CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Introduction

Motion detection is a process of confirming a change in position of an object

relative to its surroundings or the change in the surroundings relative to an object.
This detection can be achieved by both mechanical and electronic methods. In
addition to discrete, on or off motion detection, it can also consist of magnitude
detection that can measure and quantify the strength or speed of this motion or the
object that created it.
When motion detection is accomplished by natural organisms, it is called motion
perception.
Motion can be detected by: sound (acoustic sensors), opacity (optical and infrared
sensors and video image processors), geomagnetism (magnetic sensors,
magnetometers), reflection of transmitted energy (infrared laser radar, ultrasonic
sensors, and microwave radar sensors), and electromagnetic induction (inductiveloop detectors), and vibration (turboelectric, seismic, and inertia-switch sensors).
Acoustic sensors are based on: electrets effect, inductive coupling, capacitive
coupling, turboelectric effect, piezoelectric effect, and fiber
optic transmission. Radar intrusion sensors have the lowest rate of false alarms.

Figure 1

FIGURE 1.1
Working of pir motion sensor

1.2

THEORY

The principal methods by which motion can be electronically identified are optical
detection and acoustical detection. Infrared light or laser technology may be used
for optical detection. Motion detection devices, such as PIR motion detectors, have
a sensor that detects a disturbance in the infrared spectrum, such as a person or an
animal. Once detected, an electronic signal can activate an alarm or a camera that
can capture an image or video of the motioned
The chief applications for such detection are:
(a) detection of unauthorized entry.
(b) detection of cessation of occupancy of an area to extinguish lighting and
(c) detection of a moving object which triggers a camera to record subsequent
events. The motion detector is thus a linchpin of electronic security systems, but is
also a valuable tool in preventing the illumination of unoccupied spaces.
A simple algorithm for motion detection by a fixed camera compares the current
image with a reference image and simply counts the number of different pixels.
Since images will naturally differ due to factors such as varying lighting,
camera flicker, and CCD dark currents, pre-processing is useful to reduce the
number of false positive alarms.
More complex algorithms are necessary to detect motion when the camera itself is
moving, or when the motion of a specific object must be detected in a field
containing other movement which can be ignored. An example might be a painting
surrounded by visitors in an art gallery
Motion sensors are often used in indoor spaces to control electric lighting. If no
motion is detected, it is assumed that the space is empty, and thus does not need to
be lit. Turning off the lights in such circumstances can save substantial amounts of
energy. In lighting practice occupancy sensors are sometime also called "presence
sensors" or "vacancy sensors".

Here is a system based on PIR motion detector module BS1600 (or BS1700) that
can be used for security or corridor lighting in power-saving mode. The 12V DC
power supply required for the motion detector and the relay driver is derived from
230V, 50Hz mains using a transformer less circuit as shown in Fig. 1.2

FIGURE 1.2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MOTION SENSOR

1.3 Working:
The working of the circuit is simple. When you power-on the circuit after
assembling all the components including the CFL, the CFL will glow for 10
seconds, turn off for 30 seconds, glow for 10 seconds and then turn off. Now the
circuit is ready to work.
When any movement is detected, around 3.3V appears on the base of relay-driver
transistor T1 and it conducts to energise relay RL1. As a result, Triac1 (BT136)
fires to provide full 230V and light up the CFL. Another normally-opened contact
of the relay (N/O2) is used here to hold the output until reset. If the switch is not in
'hold' position, the light will remain 'on' for about ten seconds (as programmed in
the motion sensor). In short, when there is a movement near the sensor, the CFL
5

glows for about ten seconds. It will remain 'on' if switch S1 is in 'hold' position.
Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose in a suitable cabinet.
Use a three-pin connector for connecting the PIR sensor in the circuit with correct
polarity. The motion detector is embedded onto the transparent cover of the light
assembly as shown in Fig.

