Professional Documents
Culture Documents
yrs.
Principal of RAWE:
1
. 1.0 Agro-Climatic/Ecological
1zone
(4.3)
Agro-Climatic Zone
(Planning Commission)
Vidhyan Zone
Agro Climatic Zone (NARP) (UP-10)
Ghazipur, Jaunpur ,
Mirzapur , Sant Ravidas
List all the districts falling
Chandauli,
Varanasi
A
l
t
i
t
u
Geographic coordinates of
district
d
Latitude
Longitude
headquarters
8303E
2518N
75.7m
concerned ZRS/
address
2.Rainfall
Normal
RF(mm)
days
Onset
Normal Cessation
(number)
3rd week
SW monsoon (JuneSep):
944.5
39
Dec):
60.9
56.5
Summer (Apr-May)
19.8
NE Monsoon(Oct-
of June
Annual
1081
48
Land
3.Land
Perm Cultiv
use
phical
est r
anent able
are
able
pattern of
the
area
area
district
non-
es
land
agricultur
Misc
al use
able
ent
er
ws
ws
land
tree
crop
s
and
grov
es
152
Area (000 .67
95.7
ha)
48
2.9
0
32
4. Major Soils
2.96
0.024 2.56
Percent
red sandy
ha)
total
Sandy
loam
70.56
0
46.25
2.151
25.00
Loam
16.37
37.80
Clay loam
24.75
19.32
Sandy
5.Agricu
12.63
Cropping
ltural
Area
intensity
land use
(000 ha) %
9
5.
7
17
Net sown
area
6
2.
1
Area sown more
than once
Gross
cropped
134.
area
073
6.Irrigation
Area (000
ha)
Net
irrigated
82.2
area
06
Gross
irrigated
134.
area
073
Rainfed
13.5
area
42
1
. 1.0 Agro-Climatic/Ecological
1zone
(4.3)
Agro-Climatic Zone
(Planning Commission)
Vidhyan Zone
Agro Climatic Zone (NARP) (UP-10)
Ghazipur, Jaunpur ,
Mirzapur , Sant Ravidas
List all the districts falling
Chandauli,
Varanasi
A
l
t
i
t
u
Geographic coordinates of
district
d
Latitude
Longitude
headquarters
8303E
2518N
75.7m
concerned ZRS/
address
2.Rainfall
Normal
RF(mm)
days
Onset
Normal Cessation
(number)
3rd week
SW monsoon (JuneSep):
944.5
39
Dec):
60.9
56.5
Summer (Apr-May)
19.8
of June
NE Monsoon(Oct-
Annual
1081
48
Land
3.Land
Perm Cultiv
use
phical
est r
anent able
are
able
pattern of
the
district
area
area
non-
es
land
agricultur
Misc
al use
.
tree
crop
s
and
grov
es
able
land
ent
ws
er
ws
152
Area (000 .67
95.7
ha)
48
2.9
0
2.96
32
4. Major Soils
0.024 2.56
Percent
red sandy
ha)
total
Sandy
70.56
loam
46.25
25.00
Loam
16.37
37.80
Clay loam
24.75
19.32
Sandy
5.Agricu
12.63
Cropping
ltural
Area
intensity
land use
(000 ha) %
Net sown
17
area
5.
2.151
4
8
6
2.
1
Area sown more
than once
Gross
cropped
134.
area
073
Area (000
6.Irrigation
ha)
Net
irrigated
82.2
area
06
Gross
irrigated
134.
area
073
Rainfed
13.5
area
42
Area
7. Major
(000
field
ha)
crops
cultivate
d
KHARI
RABI
Irrigat
Rainf
Tot
Irrigat
Rai
Tota
Grand
ed
ed
al
ed
nfe
total
Summer
Rice
50.514
50.514
50.514
Pearl
4.297
4.297
4.297
4.233
4.233
4.233
2.915
2.915
0.011
millet
Pigeonpe
a
Maize
0.01
0.025
2.951
Wheat
69.063
69.0
69.063
63
2.434
0.305
2.739
2.739
Pea
Sugarcane
4.095
4.095
Regul
ar
Drought
Flood
Occasional
None
Cyclone
Hail storm
Heat wave
Cold wave
Frost
Sea water
intrusion
Content
Type of farmer:-small
Situation of farming:-rainfeed
Objective
Nursery raising and transplanting of plant under SRI method of planting
Introduction of SRI
SRI is a combination of several practices those include changes in nursery
management, time of transplanting, water and weed management. Its different way
of cultivating rice crop though the fundamental practices remain more or less same
like in the conventional method; it just emphasizes altering of certain agronomic
practices of the conventional way of rice cultivation. All these new practices are
together known as System of Rice Intensification (SRI). SRI is not a fixed package of
technical specifications, but a system of production with four main components, viz.,
soil fertility management, planting method, weed control and water (irrigation)
management. Several field practices have been developed around these
components
Pre-requisite conditions
Vermin compost is added in the bed in enough quantity and mixed in soil.
