1.

(a)

(b)

(i)

summer

(ii)

Geelong and (Southeast) Queensland (both needed)

(iii)

(40 8) = 32% (accept answers in the range of 31% to 33%)

similarity:
none of the locations are deficient in Summer;
Geelong and (Southeast) Queensland have similar prevalence/levels
of deficiency at all times of the year;
difference:
only Tasmania shows a deficiency in autumn;
Tasmania shows the highest prevalence of deficiency;
(Southeast) Queensland shows less prevalence/levels of deficiency overall;
To award [3], answers must address at least one similarity and
one difference.

(c)

diets rich in vitamin D could raise vitamin D levels; (vice versa)

use of sunscreen/staying out of the sun/hats/clothing can reduce
the production of vitamin D by the skin; (vice versa)
use of dietary supplements containing vitamin D can reduce
deficiency levels;

3 max

2 max
[8]

2.

(a)

sodium/Na

(b)

unclear correlation between V and T;

depends on the nature of the substrate and its concentration;
sometimes high V with low T (e.g. experiment 1 for sucrose) /
sometimes high V with high T (e.g. experiment 2 for NaCl);

2 max

higher salt/NaCl concentrations increase T and V;

increase in puddling with increase in salt/NaCl;
no clear relationship between the number of visits and the
concentration of salt/NaCl;

2 max

(c)

(d)

(i)

sodium/Na

IB Questionbank Biology

(ii)

(e)

(f)

retention of sodium/Na from laboratory solutions and natural

puddles;
definite loss of potassium from laboratory solutions but loss/gain
uncertain from natural puddles;
slight loss of magnesium from laboratory solutions and uncertain
gain/loss from natural puddles;
calcium uncertain in both cases / variation in data for calcium;
more conclusive results in laboratory solutions / conditions
more reliable in laboratory solutions / greater variation in
natural puddles;
Accept reference to error bars/ranges in data in place of
uncertainty.

3 max

males have longer/wider digestive tracts for greater absorption of fluid;

ileum of males has greater surface area;
which allows faster/more absorption in males than in females;

2 max

puddling provides needed sodium/Na because their (larval) food does not
supply enough sodium/Na;
sodium/Na needed for neural activity;
greater flight/neural activity in males than in females;
Accept other reasonable suggestions.

1 max
[12]

3.

(a)

at low dipyrone concentrations, there is no effect on enzyme function;

as concentration of dipyrone increases, increased inhibition of enzyme activity;

(b)

over range of concentrations in the experiment appears to have no effect on

enzyme function (of COX-2);
may be inhibited at concentrations higher than those used in the experiment;

(c)

it would limit inflammation due to COX-1 and COX-3;

but not COX-2;
effective only at high doses;

2
[6]

[7]

4.

(a)

monounsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates (both required)

(b)

80 (%) (units not required)

Allow answers in the range of 80.00 to 80.20%.

IB Questionbank Biology

(c)

monounsaturated fatty acids have more VLDL/ Allow numerical

cholesterol/ LDL/triglycerides;
expressions.
monounsaturated fatty acids have
Allow numerical expressions.
(slightly) less HDL;
1

cholesterol increases the most in monounsaturated fatty acids (in mg dl );

VLDL has highest percentage increase in monounsaturated fatty acids;

IB Questionbank Biology

2 max

(d)

less cholesterol/VLDL/LDL means lower chance of coronary heart

disease/CHD;
accumulation of fats in arteries leads to atherosclerosis/clots/coronary
heart disease/CHD;
hypothesis seems to be supported as triglycerides/cholesterol/VLDL/LDL
decrease;
hypothesis seems to be supported as the ratio of the LDL:HDL is lower;
hypothesis seems not to be supported as HDL remains about the same;

3 max
[7]

6.

(a)

380 mol min g ; (allow answers in the range of 375 to

1 1
385 mol min g )
1900% increase;

1 max

(b)

only glucose no change in time, while only maltose increases with time

(c)

glucose inhibition is greater than maltose activation;

glucose is a product of the breakdown of maltose;
so this is end-product inhibition/negative feedback;
glucose joins enzyme at allosteric site;
changing shape of active site, so no reaction;
glucose represses expression of -glucosidase / gene repressed;

3 max

two phosphate groups added to glucose / phosphorylation;

glucose / hexose biphosphate converted to two 3C compounds /
triphosphate/TP;
oxidation of triphosphate/TP to pyruvate;
+
net gain of 2 ATP and 2NADH + H ;

2 max

(d)

[7]

7.

(a)

Portugal

(b)

Iceland

(c)

both showed an increase in energy consumption;

USA showed a greater relative increase in the proportion of dietary energy from
plant origin;
USA overtook the 15 European nations group in daily dietary
energy consumption;

IB Questionbank Biology

2 max

(d)

increase in dietary energy intake / energy intake in all countries exceeds

recommended daily intake;
likely consequence is obesity;
animal source of energy linked to intake of saturated fat;
some countries have shown an increased consumption of animal source energy;
pattern for increase in animal source energy is less uniform coupled with
decrease in exercise / manual labour;

3 max
[7]

IB Questionbank Biology