CARPIA-II MESO Final Report Part 1 13dec07

Department
of Agrarian
Reform
AN AS S E S S M E N T O F T H E
COM PREHENSIVE AGRARI A N
REFORM PROGRAM AND ITS
IM PACTS ON RURAL C OMM UNITIES
II:
M ESO PERSPECTIVE
Colleg e of Econom ics and Management (CEM)

Colleg e of Publ ic Affairs (CPAf)
UPLB F oundation, Inc.
Nov ember 2007
AN ASSESSM ENT OF THE COM PREHENSIVE

AGR ARIA N REFORM PROGR AM AND ITS
IM PACTS ON RURAL C OMM UNITIES II:
M ESO PERSPECTIVE
FINAL REPO RT
Prudenciano U. Gordoncillo
Merlyne M. Paunlagui
Linda M. Pealba
Filomena A. Javier
Emeterio S. Solivas
Josefina T. Dizon
Cesar B. Quicoy
Tiffany P. Laude
Julieta A. Delos Reyes
Miriam R. Nguyen
Yolanda Benedicta D. Mendoza
November 2007
PROJECT STAFF
Full-time
Umali, Rommel M.
Escalona, Mena L.
Buhat, Gallardo Jose G.
Malenab, Karen J.
Habana, Rachel R.
Eusebio, Kristine Jayne L.
Puhawan, Rolito Jr. M.
De Castro, Jerome L.
Part-time
Celeste, Marcelino M.
Grande, Aida O.
Guiaya, Susan S.
Martinez, Eldy Z.
Sanchez, Flordeliza A.
Velasco, Rosita L.
Administrative Support Staff
Aquino, Doris D.
Javier, Angelica C.
Nayle, Estelita G.
Manalo, Luciana B.
Mendoza, Enonie C.
Del Rosario, Ernesto L.
Bathan, Danilo M.
Camingawan, Ernesto E.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The project was commissioned by the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) through the
Policy and Strategic Research Service (PSRS) and was implemented by the Department
of Agricultural Economics, College of Economics and Management (CEM) of the
University of the Philippines Los Baos (UPLB). This was done in collaboration with the
various units of UPLB including the Institute of Agrarian and Rurban Development
Studies, Institute of Strategic Planning and Policy Studies and Institute of Community
Education of the College of Public Affairs and Institute of Statistics, College of Arts and
Sciences.
The authors would like to acknowledge the support of PSRS through Director Martha
Carmel C. Salcedo and her staff for their technical and editorial comments and
suggestions. We also give thanks to Dr. Serlie Jamias for editing the final report;
however, any error is the full responsibility of the authors.
The authors are very grateful to the following: 1) the respondents for their patience and
sustained interest during the lengthy interview, 2) the research staff who supervised the
data collection and processing; and 3) the administrative staff who provided clerical and
logistic support throughout the project duration.
Executive Summary
1
Introduction
The general objective of the MESO component of the CARP-IA Phase II is to
provide the principal empirical evidence for determining the impact of the CARP
on agrarian reform beneficiaries (ARBs) and non-ARBs and on agrarian reform
communities (ARCs) and non-ARCs between the years 2000 and 2006. The
most immediate concern is to determine if the positive impact of CARP on ARBs
and ARCs demonstrated in the first round studies has been sustained and
reinforced in the last six years. A related objective is to determine any additional
direct and indirect benefits, positive impact or new problems or difficulties that
may have emerged in the last six years.
Methodology
Respondents of the 2000 study were resurveyed. Of the 432 households
interviewed in 2006, a total of 405 respondents were included for a true panel
analysis. The six study sites composed of Echague, Isabela; San Antonio,
Quezon; Pili, Camarines Sur; La Carlota City, Negros Occidental; Mabini and
Pantukan, Compostela Valley; and Tupi, South Cotabato. These sites
represented the different agricultural commodity groups like rice, corn, coconut,
sugarcane, pineapple, and banana. For each study site, ARC and non-ARC
barangays were taken as study areas.
A combination of primary and secondary data was collected. Primary data were
gathered using quantitative and qualitative methods. For the quantitative
method, a modified version of the 2000 questionnaire was used to resurvey the
2000 respondents. Meanwhile, focus group discussions (FGD) and key
informant interviews (KII) were conducted for an in-depth understanding of the
impact of CARP on ARBs and non-ARBs and ARCs and non-ARCs. Participants
to the FGDs were barangay leaders, officers, and members of the
cooperative/organizations, and other ARBs and the non-ARBs. Among others,
local government unit officials (LGUs) and staff of the Department of Agrarian
Reform (DAR) at the municipal and provincial levels served as key informants.
Secondary data were sourced from the different offices of the municipality,
cooperatives, and the DAR office.
Summary of Findings
3.1
Overall Findings
CARP implementation resulted in a more equitable distribution of access to land

and broader landownership base. In the six case study sites, a total of 7,097
hectares belonging to 177 landowners were already distributed to 2,429 ARBs.
As a result, the average farm size was reduced significantly from 40 hectares per
landowner to 2.9 hectares per ARB.
Monocropping is still largely practiced in most study sites but crop diversification
is gaining popularity, particularly in the coconut ARC. The most visible change in
the coconut study area of Bulihan, San Antonio, Quezon was the change from
monocropping coconut to intensive intercropping and multi-cropping. Black
pepper, citrus, bananas, and short-term vegetable crops have become part of
their agricultural production system. Livestock raising, which used to be for