Fig 1.3

detector module (BS1600 or BS1700)

The "motion sensing" feature on most lights (and security systems) is

a passive system that detects infrared energy. These sensors are therefore known
as PIR (passive infrared) detectors or pyroelectric sensors. In order to make a
sensor that can detect a human being, you need to make the sensor sensitive to the
temperature of a human body. Humans, having a skin temperature of about 93
degrees F, radiate infrared energy with a wavelength between 9 and 10
6

micrometers. Therefore, the sensors are typically sensitive in the range of 8 to 12

micrometers.
The devices themselves are simple electronic components not unlike a photo
sensor. The infrared light bumps electrons off a substrate, and these electrons can
be detected and amplified into a signal.
You have probably noticed that your light is sensitive to motion, but not to a person
who is standing still. That's because the electronics package attached to the sensor
is looking for a fairly rapid change in the amount of infrared energy it is seeing.
When a person walks by, the amount of infrared energy in the field of view
changes rapidly and is easily detected. You do not want the sensor detecting slower
changes, like the sidewalk cooling off at night.
Your motion sensing light has a wide field of view because of the lens covering the
sensor. Infrared energy is a form of light, so you can focus and bend it with plastic
lenses. But it's not like there is a 2-D array of sensors in there. There is a single (or
sometimes two) sensors inside looking for changes in infrared energy.
If you have a burglar alarm with motion sensors, you may have noticed that the
motion sensors cannot "see" you when you are outside looking through a window.
That is because glass is not very transparent to infrared energy. This, by the way, is
the basis of a greenhouse. Light passes through the glass into the greenhouse and
heats things up inside the greenhouse. The glass is then opaque to the infrared
energy these heated things are emitting, so the heat is trapped inside the
greenhouse. It makes sense that a motion detector sensitive to infrared energy
cannot see through glass windows.
Infrared Radiation:
Infrared radiation exists in the electromagnetic spectrum at a wavelength that is longer
than visible light. It cannot be seen but it can be detected. Objects that generate heat
also generate infrared radiation and those objects include animals and the human body
whose radiation is strongest at a wavelength of 9.4um. Infrared in this range will not
pass through many types of material that pass visible light such as ordinary window
glass and plastic. However it will pass through, with some attenuation, material that is
opaque to visible light such as germanium and silicon. An unprocessed silicon wafer
makes a good IR window in a weatherproof enclosure for outdoor use. It also provides
additional filtering for light in the visible range. 9.4um infrared will also pass through
7

polyethylene which is usually used to make Fresnel lenses to focus the infrared onto
sensor elements.

Pyroelectric Sensors:
The pyroelectric sensor is made of a crystalline material that generates a surface
electric charge when exposed to heat in the form of infrared radiation. When the
amount of radiation striking the crystal changes, the amount of charge also changes
and can then be measured with a sensitive FET device built into the sensor. The sensor
elements are sensitive to radiation over a wide range so a filter window is added to the
TO5 package to limitdetectable radiation to the 8 to 14mm range which is most
sensitive to human body radiation.
Typically, the FET source terminal pin 2 connects through a pulldown resistor of
about 100 K to ground and feeds into a two stage amplifier having signal conditioning
circuits. The amplifier is typically bandwidth limited to below 10Hz to reject high
frequency noise and is followed by a window comparator that responds to both the
positive and negative transitions of the sensor output signal. A well filtered power
source of from 3 to 15 volts should be connected to the FET drain terminal pin 1.

Fig 1.3
CONFIGURATION FOR PIR SENSOR
The PIR325 sensor has two sensing elements connected in a voltage bucking
configuration. This arrangement cancels signals caused by vibration, temperature
changes and sunlight. A body passing in front of the sensor will activate first one and
then the other element whereas other sources will affect both elements simultaneously
and be cancelled. The radiation source must pass across the sensor in a horizontal
direction when sensor pins 1 and 2 are on a horizontal plane so that the elements are
8

sequentially exposed to the IR source. A focusing device is usually used in front of the
sensor.

Fresnel Lens
A Fresnel lens (pronounced Frennel) is a Plano Convex lens that has been collapsed
on itself to form a flat lens that retains its optical characteristics but is much smaller in
thickness and therefore has less absorption losses.

Our FL65 Fresnel lens is made of an infrared transmitting material that has an IR
transmission range of 8 to 14um which is most sensitive to human body radiation. It is
designed to have its grooves facing the IR sensing element so that a smooth surface is
presented to the subject side of the lens which is usually the outside of an enclosure
that houses the sensor.
The lens element is round with a diameter of 1 inch and has a flange that is 1.5 inches
square. This flange is used for mounting the lens in a suitable frame or enclosure.
Mounting can best and most easily be done with strips of Scotch tape. Silicone rubber
can also be used if it overlaps the edges to form a captive mount.

