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II.
Respiratory - Capable of
exchanging oxygen with CO2 in our
blood
Conducting - Conveys the air from
hour environment atmosphere
towards the respiring parts
A. NOSE
Part of the conducting system
Anterior opening is anterior nares
Within it is a dilatation wherein nasal
hair grows(for boogers) and for
filtering
Posterior opening of the vestibule is
the posterior nares(opens to the nasal
cavity). A narrowing posteriorly.
B. NASAL CAVITY
Primarily humidifies and warms the
air. Cold and dry air irritates our
bronchial lining(bronchioconstriction)
like people with Asthma.
Nasal Septum - a cartilage that
separates
nasal cavity into two.
Nasal Concha = has protuberances
known as the lateral wall
Nasal Meatus - Depression
underneath nasal concha. Increases
the surface area of the nasal cavity.
Opening of Nasol
Duct - In the
inferior meatus
Choanae - Posterior opening of nasal
cavity, superior to soft pallete. Opens
up to the nasopharynx.
Roof of nasal cavity has olfactory
epithelium and is connected to
E. TRACHEA
Comprised of: C-shaped
rings(Around 16-20 rings and is
connected posteriorly by a smooth
muscle.
Can be felt, has several bumps or
ridges going down
Carina - point of bifurcation into
the right main/primary bronchus
and left main bronchus.
Bifurcates at the same level of
sternal angle(same as pulmonary
trunk).
i.
Right main bronchusVertical, wider, but shorter
ii.
Left main bronchus horizontally-directed,
narrower, and longer.
a)
b)
II.
LEFT LUNG
2 lobes divided by the oblique
fissure that divide the left lung
into:
anterior superior lobe
posterior inferior lobe.
2 fissures the heart partly
occupies the right thoracic side.
Left, has a cardiac notch which is
an impression produced by the
heart on the lungs.
LONGER AND NARROWER
Lingula - Tongue-like structure on
the superior anterior lobe found
on the left lung. Produced by the
cardiac notch.
9-10 Broncho Pulmonary
Segment
MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION:
1. Inspiration(Diaphragm).
Accessory muscles of inspiration =
a) external intercostal,
b) scalene
c) sternocleidomastoid.
2. Expiration - No primary muscle.
passive process through the recoil
and relaxation of the diaphragm.
Accessory muscles:
a) internal intercostal
b) abdominal muscles(rectus
abdominis, obliques, and
transversus abdominis).
These push up the diaphragm
to expel air.
EXP 38 PULMONARY VOLUMES &
CAPACITIES
A. LUNG VOLUMES
Tidal volume (TV) the normal air
the comes in and out of the lungs
during normal respiration,
unconscious breathing
Inspiratory reserved volume (IRV)
maximum volume of air that can be
inhaled after a normal inhalation
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
maximum volume of air that can be
exhaled after a normal inhalation
Residual volume (RV) considerable
amount of air that remains in the lungs
after a most forceful exhalation. It
maintains the patency of the alveoli. It is
the air left in the tracheobronchial tree.
This cannot be measured by spirometry.
B. LUNG CAPACITIES
Total lung capacity (TLC) sum of
all volumes
Vital capacity (VC) measured by
inhaling up to maximum lung
capacity, and then exhaling. Vital
because it can be controlled.
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
left in the lungs, maintains the
diffusion of gases
VOL/CA
P
EQUATION
Normal
Value
TV
ERV
VC
IRV
IC
TLC
500 ml
1200 ml
4800 ml
3100 ml
3600 ml
6000 ml
Gender
Age
M/F
< 19
F
M