household consumption, is now for both household and for the market. The
breed and the manner of raising livestock; the kind of crop to plant; the seeds;
and the farm culture practiced have been very much influenced by the trainings
and extension services provided by the different government agencies, notably
the Department of Agriculture (DA) and the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) in
coordination with the Municipal Agrarian Reform Officer (MARO). In Bulihan, the
cropping system has changed and agricultural technologies have been adopted
when the former tenants became ARBs.
Aside from crop diversification, organic farming technologies like organic
fertilizer, organic sprays, and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) were adopted
in Bagong Sirang ARC, Pili Camarines Sur. The use of organic fertilizers,
particularly chicken dung, was also introduced in the banana plantations in
Tagnanan ARC, Mabini Compostela Valley although this was not due to CARP.
Meanwhile, in the Bongabong non-ARC of Pantukan, Compostela Valley, the
banana plantation is known for its less-chemically treated Cavendish bananas.
In the pineapple study site of Tupi, South Cotabato and in the coconut study site
in San Antonio, Quezon, crops became diversified when the farmers became
ARBs because they can now decide what crop to plant that could generate for
them the highest profits. These changes could be attributed to the capacitybuilding activities (e.g., trainings) they received from DAR, DA, and other public
and private agencies.
The pattern of change in average farm size differed among the study sites. While
the average farm size in the corn, rice, and pineapple study sites decreased from
2000 to 2006, it increased for the sugarcane and banana sites. The decrease
could be attributed to the transfer of land from the original ARB to either the
spouse or children and to the practice of selling and mortgaging of lands,
particularly for privately-owned lands. On the other hand, the increase in farm
size indicated the ARBs activities of buying or acquiring mortgaged lands.
The pattern of productivity was also divergent. While production decreased for
corn and rice in Isabela, rice productivity increased for ARBs only but declined for
non-ARBs in Bagong Sirang. Meanwhile, the coconut farmers in Bulihan and
Niing complained of the nuts getting smaller and smaller through the years.
Lack of capital was the most commonly reported problem related to agricultural
production in all the study sites. Pests and diseases were also reported to be a
problem in the rice study site. On the other hand, the most cited problem in
marketing was the low price of corn, coconut, and other agricultural products.
Mortgaging rather than selling was commonly practiced in the study sites.
However, it was not rampant and involved mostly privately-owned lands. In the
banana study site, there were cases of mortgaging of privately-owned lands at
PhP25,000 per hectare among the ARBs. There were also three cases in the
banana non-ARC where the ARBs gave up their share in favor of the cooperative
because of unpaid loan. In the rice community where selling of land was
reported, the value of land sold ranged from PhP103, 000 to PhP200, 000 per
hectare.
There were other forms of mortgaging in the sugarcane and coconut study sites.
In the sugarcane study site, the land was commonly used as collateral by
farmers who wanted to loan for farm inputs from private persons. In Bulihan
ARC, the fruits of trees were used as collateral without interest.
Generally, the social and physical infrastructure improved across the study sites.
There were improvements in the access road, source of water, and post harvest
facilities in the ARC sites, which were beneficiaries of infrastructure projects from
agrarian reform projects like the Agrarian Reform Infrastructure Support Project
(ARISP), the Agrarian Reform Community Development Project (ARCDP), and
Plan International.
In the Tagnanan ARC, farm-to-market roads connecting Tagnanan Proper and
Mampising were constructed and a Level II water system was also funded.
Similarly, an 8.5-kilometer access road was funded by ARISP in the Bagong
Sirang ARC. Meanwhile, LGUs and local politicians have developed
infrastructure in areas where there were no agrarian reform projects. Examples
of these areas were the San Manuel ARC in Echague, Isabela where portions of
the barangay road and multi-purpose pavement were constructed and the
Bulihan ARC in San Antonio, Quezon where more than two kilometers of the
main road were cemented in addition to an almost kilometer of asphalted road.
Better road and communication system and increased social facilities like day
care center and rural health units (RHU) were also reported in the Nagasi ARC
and Haguimit non-ARC.
Infrastructure development has also contributed to the type and number of
vehicles servicing the study sites. After the construction of the access road,
more tricycles and jeepneys began plying the Barangay Sirang to Pili town
proper and vice-versa increased. A tricycle is now servicing sitio Mampising,
Tagnanan which used to be solely served by habal-habal.
The better physical and social facilities were also matched by increased social
services. In the sugarcane ARC, the number of visits by medical health
personnel has doubled in a month. This was in addition to the permanent
midwife assigned to the RHU. As a result, more mothers and children visited the
health unit in 2006 compared to 2000. It should be noted that only Bulihan or the
coconut ARC did not have a RHU.
Except for the rice non-ARB in the non-ARC, the mean total asset increased for
ARBs and non-ARBs in both ARC and non-ARC between 2000 and 2006. In
2000, the rice non-ARB in a non-ARC had the highest mean total asset followed
by corn ARB, followed by banana and pineapple non-ARBs in a non-ARC and
ARC, respectively. By 2006, the banana ARB and corn ARB in the ARC had the
highest total mean asset, closely followed by the banana non-ARB in the ARC
and the pineapple ARB in the non-ARC.
The increase in the total mean asset was highest among corn ARBs and nonARBs in the ARC. In the non-ARC, the sugarcane ARBs and non-ARBs had the
highest investment in mean total asset between 2000 and 2006.
Unlike in the mean total asset, the pattern of change on mean total income varied
by respondent and by community. As of 2000, the corn ARBs and non-ARBs in
the ARC had the highest mean total income. On the other hand, the lowest
mean total income was reported by a non-ARB in the ARC. By 2006, the banana
non-ARB in the ARC had the highest mean total income, followed by the corn
ARB in the ARC. In the non-ARC community, the mean total income across
respondents was not as variable as those in the ARC community in 2006.
The increment in mean total income appeared to be more consistent among the
non-ARBs in both ARCs and non-ARCs. Moreover, the highest increment in
total mean income was experienced by the rice and banana non-ARBs in the
ARC between 2000 and 2006. Among the ARBs in the ARC, only the total mean
income of the corn ARBs increased from 2000 to 2006 while it declined for the
sugarcane, rice and pineapple ARBs in the non-ARC.
Translating the mean household income into real per capita income revealed an
increasing pattern for the ARBs in the ARC in the four study sites of Bulihan, San
Antonio, Quezon; Bagong Sirang, Pili, Camarines Sur; Nagasi, La Carlota City,
Negros Occidental; and Tagnanan, Mabini, Compostela Valley from 2000 to
2006. The highest increase was experienced by the sugarcane workers where
the real per capita income of PhP12, 769 in 2000 rose to PhP19, 173 in 2006.
The increase in mean real per capita income ranged from 11 percent in
Tagnanan, Mabini to around 50 percent in Bulihan ARC, San Antonio and Nagasi
ARC, La Carlota City. On the other hand, the decline in real per capita income in
the San Manuel ARC, Echague, Isabela was very slight at 5 percent from 2000 to
2006 while it was more than a quarter (26%) in the Kablon ARC, Tupi, South
Cotabato.
Access to utilities like water and electricity and toilet increased from 2000 to
2006. For instance, respondents with water-sealed toilets increased, particularly
in the Tagnanan ARC and Bongabong ARC where the Antipolo type of toilet was
replaced by water-sealed toilet. More respondents also began using Level II
water system and electricity. However, there were also ARBs and non-ARBs
who did not have access to electricity. Wood was the most commonly used fuel
in cooking for all the study sites. In most study sites, households using liquefied
petroleum gas decreased from 2000 to 2006.
In most study sites, the LGUs supported the ARBs and non-ARBs in both ARC
and non-ARCs through agricultural programs and projects. These projects
included dispersal of livestock, distribution of fruit tree seedlings, and provision of
capacity building activities like trainings, seminars, and workshops. In rice and
banana study sites, the LGU provided the needed counterpart for the
infrastructure project. Also in the banana study site, the LGU provided rice and
canned goods when the ARBs went on strike. To assist agrarian reform, the
LGU of Echague helped DAR in resolving agrarian conflicts. The barangay
chairman of San Manuel was more actively involved in resolving agrarian
conflicts as well as in soliciting financial support. Further, there was closer
collaboration between DAR and the ARC in San Manuel compared to Sta. Maria.
Membership in organizations has been declining and some cooperatives and
organizations have become inactive for various reasons. In Bulihan, only 20
percent of the ARBs were cooperative members; the members remained
conservative in their business venture; and the womens organization became
inactive and requested the MARO for its delistment but was not approved. The
womens organization became inactive because the members of the womens
organization were also members of the cooperative and they liked to maintain
membership with the cooperative only. In contrast, in the non-ARC, the only
organization which was revived through the help of the MARO has continued to
operate and expand its business. In San Manuel or the corn ARC, the
cooperative needed the help of the DAR to restructure its overdue loans and to
revitalize the organization.
In other study sites like the sugarcane and banana sites, membership was not
only declining but also the participation in the discussion and the deliberation
during meetings. Moreover, in another cooperative in the banana ARC,
membership has shifted from cooperative to other civic and religious
organizations because of social and economic services being offered. For
example, a religious organization provided loan for social and business
purposes.
CARPs contribution to employment generation and migration was more visible in
the pineapple and banana plantations. Ownership of land through the CARP has
enabled farmers to engage either in contract growing or leaseback
arrangement/joint production arrangement with multinational companies. In
other sites, such as Nagasi or the pineapple ARC, the CARP has had no
considerable impacts on migration. In Haguimit, the new migrants were brought
by a landowner to work in the hacienda while two moved out to search for other
income sources.
3.2
Synthesis of Findings by Case
3.2.1
Echague, Isabela (Corn)
There are no concrete indications that the SSD interventions introduced by DAR
in San Manuel ARC before 2000 have made significant positive impacts on the
socio-economic status and well-being of the ARBs. The livelihood options
presented to the community were not sustained-not one enterprise was
established in the community. Nevertheless, San Manuel residents and the
community itself were better-off than in Sta. Maria. Only about 20 percent of the
Sta. Maria residents (non-ARC) were relatively in good economic condition
compared to 80 percent in San Manuel (ARC). The earlier agrarian reform
programs and projects and the combined support of the LGU and the Isabela
State University have contributed to the socio-economic improvement of San
Manuel.
The San Manuel respondents were better off or had higher income than the Sta.
Maria respondents. In 2000, San Manuel respondents had a real per capita
income of PhP23,256.00 while Sta. Maria respondents only had PhP21,179. In
2006, the per capita real income of both San Manuel and Sta. Maria respondents
declined but the decline in San Manuel (27%) was less than that of Sta. Maria
respondents (41%).
The real per capita income of San Manuel ARBs (PhP35,942) was much higher
than that of the Sta. Maria ARBs (PhP21, 989) in 2000. This income difference
grew wider in 2006 as San Manuel ARBs real per capita income declined by only
about PhP1,932 while that of the Sta. Maria ARBs declined by about PhP10,774.
In 2000, the ARBs in both barangays were much better-off than the non-ARBs
per capita income. In 2006, San Manuel ARBs were able to maintain their
superiority over the non-ARBs. However, during the same year, Sta. Maria nonARBs reported an increase in per capita real income by PhP12,171 while that of
the Sta. Maria ARBs declined by about PhP10,774.
Thus, it is recommended that within its limited budget, DAR should help ARBs in
both communities to improve their socio-economic condition and protect LTI
gains. The MARO can review the applicability, appropriateness, and acceptability
of the programs implemented by the BARBD (e.g., Marketing Assistance
Program which linked the ARBs to market outlets and the DAR-Punla sa Tao
Foundation which built the ARBs capacity to establish, operate, and manage a
microfinance project) in the regular ARCs. DAR can re-assess the fielding of one
development facilitator (DF) per ARC to enhance the latters efficiency; to
continue giving them information and education campaigns (IEC) about their
financial obligations (i.e., real property taxes and amortization payment) as
ARBs; and educate them on alternative livelihood to improve the productivity of
their agrarian reform acquired-land.
3.2.2
San Antonio, Quezon (Coconut)
The income and asset value of the non-ARBs of Niing was higher than that of the
ARBs in the Bulihan ARC. This was because in Niing, landownership was
predominantly small and owner-cultivated, and trading agricultural products had
been going on for a long time. On the other hand, farmers in Bulihan were
predominantly tenants before 1990, thus they were limited to maintaining the
coconut plantation and were prohibited by the landlord to plant other crops or to
raise livestock for added income.
Another factor could be that while all the sitios of the non-ARBs had similar levels
of socio-economic development, the sitios of Bulihan ARC were diverse. Bulihan
Centro, the more progressive sitio, was comparable to Barangay Niing in
cropping system and in access to agricultural and basic services. Another sitio,
Hacienda Roxas, which was covered by CARP in 1990 and eventually declared
part of the Bulihan ARC, has been slowly catching up. Castillo Estate located in
another sitio has remained the least developed. In Bulihan ARC, only after
becoming ARBs were the farmers able practice intercropping/multi-cropping and
raise livestock for their household consumption and for the market. Citrus
pepper, papaya, banana, ampalaya, tomato, taro (gabi), and violet taro vine
variety were common intercrops after 1990.
The improvement of the ARBs in the Bulihan ARC could be attributed to farmers
becoming landowners because of CARP as well as their support services from
DAR, other national government agencies, and the LGU. Under the Social
Infrastructure and Local Capability Building (SILCAB) Thrust of the ARC program
of development, the officers and members of the cooperative were recipients of
capability building activities to improve their financial and organizational
management capacities. The ARC Bulihan was also selected as the
implementation site of the program under the auspices of the PCA, the
International Plant Genetic Resource Institute (IPGRI), and the International
Coconut Genetic Resources Network (COGENT) Project Coconut-Based Product
Diversification to Reduce Poverty in Coconut-Growing Communities, funded by
the DAs-Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) in collaboration with the local
LGU and the Office of the Congressman to which all the livelihood interventions
of the said agencies were to be channeled. The livelihood trainings included
organic piggery, goat production, coffee rejuvenation, banana farm tissue culture,
citrus juice and virgin coconut oil processing, and buko pie and bukayo making
were conducted between 2000 and 2006. The ARBs themselves reported that
they received more extension activities than in 2000.
The Bulihan ARBs may not be economically at par with the farmers of Niing;
however, they were more highly satisfied with their level of living and that they
perceived their lives consistently improving since 1990. During the focus group
discussion (FGD), the ARBs in Bulihan rated their socio-economic status at 3 in
2000; 4 in 2005; and 5 in 2010. On the other hand, Niings rating of 4 in 2000
went down to 3 in 2005; further, it did not give any rating in 2010 because of the
uncertainty of government assistance.
Castillo Estates gains in becoming an ARB and for the community to become an
ARC could be further enhanced if the estate could be improved by building a
road and bridge connecting the sitio with the other sitios. Also, a corrective
survey of the AR-covered area of Roxas Estate should be done soon. It was
found out in many cases that the area indicated in the CLOA did not match the
actual land being tilled by the ARBs.
3.2.3
Pili, Camarines Sur (Rice)
The results of the FGDs and household re-survey showed that generally the
CARP had positive impacts on the areas studied. More specifically, it improved
the pattern of landholding distribution in Bagong Sirang ARC although it was still
below the targeted accomplishment. The accomplishments of its non-ARC
counterpart were more in lands acquired and distributed, in 2005 and 2006. The
availability and level of social and physical infrastructures in the ARC and nonARC increased in 2006 at almost the same level. The level of living in both areas
improved with the ARBs in the ARC generating higher income than the ARBs in
the non-ARC. However, the non-ARBs in the non-ARC area generated higher
income than the non-ARBs in the ARC. Even then, it can be said that the ARC
was able to perform better.
Asset-wise, considerable improvements in the total value of assets were noted in
both barangays for both ARBs and non-ARBs with the non-ARC reporting
consistently higher values than the ARC. Thus, the non-ARC can be considered
the better achiever in this aspect. On the other hand, in terms of dwelling units,
the ARC was better off as evidenced by more residents with water-sealed toilets,
with strong roofing materials, and with strong wall materials. In the ARC, the
percentage of ARBs whose primary occupation was farming has been declining
because some have shifted to professional employment while it remained the
same in the non-ARC. In contrast, the non-ARBs in the ARC whose primary
occupation was farming remained at 66.7 percent but it declined from 83.3
percent in 2000 to 66.7 percent in 2006 in the non-ARC. This indicates that the
ARC has been improving more than the non-ARC.
The level of participation in community development projects both in the ARC
and the non-ARC has deteriorated, but went lower in the non-ARC because of
the respondents prevailing dole-out mentality. There were noted illegal selling
and mortgaging of portions of the agrarian reform-acquired lands in both areas,
but these were not officially documented by the DAR. Landowners made no
investments on their retained lands. Out-migration from both barangays was just
temporary as many out migrants looked for better paying jobs in Manila or
abroad but would eventually come back for good.
While the social and physical infrastructure and community development
indicators in 2001 declined, recoveries were experienced in the following years.
Moreover, the average rating per category has been consistently higher for the
ARC than the non-ARC except for employment generation which was given an
equal rating by both barangays during FGDs. Such result is not surprising since
the ARC has been a recipient of infrastructure projects, livelihood programs, and
capability-building activities by the Plan International and the Agrarian Reform
Support Program (ARSP) several years back.
3.2.4
La Carlota City, Negros Occidental (Sugarcane)
The positive impacts of CARP were reflected in the following: 1) landholding