The FL65 has a focal length of 0.65 inches from the lens to the sensing element. It has
been determined by experiment to have a field of view of approximately 10 degrees
when used with a PIR325 Pyroelectric sensor.

10

CHAPTER 2

11

SOFTWARE &
HARDWARE
REQUIREMENT

12

Software:
DipTrace:
It is EDA software for creating schematic diagrams and printed circuit boards. The
first version of DipTrace was released in August, 2004. The latest version as of
September 2011 is DipTrace version 2.2. Interface has been translated to many
languages and new language can be added by user. There are tutorials in English,
Czech, Russian and Turkish. In January of 2011, Parallax switched from Eagle to
DipTrace for developing its printed circuit boards
WINDOWS-XP
Hardware requirements:
PIR sensor
DIODE(1N4007)
RELAY(12 V)
TRANSISTOR (2N2219)
TRANSFORMER(12 V)
CAPACITOR(100F,1000F)
VOLTAGE REGULATOR(7805,7812)
TRIACS (BT-136)
PCB

13

CHAPTER 3

14

LITERATURE
SURVEY

15

HISTORY
Smart Lighting Technology
Since the first caveman learned to control fire, humans have shaped and used light
in a constantly expanding array of technologies. Yet lighting smart lighting
could do much more, according to E. Fred Schubert, Wellfleet Senior
Distinguished Professor of the Future Chips Constellation at Rensselaer.
What is Smart-Lighting? Smart Lighting is a lighting technology designed for
energy efficiency. May include high efficiency fixtures, day lighting and automatic
controls that make adjustments based on conditions such as occupancy.
Current statistics reveal that 65 percent of energy consumed in the US is by the
commercial and industrial markets and 22% of this energy is being utilized for
lighting alone. We can see that lighting energy takes up a lot of energy and even 1
percent of saving on that part will matter a lot in energy efficiency.
Lighting is the deliberate application of light to achieve some aesthetic or practical
effect.[ It includes task lighting, accent lighting and general lighting.
For a long time, people only focus on how to make the lighting source be brighter.
When time goes on, the energy consumed by lighting is growing to be bigger and
bigger. As a result, to make the use of lighting more efficient is the main topic.
People are trying to use the smart control and more energy-efficient lighting source
to achieve their goal. This is the origin of Smart Lighting Technology.
Energy Consumption
Usually lighting consumes a lot of electrical energy every day all around the world.
According to the statistics, 20 to 50 percent of total energy consumed in homes and
offices are used for lighting. What is surprising to us is that over 90 percent of the
lighting energy expense used for some of the buildings is unnecessary due to the
over-illumination.The cost of lighting can be very realistic. For a single 100 W
light bulb, it will cost over $50 if it is used for 12 hours per day (0.12/kWh). As a
result, lighting can take a large part of the energy consumption, especially for large
buildings.
16

Minimizing Energy Usage

There are several approaches we can use to minimize energy usage, at least for
lighting:
1. Specification of illumination requirements for each given use area.
2. Analysis of lighting quality to ensure that adverse components of lighting
(for example, glare or incorrect color spectrum) are not biasing the design.
3. Integration of space planning and interior architecture (including choice of
interior surfaces and room geometries) to lighting design.
4. Design of time of day use that does not expend unnecessary energy.
5. Selection of fixture and lamp types that reflect best available technology for
energy conservation.
6. Training of building occupants to use lighting equipment in most efficient
manner.
7. Maintenance of lighting systems to minimize energy wastage.
8. Use of natural light - some big box stores are being built (ca 2006 on) with
numerous plastic bubble skylights, in many cases completely obviating the
need for interior artificial lighting for many hours of the day.
9. Load shedding can help reduce the power requested by individuals to the
main power supply. Load shedding can be done on an individual level, at a
building level, or even at a regional level.
Potential Improvement for Lighting
New photonic crystal light emitters will be 10 to 30 times more efficient than light
bulbs, says Shawn-Yu Lin, Future Chips Constellation Professor and professor of
physics. They will have a huge impact on worldwide energy consumption and the
environment. It will be possible to change their color and their intensity
independently, so that a homeowner can easily adjust both to match the time of
day, the current use of the area, or the mood of the occupants.