Seed is spread on bed and covered with 5 mm thick layer of soil.
Now do the mulching and sprinkle water over it. Sprinkling of water is kept
FIG.2 Transplanting
During transplanting field must have moisture and soil must be soft.
Before transplanting excess water is drained out from field.
Distance must be maintained at 25 cm X 25 cm, for this use rope or SRI
marker.
Transplant one plant at one place in slightly tilted position, maintaining square
Economics
PARTICULARS
SEED @ 40/KG
FERTILIZERS
BIO FERTILIZER
IRRIGATION
LABOUR
TILLAGE
TOTAL
SRI
200
3685
1000
5000
7500
5000
17885
CONVENTIONAL
1800
7370
0
12000
6000
5000
32170
Content
Objective
Direct seeding of rice using drum seeders.
Introduction
Increasing cost of inputs (especially irrigation water and labour) and unavailability of
labour for critical farm operations have made rice cultivation extremely difficult for
farmers in several areas of Andhra Pradesh which is a major rice growing state in
India. To address these issues and to provide an alternative option to traditional
system and 'SRI' method of rice cultivation, the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chittoor
introduced direct seeding method in rice using a fibre bodied 8 row drumseeder for
the first time in 2006. This led to considerable reduction in cultivation costs and the
area under direct seeding using drumseeder increased from 0.2 ha in 2006 to more
than 4600 ha in 2012. P. Bala Hussain Reddy, S Sreenivasulu and C Manohar from
KVK Chittoor share their experiences with promotion of this technology in this Good
Practice Note.
Material required
Levelled land.
Moist field (drain out excess water).
30-40 kg seed/ha soaked in water for 24 hrs. (10-15 min before sowing dry it
in shade).
Drum seeders for sowing.
Drum Seeder
It is a hand driven equipment, having 2-8 drums shafted on an axis interconnected
with two cycles. Drums have hole at 20 cm apart and made up of plastic. Thus it is
light weighted and easy to use.
Operation procedure
After assembling, fill the drums with pre-germinated seeds. Remember only
Pull the seeder manually at a normal walking speed (1 Km/h) in the backward
Particul
ars
Traditional
method
Drumseeder
method
SRI method
Seed rate
Days to
transplant
Cost of nursery
(Rs)
Labour
required for
transplanting
/seeding
operation
75 kg
30 40 days
nursery
5 kg
8 12 days
nursery
37.5 kg
3000
500
50
30
Spacing
Zigzag method
Water
management
Weed
management
0 days
20 cm between rows
x 58
cm hill to hill in a row
5 cm or more
No standing water No standing water
standing
after
after
water from the day transplantation
seeding. The field is
of
stage;
kept
transplantation to alternate wetting wet until panicle
10
and
initiation
days before
drying only. The
stage and from then
harvesting
field is
on 23
kept wet until
cm standing water
panicle
until 10
initiation stage,
days before
and
harvesting.
from then on, 23
cm
standing water till
10
days before
harvesting.
25 cm x 25 cm
Manual weeding
Incorporation of
twice
weeds
(or) some apply of into the soil using
Weedicide is a must
once
or twice. Pre
weedicides 1st
time and
manual weeding
2nd
time.
3040 manual
labour
are required
Yield recovered
(Kg/ha)
Total cost of
cultivation
(Rs/ha)
Gro
ss
returns @
Rs.900/bag of
75 kg
returns
Net
per ha
(INR
)
Benefitcost
ratio
cono
emergence
weedicide just 12
days
weeder in both
directions (NS and
E
after seeding, and if
necessary post
W) One manual
emergence
weedicide at 1825
weeding with 34 days
labourers is
after seeding. Cono
sufficient.
weeder
1520 manual
is run in one
labour is
direction only,
either EW or NS,
required.
i.e., in
the direction in which
the
drumseeder was
pulled.