distribution in the Nagasi ARC has changed from single ownership of the
Hacienda Esperanza by the Benedicto family to multiple ownership; the same
piece of land has been subdivided into three lots benefiting 182 beneficiaries; 2)
the present level of physical infrastructure facilities and services in both
communities like roads, irrigation facilities, vehicles, education, and health have
improved; 3) the level of living of ARBs and non-ARBs in the ARC and non-ARC
improved; the income of ARBs and non-ARBs in both barangays, total household
assets, and total value of assets increased; and 4) CARP has contributed to
employment generation, social facilities and services, physical infrastructure, and
community development. In addition, the LGU through its city and municipal
offices, has assisted farmer-beneficiaries in animal dispersal programs and
livelihood trainings.
Despite these positive impacts, some issues were also identified such as 1) the
lack of capital; 2) limited assistance from the MAO; 3) rampant leasing out of
land; 4) lack of alternative income sources; 5) limited LGU support; 6) declining
PO membership; and 7) factionalism among the farmer-beneficiaries. Some of
the recommendations to address these issues were: (1) provision of loan
packages with soft terms on repayment; (2) crafting of extension program for
sugarcane farmers by the MAO; (3) exploration of sugarcane-based biofuel as
alternative income sources; (4) strengthening of the PO; and (5) conflict
resolution among the factions.
Weighing the positive impacts vis-a-vis the issues cited above, the ARBs in
Nagasi were better off in 2006 than in 2000. In fact, only about 45 percent of
them said that they were poor in 2006 compared to the 66 percent who said so in
2000. However, among the non-ARBs, the percentage did not change. In the
non-ARC, the ARBs who considered themselves poor increased in 2006 while
the percentage remained the same among the non-ARBs.
3.2.5
Tagnanan, Mabini and Bongabong, Pa ntukan, Compostela Valley

(Banana)
Tagnanan ARC and Bongabong non-ARC are both plantation sites for Cavendish
banana. However, Tagnanan ARC was more advanced in physical and selected
social infrastructures, which was largely due to the projects funded by the
ARCDP. The road and bridge projects made access to the main road quicker
and in between sitios easier. Moreover, the number of habal-habal servicing the
area also increased. The Level II water system of the ARCDP not only provided
safe drinking water for the households but would also facilitate and expand the
operation of their beach resort enterprise.
More residents in the Tagnanan ARC were employed in the banana plantation
not only because the size of operation was three time larger than in the non-ARC
but also because the ARBs, particularly those in Mampising, were able to bargain
with the plantation management in hiring employees. Moreover, the cooperatives
were engaged in plantation-related enterprises like hauling of banana stalks and
chicken dung; trading of banana chips; and operating the beach resort that
provided additional employment for those not employed in the banana plantation.
The benefits of becoming an ARC could be greater and sustainable if the
conflicts between the management and the cooperatives could be resolved
soonest. While the differences are being settled, the cooperatives should be
prepared for their new role as growers. They should be trained in organizational
and financial management and prove their capability before they are allowed to
run the plantation on their own. This is a must given the limited delivery of
services by the cooperatives as evidenced by the closure of their consumer store
and declining membership. The DAR should mediate and facilitate in resolving
the conflicts; coordinate and provide capacity building to the ARBs; and advise
the ARBs on the advantages and disadvantages of becoming growers.
Meanwhile, the LGU had in the past relied on the banana plantation for livelihood
opportunities. However, there were also barangay residents who were not part of
the plantation and the ARBs also had farms to operate. Thus, the LGU should
provide these residents assistance in agricultural production, post harvest, and
marketing. Finally, the retention area for agricultural production which is
managed by the cooperative on behalf of the ARBs, should be subdivided and
distributed to the ARBs. With annual amortization coming from the annual rental
from the leaseback arrangement, the distributed lands could serve as additional
source of income to the ARBs and to address the demand of the breakaway
group calling for its subdivision and distribution.
3.2.6
Tupi, South Cotabato (Pineapple)
Despite the minimal implementation of CARP on rural pineapple communities

