funds contraceptives for poor individuals; the law has been challenged in the
Philippine Supreme Court.

IV. National Issues

US bases: Aquinos gift to Obama. During the much-awaited visit of US
President Barack Obama, Philippine President BS Aquino will be serving nothing less
than our national sovereignty and dignity on a silver platter via the new access
agreement negotiated in secret by the two governments.
Mistaking demand-pull inflation for cost- push inflation cause sudden inflation
for prices of certain products of which the most popular is the garlic.

V. Transnational Issues
Eight members of the Philippine Coast Guard have been charged with the
murder of a Taiwanese fisherman who was shot dead. The killing sparked angry

protests in Taiwan and Taipei responded with sanctions, but lifted them after the
Philippine government issued an official apology.
The Spratly Islands dispute is a territorial dispute over the ownership of
the Spratly Islands, a group of islands located in the South China Sea. The Spratly
Islands are important for a number of reasons: the Spratly area holds potentially
significant, but largely unexplored, reserves of oil and natural gas; it is a productive
area for world fishing; it is one of the busiest areas of commercial shipping traffic;
and surrounding countries would get an extended continental shelf if their claims
were recognized.