5784 kg
7125 kg
6469 kg
Rs. 34838/
Rs.32500/
Rs. 27962/
Rs. 78744/
Rs. 85500/
Rs. 77628/
Rs. 43906/
Rs. 54000/
Rs. 49666/
2.26
2.63
2.77
Silent feature
Limitations
Undulated land
More than 1 cm water in field during sowing
Untrained labour and unawareness of technique
Rainfall just after sowing
Seed loss due to birds
Do not irrigate the field till 2-3 days after sowing
ECONAMICS
yield
Input cost
gross income
Net income
conventional
5784 kg
Rs. 34838
Rs. 81554
Rs. 46716
12119: Satyaprakash
12121: Seema Ranjan
12124: Shashi Kumar
12125: Shashi Ranjan
12128: Shweta Jain
12129: Sikha Sneha
Content
Objective
Weed management in direct seeded rice using steel seed bed technique.
Introduction
Stale seed bed is a relatively simple weed management tactic that generally
involves four steps:
1) a seedbed is prepared,
2) weed seeds in the shallow soil zone germinate naturally or via pre-irrigation and
then emerge,
3) emerged weeds are then killed with minimum soil disturbance as necessary, and
4) the crop is promptly seeded or transplanted into mostly weed free soil.
Material required
Method
Stale seedbed technique is most appropriate to reduce the weed seed bank in the
soil. In this technique, weeds are allowed to emerge for at least 2 weeks before
being killed.
To do this:
1. Perform tillage operations. Plow, harrow, and level the field.
2. Stimulate
weed
emergence
by
light
irrigation
or
after
rainfall.
Give one irrigation at least 2 weeks before sowing. Maintain enough soil
moisture to allow weeds to germinate.
3. Kill the emerged seedlings using non-selective herbicides (e.g., glyphosate) or
light cultivation.
4. If the soil condition is suitable for sowing, plant the crop without further tillage
operations. Tillage could bring more weed seeds near the soil surface, thus
promoting weed germination.
Principle of stale seedbed technique
It has been stated that the stale seedbed technique is based on three principles:
1) cultivation promotes weed seed germination,
Precautions
grown.
Choose herbicide according to use.
During spraying use pure water to avoid blockage of sprayer.
Benefits
Though the stale seedbed technique can be effective, like any weed management
tactic there are some drawbacks. Weeds with lengthy emergence periods may not
be managed as well with this technique. Soil conditions such as moisture and
temperature affect weed emergence and these factors cannot be controlled. For
example, in the absent of adequate rainfall, fields may require pre-irrigation events to
initiate weed flushes. Finally, under certain conditions, especially when dealing with
wimpy or less competitive (e.g., small and slow growing) crops, multiple weed
flushes over time may be required before planting the crop to effectively prevent
weeds from competing with the crop after planting.
Limitation
Economic benefits
In comparison to conventional technique it saves Rs.2000/acre.
Content
Objective
Growing sugarcane nursery and its transplanting with bud chip technique
Introduction
Sugarcane is vegetatively propagated for commercial cultivation. Different kinds of
planting materials viz., cane setts; settlings and bud chips are used for raising
sugarcane crop. Little portion of stem with one bud is known as bud chip. Bud chips
are used to raise settlings in nursery. They were found to produce a good crop when
transplanted in main field. The principal advantage of bud chips is substantial saving
in seed material. Seed requirement is reduced to less than one ton per ha.
Bud chip is a modern technique in which we use buds instead of sets of 25 cm. But it
cut from nodes and nursery prepared by it. It is ready for transplanting in 25-30 days.
Material required
6-8 months old, disease free cane, bud chipper, tray, poly bag, soil compost,
chopped rice straw, gunny bags, plastic sheet, urea, lime fungicide, drum etc.
PROCEDURE
Prepare the bud chips from whole cane using a sharp edged knife in such a
way that each bud has a little portion of stem
Plant the bud chips on raised nursery beds adopting a inter-row spacing of 7.5
cm at the rate of 300 buds/m2
Fill the polybags with homogeneous mixture of equal quantity of soil, sand
and well rotten compost
Plant the bud chips in polybags with the bud facing upwards and cover with
soil mixture to avoid drying of the bud
Always use seed cane obtained from a seed crop of 7-8 months
Free from disease and pest infestation like red rot, wilt, smut, ratoon stunting
disease etc
Pure in quality.
Transplanting
Transplanting is done after 25-30 days (4-5*2 feet).