from 2000 to 2006, it has generally made Kablon, an ARC, better off compared to
Acmonan, a non-ARC community. Ownership of land plus capacity building
through CARP have given the ARBs in Kablon the opportunity to engage in
contract growing with DOLE Philippines in South Cotabato. This, to some extent,
has been brought about by their ability to carry out negotiations more confidently
on their own. There were more Kablon farmers selling directly to the public
market in Tupi and neighboring towns in South Cotabato, thus receiving higher
prices for their products. The capacity-building activities such as trainings on crop
diversification received from DAR, DA, and other public and private agencies
imply that ARBs can decide what crop to plant that could generate for them the
highest profits.
Although the development rating (ALDA) of Kablon has been declining, ARBs
had more optimistic views about their social welfare than the non-ARBs. Because
they owned the land they were tilling, they were more confident that they would
be able to support the basic needs of their families. Across respondents, ARBs
were better off as they had higher income compared to non-ARBs. In addition,
their welfare has improved as evidenced by more ARBs using electricity for
lighting compared with non-ARBs in both communities. Thus, not only did CARP
increase the income and welfare of farmers in the Kablon ARC, but it also had an
overall positive impact on ARBs in the pineapple communities in Tupi, South
Cotabato.
The impact on the development of the ARC can be sustained by continuously
providing selected support services particularly needed in the community.
Furthermore, the LGU can support in the sustained implementation of CARP
through the Upland Development Program (UDP), which allowed the
concentration of activities and support services in the villages where they were
most needed.
The needs or urgent concerns of the ARC must be a continually assessed. The
DAR should continue assisting the ARC until it can function effectively by itself.
The assistance could be carried out through a participatory approach which
involves the DAR, the LGU, POs, and other stakeholders of the program. As a
strategy, DAR delivers the needed support services to the ARC through the POs.
It was unfortunate that the existing cooperative in Kablon ARC is no longer active
as it was in the early implementation of CARP in the community, hence affecting
the identification of appropriate interventions and delivery of needed services.
The role of POs and cooperatives in serving as conduits for operationalizing and
sustaining support services is crucial. As such, cooperatives should be
strengthened and the development of viable POs should be continually
supported. However, the effectiveness of using POs in delivering support
services to the ARCs should be reassessed. In addition, an alternative strategy
to facilitate the implementation of different programs in the ARC could be
developed.
Overall, the impact of CARP on the Kablon ARC has been sustained through
time, as evidenced by the current agrarian transformation, of empowerment,
improved socio-economic condition of the ARC, and the optimistic vision of the
people living in the ARC as well.
4
Integrative Analysis of ARC Approach: Lessons From the Case Studies

4.1
Positive Effects
The results of the case studies indicate the positive impacts of agrarian reform on
farmer-beneficiaries. Overall, the real per capita income was consistently higher
for ARBs than non-ARBs in 2000 and 2006, except in Quezon. In cases where
the real per capita declined from 2000 to 2006, the ARBs level of real per capita
income was still higher than their non-ARB counterparts. Further, the optimism
of ARBs about their socio-economic condition was reflected in the higher
proportion of ARBs than non-ARBs who considered themselves non-poor.
Particularly in Quezon, the economic gain of ARBs was lower than the nonARBs; however, the social and political gains were exceedingly valued by the
ARBs because they were able to decide what to plant and adopt modern
technologies upon becoming farmer-beneficiaries.
The results of the study highlighted the importance of externally-funded projects
for the physical and social improvements of the ARCs. They enabled the farmerbeneficiaries to have better access to better transportation services, market,
social facilities and utilities, e.g., safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.
Moreover, more ARB households in the ARCs had access to electricity and
better housing facilities. The support of DAR together with the other national
government agencies and LGU in the ARCs has contributed to the organizational
and financial strengthening of cooperative and other grassroots organizations,
particularly the officers of the cooperatives; however, its impact was less
consistent as the level of maturity of the organization varied widely. There were
also livelihood trainings provided by the LGUs, e.g., organic farming, livestock
production, coffee rejuvenation, banana farm tissue culture, citrus juice and other
entrepreneurial activities. These capability-building activities, if properly done,
can also boost the morale of the farmers, as in Bulihan.
These positive impacts, however, could only be sustained if the emerging issues
are addressed and responded to by the concerned agencies. These issues are
discussed in details with the corresponding recommendations in the following
sections.
4.2
Constraints Limiting Success of ARCs
4.2.1
Inactivity, Limited Organizational and Management Capability of

Cooperativ es and Declining Membership
In the San Manuel ARC, the cooperative was no longer active and the loan
facility was closed because the members have not been able to pay their
external loans. While cooperatives were still active in some study sites, they no
longer provided previous services such as operating a consumer store and
extending loans to its members.
A related issue was the limited organizational and management capability of the
leaders to manage and operate the banana plantation as growers. ARBs were
technically capable because majority of them were skilled in the production,
processing, and packaging of banana. However, the main concern was the
cooperatives ability for organization and management to ensure the business
viability.
Another related issue was the declining membership in cooperatives in selected
ARCs and non-ARCs (e.g., banana, pineapple, and rice study areas). This has
implication on the usual practice of coursing assistance provided to the
community through the PO.
4.2.2
Lack of Capital for Agricultural Production
In nearly all the meso study sites, lack of capital has been the number one
problem, particularly in 2006. This implies that the problem has not been fully
addressed despite the availability of credit sources. Data showed that even if the
ARBs knew of credit sources and lacked capital for production, majority did not
avail of loans because of their inability to repay. The household survey showed
that the cooperatives were no longer important sources of credit in 2006.
Lack of capital was also related to the credit-marketing tie-up with traders.
Farmers sold their produce mostly to traders who could provide them the needed
capital for agricultural inputs instead of selling directly to the market. The
governments program of broadening and deepening ARCs and other beneficiary
development programs should incorporate this important problem of lack of
capital and lack of access to credit to agricultural producers, especially since
microfinance is a cornerstone program of the government.
4.2.3
Accuracy of Accomplishment Report
Some inaccurate reports were observed in the meso study. In Isabela, some
lands that should be covered by CARP were not included in the original scope.
In Hacienda Roxas of the Bulihan ARC, the farm size indicated in the Certificate
of Land Ownership Award (CLOA) was inconsistent with the actual farm area
being cultivated by the ARBs. In the banana non-ARC, a portion of the land
reported to be distributed was actually undistributed. The latter was only
discovered when another property belonging to the same landowner was being
processed in 2006.
Moreover, there was actually no acquisition under compulsory acquisition (CA) in

2000 as indicated in the accomplishments. Further, much of the
accomplishments after Operation Land Transfer (OLT) were under the Voluntary
Offer to Sell (VOS) and Voluntary Land Transfer (VLT) in the corn ARCs and
non-ARCs.
4.2.4
Limited Employment Opportunities
Another reason why the ARBs remained tied to the traders for credit was that the
farmers did not have other sources of income in which the traders did not exert
some form of control. This is particularly important in case of crop failure as in
the rice study area in Bagong Sirang and del Rosario, Pili, Camarines Sur. The
lack of employment opportunities was also commonly mentioned in the FGDs,
even in the pineapple and sugarcane study sites where sugarcane and banana
plantations should have provided employment. In the sugarcane study area,
there were no alternative income sources during lean months. It is therefore
important to consider plans to incorporate off-farm and non-farm activities in the
programs and plans of ARCs and other beneficiary development programs.
4.2.5
Irregular and Low Repayment and Non-Payment of Land Amortization
Irregular, low repayment, and non-payment of amortization were caused by

factors unique to meso sites. For instance, the Bulihan ARC paid amortization
irregularly because the farmers were uncertain if the size of their awarded
landholding vis--vis their actual farm tilled was accurate. ARBs in the banana
plantation did not pay any amortization because the terms and conditions of the
joint production agreement were not acceptable to them. ARBs in the rice ARC
were also unable to pay land amortization although the reason was not clear.
4.2.6
Lack of Support from the Local Government Units (LGUs)
The LGUs supported the ARCs and non-ARCs through livestock and crop
dispersal, equity fund for externally-funded projects, and to a limited extent,
mediation in conflict between landowners and the ARBs. However, the
respondents rated these support to be insufficient. In the Haguimit ARC, the
farmers perceived the Municipal Agricultural Office (MAO)s assistance to have
decreased in the last five years because of the offices alleged thrust towards
staples like rice and corn.
In the Tagnanan ARC, the banana plantation was a source of information for
banana production and post harvest technologies for ARBs. The latter then
applied these to lands covered by a collective CLOA, which were planted to
Cardava banana and intercropped with corn and short-term vegetables.
4.2.7
Limited Presence of DAR in non -FAPs ARC and non -ARCs
Despite the lighter load of land acquisition and distribution (LAD) activities and
the limited Program Beneficiary Development (PBD) activities to help DAR
partners whenever they work with the community, there is room to increase the
Development Facilitators (DFs) workload and improve his/her efficiency by
covering non-ARCs. In line with the vision of former DAR Secretary Garilao when
he launched the ARC approach, the DF should be a manager who will explore
the economic opportunities for the ARC and not be a passive development
program coordinator.
4.2.8
ARBs Lack of Entrepreneurial Skills and Full Appreciation of Government

Assistance
Corn farmers, particularly the former tenants, have long been subsistence
farmers. They have also developed institutional arrangements with traders and
market outlets. These practices have been found to constrain the success of
support services and interventions. This again should be incorporated in the
plans and programs of ARCs and beneficiary development programs.
4.2.9
Inconsistency in the ARC Level of Development (

