Polyatomic Ions

Acids & Bases

Greek Prefixes
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Mono, Di, Tri, Tetra, Penta, Hexa, Hepta, Octa, Nona, Deca
Nomenclature

Ionic (Metal/Polyatomic Ion & Nonmetal)

o Name Metal/Polyatomic Ion and then add nonmetal and end it off with
ide
o If the cation has multiple charges, make sure to add roman numerals
Covalent (2 Non-Metals)
o Use greek-prefixes

Oxyanions
o End with an ate for example CO3^2 would become HCO3- (hydrogen
carobante)
Naming Acids
o For Halogens simply add hydro chemical name acid.
HCl=Hydrochloric Acid
o For Oxyanions just add ic-acid. HNO3=Nitric Acid
Basic Stuf

Usually the retarded method of naming involves the mass # being on top
and the atomic number being on the bottom.
Atomic # = Number of protons
Neutrons= Mass#-Atomic#
Electrons= Number of protons +- the charge
Empirical/Molecular Formulas

Question type 1: Given Percent Composition

Question) 44.4% C, 6.21% H, 39.5% S, 9.86% O and molar mass is 324g
Step 1) Assume they are all in grams and divide by their molar masses
Step 2) Divide all the moles by the smallest number of moles
Step 3) If the numbers are in decimals make sure to multiply all the numbers
to get good numbers
Step 4) Obtain molar mass for empirical formula and divide it by molecular.
Molecular/Empirical
Step 5) Multiply the empirical formula by that factor

Question type 2: Experimental Analysis

Question) Combust 11.5 g of an unknown organic compound containing C, H,
and O. Collect 22.0 g CO2 and 13.5 g H2O
Step 1) Get moles of H2O and CO2
Step 2) Get moles of C and H by multiplying it by the coefficient on the C and
H.
Step 3) Get mass of C and H by multiplying the obtained moles by their molar
masses.
Step 4) Subtract 11.5g by the mass of C and H and get moles of O
Step 5) Now you have moles of C and H and O, divide them all by lowest
moles.
Hydration Questions

Question: When hydrated form of copper(II)sulfate is heated in air above

100C, the water is released as vapour. If 9.60 g of CuSO4 remain after
heating 15.01 g of the hydrated salt, what is the formula of the hydrate?

Step 1) Write out the equation: CuSO4 x H2O (s) CuSO4 (s) + x H2O (g)
Step 2) Get mass of H20 by subtracting 15.01-9.60
Step 3) Divide mass of H2O by its molar mass
Step 4) Get mass of CuSO4
Step 5) Divide H2O MOLES/CUSO4 MOLES and the answer will be the
coefficient in front of X.
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Limiting/Excess Reactants
Question: In a chemical process, 124 g of Al reacts with 601 g of Fe2O3 .
Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed. 2 Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
Method 1: Mole to mole ratios
Step 1) Get moles of Al and moles of Fe2O3
Step 2) Create a mole to mole ratio between the two reactants for instance
4.6:3.7 will be 1.22:1
Step 3) Mole ratio from equation is 2:1
Step 4) Therefore since 1.22 is less than 2, Al is limiting
Method 2: Mass Method
Step 1) Get moles of Al and Fe2O3
Step 2) And simply get the mass of one of the reactants based on the moles
of each reactant
Step 3) The reactant that produces the lower mass is the limiting reactant
Excess Reactants: Subtract the initial amount of the moles of the EXCESS
REACTANT from the moles used by the LIMITING REACTANT IN COMPARISON
TO THE EXCESS
Percent/Actual Yield

Percent Yield=Actual/Theoretical Yield (100%)

THEORETICAL yield is the one you CALCULATE
ACTUAL yield is the one GIVEN
Note you will be given one extra value which will be the actual yield, dont
use it in the eqn.
Precipitation Reactions

If there is an insoluble solid in the reactants it is insoluble.

Ionic Equations

1) Step 1: Write the MOLECULAR EQUATION first!

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 KI (aq) PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

2) Step 2: Write the TOTAL IONIC EQUATION

Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + 2K+ (aq) + 2I(aq) PbI2(s) + 2K+ (aq) + 2NO3
(aq)
3) Step 3: Cancel out the SPECTATOR IONS on both sides of the equation and get
THE NET IONIC EQUATION
Pb2+ (aq) + 2I(aq) PbI2(s)
4) NOTE THAT SOLIDS, WATER AND WEAK ACIDS ARE NOT BROKEN UP
Oxidation Numbers
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If there is no charge on top of an element such as Oxygen or a compound the

overall charge is 0
If you want to find you oxidation number for C in C2O4^-2, you would do
2x+4(-2)=-2
Cu2+
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

(aq) + Zn (s) => Cu (s) + Zn2+ (aq)

Cu gains 2 electrons from Cu2+
Zn losses 2 electrons and turns into Zn2+
Cu2+ is the oxidizing agent (itself is reduced, gains electrons)
Cu2+ is reduced
Zn is the reducing agent (is oxidized, loses electrons)
Zn is oxidized
Reduction Half Reaction: Cu2+(aq) + 2e- => Cu(s) (E GOES ON THE
REACTANT)
o Oxidation Half Reaction: Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e(E GOES ON THE
PRODUCT)
Redox Reactions in Acidic and Basic Solutions

Acidic Solutions
o Write Oxidation and Reduction half-reactions
o Add H2O to balance out the Oxygens
o And add H+ to the other side to balance out the Hydrogens
o Multiply equations to cancel out the number of electrons
Basic Solutions
o Go up to step 3 for acidic solutions
o Except now OH- on both sides for the same amount of Hydrogen
Protons
o OH- and H+ make water