Benefits
Limitations
Economics
Particulars
Seeds/Setts
Nursery preparation
Measures to maintain
uniformity among plants
Conventional method
SSI method
48,000 buds (16,000
5000 buds (5000 single budded
three budded setts/acre) chips/acre)
No
Yes
No Grading
Planting
Spacing
5 ft between rows
Water requirement
High
Low
Less (10-15)
More (20-25)
4-5
9-10
Low
High
Less
More
Content
Objective
Raising mat type nursery and mechanical transplanting of paddy.
Intoduction
Dapog nurseries can be located anywhere on a flat firm surface but water
supply/control should be very reliable. The area needed is about 100 m /ha or 1% of
2
(DAS).
Materials required
Plastic sheet (1.3 m wide and 20 m long is commonly available) with even
perforations
0.75 inch angle frame for a dry-bed and 0.5 inch frame for a wet-bed nursery.
Nursery area
Required nursery area is 100 m2 / ha (or) 2.5 cent / ha 1cent / acre
Nursery bed preparation
Select a level area near the water source with efficient drainage system. The surface
should be covered with banana leaves with the mid-rib removed or polyethylene
sheets or any flexible material or cemented floors to prevent seedling roots from
penetrating to the bottom soil layer.
a. Preparation of soil mixture
Four (4) m3 of soil mix is needed for each 100 m 2 of nursery. Mix 70% soil +
20% well-decomposed pressmud / bio-gas slurry / FYM + 10% rice hull. Incorporate
1.5kg of powdered di-ammonium phosphate or 2kg 17-17-17 NPK fertilizer with the
soil mixture.
b. Filling the soil mixture
Place a wooden frame of 0.5 m long, 1 m wide and 4 cm deep divided into 4
equal segments on the plastic sheet or banana leaves, fill the frame almost to the top
with the soil mixture.
c. Pre-germinating the seeds
Soak the seeds for 24 hrs, drain and incubate the soaked seeds for 24 hrs,
sow when the seeds sprout and radicle (seed root) grows to 2-3 mm long and cover
them with dry soil to a thickness of 5mm.
Water management
Water the nursery with rose can as and when needed (twice or thrice a day) to
keep the soil moist.
At 6 DAS, maintain thin film of water all round the seedling mats.
Nutrient management
Though the temperature and water are adequate, the seedlings show
yellowing (N deficiency). Sprinkle seedlings with 0.5% urea (1.5 kg Urea in
300 l water/100
m2).
2. Seedlings will be ready for transplanting in 12-15 days after seeding (DAS).
Uniform spacing and optimum plant density (26-28 hills/m 2 with 2-3 seedling
per hill)
Less transplanting shock, early seedling vigour and uniform crop stand
Uses less area when compared to the conventional nursery (30 m 2 vs. 400
m2/acre)
Produces robust seedlings, 18-20 cm tall in about 15 days
Minimizes root damage as the seedlings are not uprooted and transplanting
shock is reduced
Labour requirement for nursery raising is significantly reduced
Limitations:
Fields need good access for machine transport and field entry.
Economics
Content
Objective
To study about rice okra intercropping.
Requirements
For 1 ha land we require-
Advantage
Disadvantage
Economics
Main point
Input
Profit
Net profit
Additional income
conventional
28660
70000
41340
intercropping
28100
90000
61900
20560
Objective
Preparation of azolla and its application in rice field.
Introduction
Azolla is a symbiotic superorganism that captures all the nitrogen fertilizer it needs to
grow from the air around it. Asias farmers have long known this, growing Azolla
together with rice to provide a natural fertilizer to bolster rice productivity.
Materials requried
Cattle dung
Super phosphate
Furadan
Procedure
Mark the field into one cent plots (20 x 2m) by providing suitable bunds and
irrigation channels.
Apply super phosphate @ 100 g as top dressing fertilizer on 4th and 8th day
after Azolla inoculation.
Apply carbofuran (furadan) granules @ 100 g/plot on 7th day after Azolla
inoculation.
Maintain the water level at 10 cm height throughout the growth period of two
or three weeks.
Observations
Note the Azolla mat floating on the plot. Harvest the Azolla, drain the water
and record the biomass.
Collect the fresh Azolla biomass from the Azolla nursery plot.
Prepare the wetland well and maintain water just enough for easy
incorporation.
Apply fresh Azolla biomass (15 t ha-1) to the main field and incorporate the
Azolla by using implements or tractor.