Economic Status of the Community.
ALDA) and the
For the Kablon ARC, the secondary and primary data established that the ALDA
rating of the cooperative has declined but the overall economic status of the
community has been improving. This conflicting situation could be due to the
strained relations between management and farmer cooperatives, especially in
plantations, as in the case of Tagnanan.
5
Recommendations
5.1
Revive and Revitalize the Cooperatives
DAR has to continue strengthening the POs through trainings and seminars,
emphasizing the roles and responsibilities as well as the accountability of the
cooperatives officers and members.
The support could be provided
collaboratively among the POs, NGOs, DAR, CDA, and other concerned
government units. DAR can also develop a livelihood prototype for specific types
of farmers, e.g., ARBs were linked to market outlets, developed by the Bureau of
Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Development (BARBD).
In addition to the capability-building activities, the DAR should assist the
cooperative in restructuring its loan from the Land Bank.
To address the limited organizational and financial capacity of the cooperative in
the banana plantation, the ARBs, in general, and the officers of the cooperative,
in particular, should be trained to help manage the organizations processes and
finances effectively. For example, the officers of the cooperative should be
trained on the organizational and financial aspects of running the plantation.
Through the initiative of the DAR in coordination with the LBP, CDA, and NGOs,
a series of capability building activities on organizational and financial
management should be undertaken. The cooperative should prove its capacity
to run the plantation before its loan is released.
Another option is for the cooperative to hire a management team during the initial
stage of becoming a grower. The management team will also serve as a coach
to develop the ability of the board members and officers to run and manage the
plantation. Whatever scheme will be pursued by the cooperative, the DAR and
the LBP should have a part in educating the members of the cooperative on the
advantages and disadvantages of the various options. While there is a provision
that the DAR is not allowed to meddle in the negotiation between the farmers and
the prospective partner, it is now time for the DAR to participate in educating the
ARBs. As mentioned earlier, the ARBs complained that they were not properly
guided when they entered into contract with the banana plantation management.
Finally, the effectiveness of using POs in delivering support services to the ARCs
should be assessed. In addition, an alternative strategy should be developed to
facilitate the implementation of the different ARC programs.
5.2
Provide Loan Packages with Soft Terms
In response to the lack of capital, there must be loan packages with soft
repayment terms to enable farmers to access loans for capital to be used in
production. Once production capital is available, mortgaging and leasing back
will be stopped.
5.3
Review DAR Official Statistics and Allocation of Funds
There is a need to review the official DAR statistics based on the information
computerization systems (ICS) results and to institute accountability and
transparency in data management. There is also need to the strengthen data
management system.
To reconcile the size of the awarded lands and the actual land tilled, funds must
be allocated for the corrective resurvey of the CARP-awarded land. Besides, the
resurvey would identify approximately 53 potential beneficiaries in Barangay
Bulihan.
5.4
Improve the Efficiency of the Development Facilitator (DF)
The DAR should institute measures to further improve the efficiency of the DF
through a system of rewards and incentives. The DF should closely monitor the
pilot project, explore the market potentials of produce, and help interested ARBs
access basic support services. The DF should also study the applicability and
acceptability of the various livelihood options that have been successfully
implemented by the BARBD in other regular ARCs and find out how these
models were implemented without external financial support. The concerned
MARO should study the BARBDs (PBD) models and to find out if these are
applicable and acceptable to the ARBs.
5.5
Expand Livelihood Opportunities
Other GOs and NGOs should be tapped in developing alternative livelihoods in

the barangays particularly during the lean months. There were limited animal
dispersal projects implemented but these were unsuccessful. The crop
diversification being started by the Nagasi Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries
Multipurpose Cooperative should be replicated in study sites wherever
applicable. Planting of short-term crops like rice and corn and livestock raising
can help augment household needs during the lean months.
Entrepreneurial seminars, hands-on trainings on viable economic/business
projects, and actual observation of successful projects through Lakbay-aral could
show to the ARBs windows of opportunities. The ARBs could be enticed to
access additional capital to venture on business projects with proper guidance
from knowledgeable people and organizations. These include GOs, NGOs such
as the Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP) and the academe with
expertise on entrepreneurial development.
The governments program on biofuel can be introduced to the farmers as an

alternative livelihood. This can also be the subject of seminars and trainings
which the DA and the DAR can implement.
5.6
DAR Should Have Continuous Advocacy Efforts for Increased Land

Repayment
There is a need for a continuous information campaign among the ARBs

explaining the penalties (e.g., additional interest charges) for not paying
amortization. Perhaps it would be more effective if the farmer-leaders
themselves can be tapped to monitor the ARBs payments and remind the ARBs
of their payment schedule through a common bulletin board. The DAR should
improve its payment monitoring system. The LBP, on the other hand, should
speed up its computerization so that an updated database of payments can be
accessed and reminders can be given to those lagging behind in paying. Further,
the files of DAR and LBP should be reconciled for more effective monitoring.
5.7
LGUs Should Have Focused and Enhanced Roles in Providing

Support Services
The LGUs should focus their agricultural services to the needs of the specific
study site. They should craft extension programs that address the technical and
management requirements of the crop and livestock grown by farmers.
Moreover, the needs and urgent concerns of the ARC must be assessed
continually. The DAR should continue assisting the ARC until it can function
effectively by itself. However, the assistance should be done through a
participatory approach which involves DAR, the LGU, POs, and other
stakeholders of the program.
5.8
The DAR should allow the Subdivision and Distribution of the

Collectively Managed Land
The DAR should allow the subdivision and distribution of the collectively
managed land to the ARBs to increase their productivity. The cooperative can
buy and collectively market the produce for better prices. However, the DAR
should closely monitor the ARBs so that they do not sell and mortgage the
subdivided land.
Subdividing and distributing the land will also help resolve the dwindling
membership in the cooperatives and encourage the ARBs to attend meetings
and to participate in the discussions. As noted earlier, one source of
disgruntlement for some ARBs was the disapproval of DAR to subdivide the land.
5.9
Review the Parameters in the Computation of ALDA
The ALDA methodology must be reviewed to reconcile the inconsistency in the

ALDA trend and the situation in the community. Two possibilities can be
explored. One is to examine the maturity of the organization relative to the
overall ALDA rating. The other could reflect the general observation that as the
community progresses, the cooperative as an organization becomes less
significant.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Number
Title
Page
1.0
RATIONALE
2.0
OBJECTIVES
3.0
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Sample Respondents
3.2
Data Collection
3.3
Data Analysis
4.0
RESULTS OF THE STUDY
4.1
San Manuel and Sta. Maria, Echague, Isabela

(Corn)
4.1.1
Profile of Corn Communities
4.1.2
Agrarian Transformation
4.1.3
Agricultural Production System
10
4.1.4
Level of Living
12
4.1.5
Economic Transformation
15
4.1.6
Access to Basic Support Services
17
4.1.7
LGU Support to CARP and Community

Development
19
4.1.8
Empowerment
19
4.1.9
Values, Attitudes, and Perceptions
21
4.1.10
Lessons Learned from CARP Experiences
23
4.1.11
Facilitating and Constraining Factors
25
4.1.12
Summary of Findings
26
4.1.13
Issues
27
4.1.14
Recommendations
28
4.2
Bulihan and Niing Non-, San Antonio, Quezon

(Coconut)
28
4.2.1
Study Sites
28
4.2.2
35
4.2.3
38
4.2.4
Level of Living
40
4.2.5
42
4.2.6
46
4.2.7
Empowerment
50
4.2.8
55
4.2.9
Facilitating/Constraining Factors
57
4.2.10
Summary of Findings
60
4.2.11
Issues
62
4.2.12
Recommendations
64
4.3
Barangay Bagong Sirang and Del Rosario, Pili,

Camarines Sur (Rice)
65
4.3.1
The Study Sites
65
4.3.2
70
4.3.3
71
4.3.4
Level of Living
75
4.3.5
80
Number
Title
Page
4.3.6
82
4.3.7
Empowerment
86
4.3.8
90
4.3.9
98
4.3.10
Summary of Findings
99
4.3.11
Issues
101
4.3.12
Recommendations
102
4.4
Barangay Nagasi and Haguimit, La Carlota City,

Negros Occidental (Sugane)
103
4.4.1
The Study Sites
103
4.4.2
107
4.4.3
113
4.4.4
Level of Living
118
4.4.5
123
4.4.6
125
4.4.7
Empowerment
128
4.4.8
129
4.4.9
133
4.4.10
Summary of Findings
134
4.4.11
Issues
135
4.4.12
Recommendations
136
4.5
Barangays Tagnanan, Mabini and Bongabong,

Pantukan, Compostela Valley (Banana)
137
4.5.1
The Study Sites
137
4.5.2
141
4.5.3
146
4.5.4
Level of Living
149
4.5.5
155
4.5.6
Access to Basic Support Service and Facilities
156
4.5.7
Providers of Support Services
161
4.5.8
Empowerment
162
4.5.9
169
4.5.10
Summary of Findings
174
4.5.11
Issues
176
4.5.12
Recommendations
177
4.6
Barangay Acmonan and Kablon, Tupi, South

Cotabato (Pineapple)
179
4.6.1
The Study Sites
179
4.6.2
184
4.6.3
188
4.6.4
Level of Living
194
4.6.5
204
4.6.6
205
4.6.7
Empowerment
216
4.6.8
218
4.6.9
224
4.6.10
Summary of Findings
226
4.6.11
Issues
227
4.6.12
Recommendations
227
Number
Title
Page
5.0
SYNTHESIS
228
5.1
Summary of Findings
228
5.2
Main Issues
231
5.3
Recommendations
234
6.0
CASE SPECIFIC SYNTHESIS
236
6.1
Echague, Isabela (Corn)
236
6.2
San Antonio, Quezon (Coconut)
237
6.3
Pili, Camarines Sur (Rice)
238
6.4
La Carlota City, Negros Occidental (Sugane)
239
6.5
Tagnanan, Mabini and Bongabong, Pantukan,