17

CHAPTER 4

18

HARDWARE/
SOFT-WARE
REQUIREMENT
ANALYSIS

19

SOFTWARE DESIGN
*DipTrace
It is EDA software for creating schematic diagrams and printed circuit boards. The
first version of DipTrace was released in August, 2004. The latest version as of
September 2011 is DipTrace version 2.2. Interface has been translated to many
languages and new language can be added by user. There are tutorials in English,
Czech, Russian and Turkish. In January of 2011, Parallax switched from Eagle to
DipTrace for developing its printed circuit boards.
Modules
Schematic Design Editor
PCB Layout Editor
Component Editor
Pattern Editor
Shape-Based Autorouter
3D PCB Preview
Freeware and Hobbyist versions
A version of DipTrace is freely available with all the functionality of the full
package except that it is limited to 300 pins (commercial use) or 500 pins (noncommercial use) and 2 signal layers. Power and ground plane layers do not count
as signal layers, so the free versions can create 4-layer boards with full power and
ground planes

20

Hardware Design:
PIR (passive infrared) sensor
Here is a system based on PIR motion detector module BS1600 (or BS1700) that
can be used for security or corridor lighting in power-saving mode. The 12V DC
power supply required for the motion detector and the relay driver is derived from
230V, 50Hz mains using a transformer less circuit as shown in Fig. 1.2

DIODE(1N4007)
A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit
configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input.
When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating
current (AC) input into direct current a (DC) output, it is known as a bridge
rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC
input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire
input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.

21

 RELAY(12 V)
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are
also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power
signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits),
or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were
used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one
circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

TRANSISTOR (2N2219)
An NPN transistor can be considered as two diodes with a shared anode. In typical
operation, the base-emitter junction is forward biased and the basecollector
22

junction is reverse biased. In an NPN transistor, for example, when a positive

voltage is applied to the baseemitter junction, the equilibrium between thermally
generated carriers and the repelling electric field of the depletion region becomes
unbalanced, allowing thermally excited electrons to inject into the base region.
These electrons wander (or "diffuse") through the base from the region
of high
concentration near the emitter towards the region of low
concentration near the collector. The electrons in the base are
called
minority carriers because the base is doped p-type which would
make
holes the majority carrier in the base.

TRANSFORMER(12 V)
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. A varying current
in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's
core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This
varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or "voltage",
in the secondary winding. This effect is called inductive coupling.
If a load is connected to the secondary, current will flow in the secondary winding,
and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the
transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the
secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp) and is given by
the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the
primary (Np) as follows:

23

 CAPACITOR(100F,1000F)
A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical
capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated
by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal
foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as
parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static
electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on
one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the
electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value,
capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each
conductor to the potential difference between them.

24

 VOLTAGE REGULATOR(7805,7812)
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design
or may include negative feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical
mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to
regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies
where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In
automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage
regulators control the output of the plant. In an electric power distribution system,
voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that
all customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is drawn
from the line.

25

 TRIACS (BT-136)
TRIAC, from Triode for Alternating Current, is a genericized trade name for an
electronic component that can conduct current in either direction when it is
triggered (turned on), and is formally called a bidirectional triode thyristor or
bilateral triode thyristor.
TRIACs belong to the thyristor family and are closely related to Siliconcontrolled rectifiers (SCR). However, unlike SCRs, which are unidirectional
devices (i.e. can conduct current only in one direction), TRIACs are
bidirectional and so current can flow through them in either direction.
Another difference from SCRs is that TRIACs can be triggered by either
a positive or a negative current applied to its gate electrode, whereas SCRs
can be triggered only by currents going into the gate. In order to create a
triggering current, a positive or negative voltage has to be applied to the gate
with respect to the A1 terminal (otherwise known as MT1).
Once triggered, the device continues to conduct until the current drops below a
certain threshold, called the holding current

26

CHAPTER 5

27

HARDWARE &
SOFTWARE DESIGN

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

28

PCB- LAYOUT

29

CHAPTER 6

30

COMPONENT LIST

TABLE 7.1

S. No.

Component Type

Reference Number

1.

IC555

IC555

2.

Resistor

R1

3.

Resistor

R2

4.

Resistor

R3

5.

Resistor

R4

6.

Resistor

R5

7.

Variable Resistor

VR1

8.

Capacitor

C1

9.

Capacitor

C2

31