Note the growth of Azolla mat four weeks after transplanting and incorporate
the Azolla biomass by using implements or tranctor or during inter-cultivation
practices.
A second bloom of Azolla will develop 8 weeks after transplanting which may
be incorporated again.
Benefits of azolla
Despite was introduced and popularized since the early 1990s, it has not been a lot
of farmers who use Azolla plant (Azolla pinnata) for his farming business. In fact the
benefits of aquatic plants this one quite a lot. In addition to the media for ornamental
plants and fertilizer, Azolla can also be used to feeding livestock and fish.
Because it is considered weeds, then farmers get rid them. In fact, when used as a
fertilizer in paddy rice, Azolla can suppress the use of urea up to 65 kg / ha.
Limitation
Azolla is a water fern and requires a growth temperature of 35-38 C. The
multiplication of Azolla is affected under elevated temperature. Hence adopting this
technology in dry zones where the temperature exceeds 40c is difficult.
Content
Type of farmer:-marginal
Situation of farmer:- rainfed
Objective
Preparation of vermiwash and its application in maize field.
Introduction
Earthworms are known for their excellent contribution in increasing the soil
fertility and promoting plant growth through their body secretion and castings.
Therefore present demonstration is designed to study the effect of vermiwash
of Eiseniafetida
the growth of plants. The root length ,shoot length, number of twigs, leaves,
The plastic vessel measuring about fourty liters capacity was taken and a
hole was made at the bottom of vessel.The hole of vessel was fixed with
a tap.
The vessel was filled with pebbles, sand and over this 10-15 days older
bucket.
The collected vermiwash was stored in bottles and keep in cool place.
Application method
Chemical composition:
PH 7.48
C%
- 0.008
N
- 60 ppm
P
K
Zn
- 18 ppm
- 130 ppm
- 0.02 ppm
Fe
- 0.06 ppm
Precaution
Advantages
growth.
Improvement in food quality.
Increase in production by 10-15%.
Low cost and no harmful effect on environment.
Disadvantage
Economics
Content
Objective
It can be sown round the year in southern India. In northern India, it can be sown
from February to November. It can be grown through transplanting in furrows in
December-January in northern India. For this purpose nursery should be raised in
November. Generally, August to November planting yield best quality baby corn.
Sowing method
Sowing should be done on southern side of the ridges with 60 cm x 15 -20 cm row x
plant spacing depending upon planttype( erect/spreading).
Nutrient management
Stem borer (Chilo partellus), Pink borer (Sesamia inferens) and Sorghum shoot fly
(Atherigona spp) are serious problems in kharif, rabi and spring seasons,
respectively. Stem borer can be controlled by 1-2 spray of Carboryl or Endosulfan
after 10 and 20 days of germination. Spraying should be done in the central whorl of
plant.
Detasseling:
To maintain the quality of baby corn, detasseling is an essential operation. It is done
by removing the tassel of the plant as soon as it emerges from the flag leaf. It should
be practiced row-wise.
While detasseling, leaf should not be removed which will otherwise affect net
photosynthesis and ultimately reduce average baby corn yield. It has been observed
that the removal of 1 to 3 leaves along with tassel reduces 5-15 % yield of baby corn.
The removed tassel should not be thrown in the field as it is nutrient rich and should
be fed to the cattle.
Advantage
Diversification
Employment generation
Earning money in shortest possible time
Potential for export
Disadvantage
Less availability of quality seed
Unawareness among common people about its use and taste
Lack of processing facilities
Lack of marketing facilities in rural areas.
Economics
Maize
Baby corn
input
30335
32335
benefit
22665
147665
Content
Type of farmer:-marginal
Situation of farmer:-rainfeed
Objective
To study about weed control through dry land weeder in maize.
Introduction
This equipment used for mechanical weeding in row in different standing crop.
AGRIMAX-BIHAR brand Dry land weeder (Wheel hoe) has been developed by the
scientists of Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar (Pusa), Samastipur. The
equipment is made-up od PVD made strong, durable wheel and hang grip. The
weeder is very efficient because of specially designed cultivator type tynes. The
equipment has three tynes. The front tyne varies in construction and design from
other two rear tynes. The front tyne opens the land and looses the soil whereas the
rear tynes cuts the weed and pulverizes the soil. The equipment is users friendly
and long lasting. With this equipment 8-10 man days is required for weeding 1
hectare of land. AGRIMAX-BIHAR brand Dry land weeder (Wheel hoe) is the liking of
farmers and is very popular among.