Compostela Valley (Banana)
6.6
7.0
Tupi, South Cotabato (Pineapple)

REFERENCES
240
241
242
LIST OF TABLES
Table Number
Title
Page
3.1
4.1.1.1
Distribution of respondents by type, and non-, 2006

Biophysical characteristics, San Manuel and Barangay Sta.
Maria, Echague, Isabela, 2005
Socio-demographic characteristics, San Manuel and
Barangay Sta. Maria, Echague, Isabela, 2000 and 2006
Occupation of respondents, San Manuel and Barangay Sta.
Maria, Echague, Isabela, 2001 and 2005
Types of respondents, San Manuel and Barangay Sta.
Maria, Echague, Isabela, CARPIA, 2000 and 2006
Socio-economic characteristics of respondents, San Manuel
and Barangay Sta. Maria, Echague, Isabela, 2000 and 2006
Social and physical infrastructure, San Manuel and
Barangay Sta. Maria, Echague, Isabela, 2000 and 2006
CARP scope and accomplishments, San Manuel and
Barangay Sta. Maria, Echague, Isabela, 2000-2007
Distribution of landholding by mode of land acquisition, San
Manuel and Barangay Sta. Maria, Echague, Isabela, 2000
2007
Average farm size by type of respondents, San Manuel and
Barangay Sta. Maria, Echague, Isabela, CARPIA 2000 and
2006
Crop yield by type of respondent, San Manuel and Barangay
Sta. Maria, Echague, Isabela, CARPIA, 2000 and 2006
Total assets by type of respondents, San Manuel and
Barangay Sta. Maria, Echague, Isabela CARPIA, 2000 and
2006
Mean Income by source and by type of respondents, San
Manuel and Barangay Sta. Maria, Echague, Isabela,
CARPIA, 2000 and 2006
Mean value of major expenditure items by type of
respondent, San Manuel and Barangay Sta. Maria,
Echague, Isabela, CARPIA, 2000 and 2006
Membership of SMMPCI by gender and respondents, 1999
and 2006.
Financial status of SMMPCI,1999 and 2006
SMMPCIs outstanding loans as of April 2007
Level of satisfaction by type of respondents, San Manuel
and Barangay Sta. Maria, Echague, Isabela, CARPIA 2000
and 2006
Geographic location of Barangays Bulihan and Niing, San
Antonio, Quezon, 2006
Population and number of households, Barangay Bulihan
and Barangay Niing, San Antonio, Quezon, 2005
Road network and bridges, Barangay Bulihan and Barangay
Niing, San Antonio, Quezon, 2006
Social infrastructures and other facilities, Barangay Bulihan
and Barangay Niing, San Antonio, Quezon, 2006
2
3
4.1.1.2.1
4.1.1.2.2
4.1.1.3.1
4.1.1.3.2
4.1.1.4
4.1.2.1
4.1.2.2
4.1.3.2
4.1.3.3
4.1.4.1
4.1.4.2.1
4.1.4.2.2
4.1.8.1.a
4.1.8.1.b
4.1.8.1.c
4.1.9.2
4.2.1.1
4.2.1.2
4.2.1.3.1
4.2.1.3.2
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
19
19
20
22
29
30
31
33
Number
Title
Page
4.2.1.3.3
Preventive health care and curative medicine programs, activities

and services available, Bulihan and Niing, San Antonio, Quezon,
2006
Scope of AR coverage, Bulihan , San Antonio, Quezon, 2006
Distribution of respondent by type and by number of pels,
Barangay Bulihan and Barangay Niing, San Antonio, Quezon,
CARPIA 2000 and 2006
Distribution of respondents by type and by size of landholding,
Comparative mean value of assets by type of respondents,
Comparative mean value of household income by type of
respondents, Barangay Bulihan and Barangay Niing, San Antonio,
Quezon, CARPIA 2000 and 2006
34
4.2.4.2.2
Comparative mean value of household expenditure by type of

respondents, Barangay Bulihan and Barangay Niing, San Antonio,
Quezon, CARPIA 2000 and 2006
42
4.2.5.1
4.2.5.3
Animal population in Bulihan as of December 2004

Rural land market transactions, Barangay Bulihan and Barangay
Niing, San Antonio, Quezon, 2006
SARED related trainings conducted/provided to Bulihan , San
Antonio, Quezon, 2004-2006
Support services, production and livelihood programs extended to
Bulihan , San Antonio, Quezon
SILCAB trainings conducted/provided in Bulihan , San Antonio,
Quezon, 2003 - 2005
ALDA Status of Bulihan, San Antonio, Quezon, 2001-2005
Explanations given for the scoring and corresponding rating of
various KRAs
Perceived socio-economic status, in 2000, 2005, and 2010,
Proposed road and bridges for construction, Bulihan , San
Antonio, Quezon, 2006-2010
Agricultural indicators, Barangays Bagong Sirang and Del Rosario,
Pili, Camarines Sur, 2000 and 2006
Population by barangay, Barangays Bagong Sirang and Del
Rosario, Pili Camarines Sur, 2000-2006
Mean age of respondents by barangay, Bagong Sirang and Del
Rosario, Pili, Camarines Sur, 2000 and 2006
Household size of respondents by barangay, Bagong Sirang and
Del Rosario, Pili, Camarines Sur, 2000 and 2006
Number of deaths by age bracket, Bagong Sirang and Del
Rosario, Pili, Camarines Sur, 2000-2006
LAD scope and accomplishment in hectares, Bagong Sirang , Pili,
Camarines Sur, 2000-2006
44
45
4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2
4.2.3.3
4.2.4.1
4.2.4.2.1
4.2.6.2
4.2.6.3
4.2.7.1.1
4.2.7.1.2
4.2.7.1.3
4.2.8.4
4.2.9.2
4.3.1.1.1
4.3.1.1.2
4.3.1.1.3
4.3.1.1.4
4.3.1.1.5
4.3.2.1
35
37
39
40
42
47
48
51
51
52
56
59
66
67
68
68
69
70
Number
Title
Page
4.3.3.1.1
Cropping system, Bagong Sirang and Del Rosario, Pili,

Camarines Sur, 2000 and 2006
Users of chemical fertilizer, Bagong Sirang and Del
Users of certified seeds, Bagong Sirang and Del
Average size of landholding (in hectares), Bagong
Sirang and Del Rosario, Pili, Camarines Sur, 2000 and
2006
Yield by commodity, Bagong Sirang and Del Rosario, Pili
Assets by type, Bagong Sirang and Del Rosario, Pili,
Income by type, Bagong Sirang and Del Rosario, Pili,
Dwelling units indicator, Bagong Sirang and Del Rosario,
Primary occupation, Bagong Sirang and Del Rosario,
Secondary occupation, Bagong Sirang and Del Rosario,
Basic social services indicators, Bagong Sirang , Pili,
Camarines Sur, 2000-2007
Water and power supply indicators, Bagong Sirang , Pili,
Frequency of attendance to PO meetings, Bagong
2006
Participation in actual deliberation of issues in meetings
by type of respondents, Bagong Sirang and Del
Benefits derived from the POs by barangay, Bagong
2006
Influential person in the community, Barangay Bagong
Sirang and Del Rosario, Pili, Camarines Sur, CARPIA
2000 and 2006
Number of registered voters, Bagong Sirang and Del
Number who voted during the last election, Bagong
2006
Level of satisfaction by category, Bagong Sirang and Del
Rating on the quality of life, Bagong Sirang and Del
Change in economic conditions, Bagong Sirang and Del
72
4.3.3.1.2
4.3.3.1.3
4.3.3.3
4.3.3.4
4.3.4.1
4.3.4.2
4.3.4.3
4.3.5.1.1
4.3.5.1.2
4.3.6
4.3.6.5.1
4.3.7.2.1
4.3.7.2. 2
4.3.7.3
4.3.8.1
4.3.8.1.2
4.3.8.1.3
4.3.8.3
4.3.8.4.1.
4.3.8.4.2
73
73
74
75
76
77
79
80
81
83
86
88
89
90
91
92
92
93
95
96
Number
4.3.8.5.1.
4.3.8.5.2
4.3.8.5.3
4.3.8.5.4
4.4.2.1.1
4.4.2.1.2
4.4.2.2.1
4.4.2.2.2
4.4.2.2.3
4.4.2.2.4
4.4.2.2.5
4.4.3.4
4.4.4.1.1
4.4.4.1.2
4.4.4.1.3
4.4.4.2.1.1
4.4.4.2.1.2
4.4.4.2.1.3
4.4.4.2.1.4
4.4.4.2.2
4.4.7.3
Title
Page
Awareness about agrarian reform, Bagong Sirang and Del
96
Understanding of agrarian reform, Bagong Sirang and Del
97
In favor of agrarian reform, Bagong Sirang and Del Rosario, Pili,
98
Perception on the success of CARP, Bagong Sirang and Del
99
Land acquisition and distribution scope and accomplishments,
107
Nagasi, La Carlota City, Negros Occidental, 2005
Land acquisition and distribution scope and accomplishments,
108
Haguimit, La Carlota City, Negros Occidental, 2005
Total CARP scope in Barangay Nagasi, La Carlota City, Negros
108
Occidental, 2000
CARP scope in Barangay Nagasi, La Carlota City, Negros
109
Occidental, 2006
Status of CARP implementation in Barangay Haguimit, La
111
Carlota City, Negros Occidental, 2000
Status of CARP implementation in Barangay Haguimit, La
111
Carlota City, Negros Occidental, 2004
Types of land tenure arrangement/scheme, Barangays Nagasi
112
and Haguimit, La Carlota City, Negros Occidental, 2000 and
2006
Mean crops yield (mt), Barangays Nagasi and Haguimit, La
116
Carlota City, Negros Occidental, 2000 and 2006
Changes in mean total farm assets (PhP) among ARBs and non- 119
ARBs in Nagasi and Haguimit, La Carlota City, Negros
Occidental, 2000 and 2006
Changes in mean total household assets (PhP) among ARBs
119
and non-ARBs in Nagasi and Haguimit, La Carlota City, Negros
Changes in mean total household assets (PhP) among ARBs
120
and non-ARBs in Nagasi and Haguimit, La Carlota City, Negros
Changes in farm income (PhP) among ARBs and non-ARBs in
120
Nagasi and Haguimit, La Carlota City, Negros Occidental, 2000
and 2006
Changes in off-farm income (PhP) among ARBs and non-ARBs
121
in Nagasi and Haguimit, La Carlota City, Negros Occidental,
2000 and 2006
Changes in non-farm income (PhP) among ARBs and non-ARBs
121
in Nagasi and Haguimit, La Carlota City, Negros Occidental,
2000 and 2006
Changes in total income (PhP) among ARBs and non-ARBs in
122
Nagasi and Haguimit, La Carlota City, Negros Occidental, 2000
and 2006
Changes in total annual expenses (PhP) among ARBs and non122
ARBs in Nagasi and Haguimit, La Carlota City, Negros
Level of community development, Nagasi, La Carlota City,
130
Negros Occidental, 2001-2006
Number
4.4.8.5
4.5.1.2.1
4.5.1.2.2
4.5.1.2.3
4.5.1.2.4
4.5.1.2.5
4.5.2.1.1
4.5.2.1.2
4.5.3.1
4.5.3.2
4.5.3.3
4.5.3.4
4.5.4.1
4.5.4.2
4.5.4.3
4.5.4.4.1
4.5.4.4.2
4.5.4.4.3
. 4.5.6.2.1
Title
Percentage of farmer beneficiaries who believe that their quality of
life is on the line, Nagasi and Haguimit, La Carlota City, Negros
Occidental, 2000, 2006 and 2010.
Distribution of respondents, Tagnanan , Mabini and Barangay
Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela Valley, 2006
Educational attainment by type of respondent, Tagnanan, Mabini
and Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela Valley, 2006
Primary occupation by type of respondent, Tagnanan, Mabini and
Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela Valley, 2000 and 2006
Household size by type of respondent, Tagnanan, Mabini and
Household structure by type of respondent, Tagnanan, Mabini
and Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela Valley, 2000 and
2006 (in percent)
Landowners and size of landholdings in Tagnanan, Mabini,
Compostela Valley, 2006
Scope of agrarian reform,
Bongabong, Pantukan,
Cropping pattern by type of respondent, Tagnanan , Mabini
and
Bongabong, Pantukan, Compotela Valley, 2000 and
2006 (in percent)
Average size of farm by type of respondent, Tagnanan , Mabini
and
Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela Valley, 2000 and
2006 (in percent)
Tenurial status by type of respondents, Tagnanan , Mabini and
Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela Valley, 2000 and 2006 (in
percent)
Major problems in agricultural production by type of
respondent, Tagnanan , Mabini and Bongabong, Pantukan,
Compostela Valley, 2000 and 2006 (in percent)
Mean asset by type and type of respondent, Tagnanan ,
Mabini and Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela Valley, 2000
and 2006 (in percent)
Mean income by source and by type of respondent, Tagnanan
, Mabini and Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela Valley, 2000
Expenditure by type and by type of respondent, Tagnanan ,
Strong housing material by type of respondent Tagnanan ,
Toilet facility by type of respondent, Tagnanan , Mabini and
percent)
Cooking fuel used by type of respondent, Tagnanan , Mabini
2006 (in percent)
Awareness and availment of credit by type of respondent,
Tagnanan , Mabini and Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela
Valley, 2000 and 2006 (in percent)
Page
133
139
139
140
140
141
141
142
146
147
147
148
149
150
153
153
154
154
156
Number
Title
Page
4.5.6.2.2
Source of loan by type of respondent, Tagnanan , Mabini and

percent)
Access to agricultural support services by type of respondent,
Enrollment by grade level and year, Don William Gemperlie
Elementary School, Tagnanan, Mabini, Compostela Valley,
2001-2007
Enrollment by grade level and year, Bongabong, Pantukan,
Compostela Valley, 2001-2006
Distance to nearest economic and social service facilities by
Membership in organizations by type of respondent,
Tagnanan, Mabini and Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela
Type of organization by type of respondent, Tagnanan , Mabini
2006 (in percent)
Benefits from membership to PO by type of respondent,
Frequency of attending meetings by type of respondent,
Participation in actual deliberation of issues in meetings by
type of respondent, Tagnanan , Mabini and Bongabong,
Pantukan, Compostela Valley, 2000 and 2006 (in percent)
Most influential person in the community by type of
Compostela Valley, 2000 and 2006 (in percent)
Level of satisfaction by respondent, Tagnanan , Mabini and
(in percent)
Awareness of CARP by type of respondent, Tagnanan ,
Understanding of CARP by type of respondent, Tagnanan ,
Source of information on CARP by type of respondent,
Reasons for favoring CARP, by type of respondent,
Tagnanan, Mabini and Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela
Reasons why CARP has succeeded, by type of respondent,
Land use in Barangay Kablon, Tupi, South Cotabato, 2006
157
4.5.6.3
4.5.6.4.1
4.5.6.4.2
4.5.6.5
4.5.8.2.1
4.5.8.2.2
4.5.8.2.3
4.5.8.2.4
4.5.8.2.5
4.5.8.5
4.5.9.3
4.5.9.4.1
4.5.9.4.2
4.5.9.4.3
4.5.9.4.4
4.5.9.4.5
4.6.1.1.1
158
159
160
161
165
165
166
166
166
167
171
172
172
173
174
175
179
Number
4.6.1.1.2
4.6.1.1.3
4.6.2.1.1
4.6.2.1.2
4.6.2.2.1
4.6.2.2.2
4.6.2.2.3
4.6.2.2.4
4.6.3.1.1
4.6.3.1.2
4.6.3.2.1
4.6.3.2.2
4.6.3.3
4.6.3.4.1
4.6.3.4.2
4.6.4.1
4.6.4.2.1
4.6.4.2.2
4.6.4.2.3.1
Title
Page
Population and number of households in Barangay Kablon,

Tupi, South Cotabato, 2000-2006
Population and number of households in Barangay
Acmonan, Tupi, South Cotabato, 2000-2006
Land acquisition and distribution status, Barangay Kablon,
Tupi, South Cotabato
CARP scope, accomplishment, and balances, Barangay
Acmonan, Tupi, South Cotabato
Landownership structure in Barangay Kablon, Tupi, South
Cotabato before OLT
Landownership structure in Barangay Acmonan, Tupi, South
Cotabato, as covered by OLT
Distribution of landholdings acquired and distributed by DAR,
Barangay Acmonan, Tupi, South Cotabato
Land valuation of OLT farms in Barangay Kablon, Tupi,
South Cotabato, 2000
Distribution of respondents by type of cropping patterns and
type of respondents, Barangays Kablon and Acmonan, Tupi,
South Cotabato, 2000 and 2006
Distribution of respondents by main crop planted and type of
respondents, Barangays Kablon and Acmonan, Tupi, South
Cotabato, 2000 and 2006
Area planted to major crops, Barangay Kablon, Tupi, South
Cotabato, 2005
Livestock and poultry population, 2005
Average landholding of the respondents by period and type
of respondents, Barangays Kablon and Acmonan, Tupi,
South Cotabato
Average yield of major crops by type of crop and respondent,
Barangays Kablon and Acmonan, Tupi, South Cotabato,
2000 and 2006
180
Distribution of respondents by type of production-related

problems and type of respondents, Barangay Kablon, Tupi,
Value of assets of farmer respondents, by source and type of
respondent, Barangay Acmonan, Tupi, South Cotabato,
2000 and 2006
Total household farm, off-farm, and non-farm income by type
of respondent and across barangays, Tupi, South Cotabato,
2000 and 2006
Average expenditure of respondent by category by
respondent, Barangays Kablon and Acmonan, Tupi, South
Cotabato, Philippines, 2000 and 2006
Distribution of respondents by type of roofing and
respondents, Barangays Kablon and Acmonan, Tupi, South
193
182
184
185
185
186
186
187
188
189
190
190
191
192
194
196
198
199
Number
Title
Page
4.6.4.2.3.2
Distribution of respondents by type of lighting facilities and

type of respondents, Barangay Kablon, Tupi, South
Distribution of respondents by type of wall and type of
respondents, Barangays Kablon and Acmonan, Tupi,
Distribution of respondents by type of toilet facilities and
type of respondent, Barangays Kablon and Acmonan, Tupi,
Agriculture profile of Barangay Kablon and Acmonan, Tupi,
South Cotabato, 2007
Distribution of respondents by source of credit and type of
respondent, Barangay Kablon, Tupi, South Cotabato,
2000 and 2006
Distribution of respondents by market outlet and by type of
Distribution of respondents by reason of choice of market
outlet and by type of respondents, Barangays Kablon and
Acmonan, Tupi, South Cotabato, 2000 and 2006
200
Distribution of respondents by marketing problems