Major Weed Problems
Grasses
Sedges
Broad leaves
Echinochloa colona
Cyperus rotundus
Ipomoea aquatica
Digitaria ciliaris
Cyperus iria
Monochoria vaginalis
Echinochloa crus-galli
Fimbristylis miliacea
Commelina benghalensis
Ischaemum rugosum
Cyperus difformis
Phyllanthus niruri
Lower productivity
Reduction in quality of produce
Increased insect-pest infestation
Problem in irrigation
Increased requirement of fertiliser.
Use dryland weeder after 10 days of transplanting and repeat the procedure
Salient Features :
Ideally suitable for SRI Wheat & row crops including vegetables.
Operated by simple push & pull action and provides for better aeration and
soil mulching.
LIMITATIONS
Advantage
Easy to operate
Disadvantage
Economics
Content
Objective
To study about harvesting of paddy by toothed sickle and threshing by thresher.
Introduction : 1.2% and 3.8%grain is lost due to harvesting and threshing . in
totality 40 lakh to 1 corer tone paddy is lost due to this purpose.
Time of harvesting:
When dough stage come i.e. when milking starts hardening start harvesting.
After flowering leave 20-30 days then after harvest.
Paddy harvesting only 20% water content must be there.
When 80% floret become yellow then harvest the paddy.
Toothed sickle
It is different from convential sickle. It has toothed like blade and handled it at upper
portion.
Working principle
It works on the principle of friction. It does not require regular maintenance.
Handle
It is bend towards back sickle, good capturing, and less chance of injured. It is easy
to cut the paddy from ground.
Weight - 150-200g
Price- Rs.30-35/sickle.
Threshing
Conventional type of threshing is practice. Threshing is done by beating on the floor.
Cost of threshing
17-20kg paddy/ha/person
Electric thresher:
Machine work by electric motor and seprate the grain from plant. It is more efficient
20 to 25 times more than convential type of threshing.
Cost of threshing
350-600 kg paddy/hr.
Working principle
Paddy plant when goes through hopper it sticks on the fast rotating cylinder and
separates into grain and straw.
Work of thresher
It separate economic part.
Clean the paddy
Gather the paddy at a place.
Motor
Power-5HP
Efficiency-98.5-99.5%
Price- 82350-84690
Subcidies-30%
Cost - 10 kg paddy/qt.
Precautions
Advantage
Toothed shaped sickle.
Saving time
Lees labour cost
No danger for cut
Electric thrasher
Disadvantage
Economics analysis
THRESSING
Grain yield (1400/q)
BY LABOUR
BY THRESHER
39 q=54600
42 q=58800
Labour cost
20*250=5000
rent
Gross income
3*250=750
420 kg=5880
49600
benefit
52170
2570
Content
Objective
Control of weed through knapsack sprayer in maize.
Introduction
Maize is the third main crop grown in India , maize is highly infested by the weeds,
due to weeds the production lost of maize annually reduced to about 40-60% but
using proper sets of information and technique such as timely sowing, mulching,
herbicide application in the field of maize can effectively optimize the production of
the maize.
Pre-sowing application of herbicide to control the weedsApplication of herbicides in the unplowed field before the 15 day of sowing .
Glycophosphate 1kg/ha a.i in 400-600 lts of water .
Paraquat0.5 kg/ha a.i in 600 lts of water .
Pre-germination application of herbicides
Atrazine- 1.0-1.5 kg/ha a,I in 600 lts of water.
Post-germination application of herbicides
DDT 0.5kg/ha a.i
Material requried
Knapsack sprayer
Nozzle
Shoe,clothes,Glasses, mask ,cap and proper herbicidal mixture.
Knapsack sprayerIt is pressurized application which may be manually operated or may be materialized
for carrying spray . most important and significant part of knapsack sprayer is
nozzle.the spraying pattern and type of solution are dependent on types of nozzle.
Advantages of spraying
Disadvantage
Damage the body if proper care is not taken.
Required certain filling the chemicals.
Not suitable if probability of rain fall.
Economics
DESCRIPTION
CONVENTIONAL
PESTICIDES
METHOD (rs./ha)
Cost of sprayer
Labour cost
Pre emergence
9000
-
METHOD
(rs./ha)
2000
1000
780
pesticide application
Total cost
9000
3780