encountered and by type of respondents, Barangays
Kablon and Acmonan, Tupi, South Cotabato, 2000 and
2006
Distribution of respondents by facilities and type of
respondent, Barangay Kablon, Tupi, South Cotabato, 2000
and 2006
respondents, Barangay Acmonan, Tupi, South Cotabato,
2000 and 2006
Distribution of respondents by secondary occupation and
type of respondents, Barangays Kablon and Acmonan,
Tupi, South Cotabato, 2000 and 2006
Membership in organization of respondents by type of
respondent and organization in Barangays Kablon and
Percent distribution of respondents who are satisfied by
category and type of respondents, Barangays Kablon and
Distribution of respondents by their rating of the quality of
life at present and by type of respondents, Barangays
2006
211
4.6.4.2.3.3
4.6.4.2.3.4
4.6.5.1
4.6.6.1.1
4.6.6.1.2.1.1
4.6.6.1.2.1.2.
4.6.6.1.2.2
4.6.6.2.1
4.6.6.2.2
4.6.6.2.3
4.6.6.3
4.6.7.1
4.6.8.1
4.6.8.2.1
202
203
204
206
208
209
212
212
213
215
216
218
219
Number
Title
Page
4.6.8.2.2
Distribution of respondents by their rating of the quality

of life in 2000 and by type of respondents, Barangays
2006
Distribution of respondents by their rating of the quality
of life in the future and by type of respondents,
Barangays Kablon and Acmonan, Tupi, South Cotabato,
2000 and 2006
Distribution of respondents by source of information
about CARP and by type of respondents, Barangays
Kablon and Acmonan, Tupi , South Cotabato, 2000 and
2006
Distribution of respondents by reason why CARP will
succeed and type of respondents, Barangays Kablon
and Acmonan, 2000 and 2006
Percent distribution of respondents by understanding of
agrarian reform by barangay, Barangays Kablon and
220
4.6.8.2.3
4.6.8.3.1
4.6.8.3.2
4.6.8.3.3
221
222
224
225
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Number
Title
Page
4.1.1.1
Map of Echague, Isabela
4.2.1.1
Sketch map of Bulihan

dwelling units
4.2.1.3.1
Sketch map of Bulihan showing proposed roads and spillway
32
4.2.2.1
Sketch map of Bulihan showing CARP coverage
36
4.2.2.2
Pellary map of Bulihan , San Antonio, Quezon
37
4.3.2.2
Land tenure improvement, ALDA, 2000-2006
71
4.3.4.2.1
Economic, physical and infrastructure support, Bagong Sirang ,

Pili, Camarines Sur, 2000-2006
78
4.3.4.2.2
Farm productivity and income, Bagong Sirang , Pili, Camarines

Sur, 2000-2006
78
4.3.6.5
Basic social services, ALDA, 2000-2006
86
4.3.7.2.1
Organizational maturity, Bagong Sirang, Pili, Camarines Sur,

2000-2006
87
4.3.7.3.1
Gender and development, Bagong Sirang, Pili, Camarines Sur,
90
4.4.2.2.2
Landholding distribution in Hacienda Esperanza, Nagasi , La

Carlota City, Negros Occidental
110
4.4.3.1
Planting calendar in Nagasi , La Carlota City, Negros Occidental
114
4.4.8.3.1
Hacienda Esperanza before CARP
131
4.4.8.3.2
Hacienda Esperanza in 2006
132
4.4.8.3.3
Hacienda Esperanza 10 years from now
132
4.5.1.1
Study sites: Barangays Tagnanan, Mabini and Bongabong,

Pantukan, Compostela Valley
138
4.5.1.2
Mean age by type of respondent, Tagnanan, Mabini and

Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela Valley, 2000
139
4.5.3.1
Crops planted, Tagnanan, Mabini, Compostela Valley, 2000 (in

percent)
146
4.5.3.2
Crops grown, Barangay Bongabong, Pantukan,

Valley,2001 (in percent)
146
4.5.4.1
Mean asset by type and type of respondent, Tagnanan, Mabini

and Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela Valley, 2000 and 2006
149
4.5.4.2.1
Total income by type of respondent, Tagnanan, Mabini and

150
4.5.4.2.2
Income by source by type of respondent, Tagnanan, Mabini and

percent)
151
4.5.4.3.1
Mean expenditure by type of respondent, Tagnanan, Mabini and

thousand pesos)
151
4.5.4.3.2
Total expenditure by type and by type of respondent, Tagnanan,

Mabini and Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela Valley, 2000 and
2006 (in percent)
152
showing land use and dispersal of
Compostela
30
4.5.6.2
Average amount of loan by type of respondent, Tagnanan ,

Mabini and Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela Valley, 2000 and
2006
158
4.5.8.1
Income by source, TCBC, Tagnanan , Mabini and Bongabong,

Pantukan, Compostela Valley, 2006
162
4.5.8.6
Level of development ratings by key result areas, Tagnanan,

Mabini, Compostela Valley, 2000-2006
168
4.5.9.2
Perception of being poor by type of respondent Tagnanan, Mabini

and Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela Valley, 2000, 2006 and
2010
170
4.5.9.4.1
Proportion of respondents favoring CARP by type of respondent,

Tagnanan,
Mabini
and Barangay Bongabong,
Pantukan,
Compostela Valley, 2000 and 2006
173
4.5.9.4.2
Perceptions whether CARP has succeeded, Tagnanan , Mabini

and Bongabong, Pantukan, Compostela Valley
174
4.6.2.2.1
Trend in LTI index, Kablon ARC, Tupi, South Cotabato, 20002006
187
4.6.4.3
Trend in economic, physical and infrastructure support, Kablon.

Tupi, Tupi, South Cotabato, 2000-2006
203
4.6.6
Basic social services, ALDA, Barangay Kablon ARC, Tupi, South

Cotabato, 2000-2006
Organizational maturity, Kablon ARC Tupi, South Cotabato,
2000-2006
214
Trend of GAD index, Kablon ARC , Tupi, South Cotabato, 20002006
218
4.6.7.2
4.6.7.3
217

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Department

Colleg e of Econom ics and Management (CEM)

AN ASSESSM ENT OF THE COM PREHENSIVE

CARP implementation resulted in a more equitable distribution of access to land

their agricultural production system. Livestock raising, which used to be for

Synthesis of Findings by Case

Echague, Isabela (Corn)

San Antonio, Quezon (Coconut)

Pili, Camarines Sur (Rice)

La Carlota City, Negros Occidental (Sugarcane)

The positive impacts of CARP were reflected in the following: 1) landholding

Tagnanan, Mabini and Bongabong, Pa ntukan, Compostela Valley

Tupi, South Cotabato (Pineapple)

Despite the minimal implementation of CARP on rural pineapple communities

Integrative Analysis of ARC Approach: Lessons From the Case Studies

Constraints Limiting Success of ARCs

Inactivity, Limited Organizational and Management Capability of

Lack of Capital for Agricultural Production

Accuracy of Accomplishment Report

Moreover, there was actually no acquisition under compulsory acquisition (CA) in

Limited Employment Opportunities

Irregular and Low Repayment and Non-Payment of Land Amortization

Irregular, low repayment, and non-payment of amortization were caused by

Lack of Support from the Local Government Units (LGUs)

Limited Presence of DAR in non -FAPs ARC and non -ARCs

ARBs Lack of Entrepreneurial Skills and Full Appreciation of Government

Inconsistency in the ARC Level of Development (

ALDA) and the

Revive and Revitalize the Cooperatives

Provide Loan Packages with Soft Terms

Review DAR Official Statistics and Allocation of Funds

Improve the Efficiency of the Development Facilitator (DF)

Expand Livelihood Opportunities

Other GOs and NGOs should be tapped in developing alternative livelihoods in

The governments program on biofuel can be introduced to the farmers as an

DAR Should Have Continuous Advocacy Efforts for Increased Land

There is a need for a continuous information campaign among the ARBs

LGUs Should Have Focused and Enhanced Roles in Providing

The DAR should allow the Subdivision and Distribution of the

Review the Parameters in the Computation of ALDA

The ALDA methodology must be reviewed to reconcile the inconsistency in the

RESULTS OF THE STUDY

San Manuel and Sta. Maria, Echague, Isabela

Profile of Corn Communities

Agricultural Production System

Access to Basic Support Services

LGU Support to CARP and Community

Values, Attitudes, and Perceptions

Lessons Learned from CARP Experiences

Facilitating and Constraining Factors

Bulihan and Niing Non-, San Antonio, Quezon

Agricultural Production System

Access to Basic Support Services

Values, Attitudes, and Perceptions

Barangay Bagong Sirang and Del Rosario, Pili,

The Study Sites

Agricultural Production System

Access to Basic Support Services

Values, Attitudes, and Perceptions

Barangay Nagasi and Haguimit, La Carlota City,

The Study Sites

Agricultural Production System

Access to Basic Support Services

Values, Attitudes, and Perceptions