UNIVERSIDAD SAN IGNACIO DE LOYOLA

FACULTAD DE INGENIERA Y ARQUITECTURA

Curso:
TECNOLOGA DEL CONCRETO I
bloque:
FC-SMVINGICV05A1T
Tema:
DESIGN OF CONCRETE
Profesor:
SOTOMAYOR CRUZ, CRISTIAN DANIEL

Elaborado por:

CAMPOS LUPUCHE, GERALDINE GLADYS

DONGO GONZALES, MERLY ROSARIO
LAURA CASTILLO, CARLOS HENRY
PACHECO GOMEZ, FRANDIO
PAJUELO BEDON, GEREMIAS MARCOS
PEREZ HERRERA, OLIVER
PUMACAHUA MAMANI, OSVEL RAUL

Lima-Per
2015

Introduction
Concrete is the building material most widely used today. However, although the
final quality depends very significantly both a deep knowledge of the material and
the professional quality engineer, general concrete is largely unknown in many
aspects (nature, material, properties, the ratios selection , process put in work ,
quality control and inspection, and treatment of structural elements).
That is why the process of determining the required characteristics of concrete
and that can be specified is very important to get a concrete that meets all the
necessary qualities.
Las caractersticas del diseo de mezcla de concreto pueden influir en
propiedades
del
concreto
fresco(Workability,Consistency
Slump
Loss,Segregation/Bleeding, Plastic Shrinkage,Time of Set,Temperature),
propiedades mecnicas del concreto endurecido(densidad, compacidad,
contraccin, compresin) y la inclusin, exclusin o lmites de ingredientes
especficos.
It is important to establish the rates at which must intervene the materials
integrant for concrete to meet the technical requirements on work, make the
theoretical calculation for dosage of materials is very important because of that
depends the characteristic of concrete ,and finally the designed concrete
should be prepared in the lab and make some corrections as needed to your
suitable employment in work.

Theoretical framework
Previous concepts
Concrete: a composite aggregates, water and additives in special cases it is
also the most common material used in construction.
Aggregates: they are inert materials mixed with cement to form concrete, are
classified into two fine aggregates (sand) and coarse aggregate (stone
crushed), according to ASTM specifications.
Water: It is the most important in the preparation of the mixture, which should
be used in appropriate amount material, and provides resistance workability in
hardened concrete, much or less; It is recommended if the mixture is dry,
instead of adding water drop additive.
Additive provides specific special features to improve their properties. .
Consistency of concrete: The test for consistency or slump also called "Slump
test" is used to characterize the behavior of concrete in fresh state, this test
developed by Duft Abrams, adopted in 1921 by the ASTM.
WORKABILITY

COMPACTION
METHOD

0''- 2''

little workable

powerful
vibration
compacted in
thin layers

slightly cohesive

3''- 4''

workable

slightly fluid

>5''

very workable

CONSISTENCY

ASPECT

DRY

loose and
cohesionless

PLASTIC
SOFT

SLUMP

Table 1..Types of mixtures according to their settlement

normal
vibration
slight
vibration and
vatillado

Particle size: evaluation of size, shape and texture of the aggregates, also
characterize it according to the requirements of the work. It also helps you get
the maximum nominal aggregate size and fineness modulus.

Specific gravity () is the relationship between weight and volume of the

material thereof.
Moisture content (W) moisture content within the aggregate, is expressed in
percentage.
Absorption (a): the amount of water you need to spend an aggregate dry
condition to the condition of saturated surface and is expressed in percentage.
Ratio water and cementIt: It is the main factor of concrete strength.

Design considerations for the mixture

The particular dosage is based on data obtained in the laboratory and the
information provided by the teacher, and the use of materials and tools for this
design, therefore the design of the mixture is taken into account:
Sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregate according to the data.

 Specific gravity of materials: cement, water and aggregate

Rates of absorption and aggregate moisture
Type and brand of cement, in this case Type I cement was used, brand
Sol
Mixing water requirements based on experience with the aggregates.
Relationship between strength and water-cement ratio for the possible
combinations of cement and aggregates.
Considerations of air content in this case was incorporated air content and
cement and other materials.
Slump test analysis
The method used for the mix design: It used method ratio water and
cement.

Keywords: mix design, concrete slump test, cement, aggregates, water and
additives.

Materials
Cement
coarse aggregate (crushed stone)
Fine aggregate (sand)
Water

 Superplasticizer admixture

ADMIXTURE

FINE AGGREGATE

PORTLAND
CEMENT

COARSE AGGREGATE

Instruments
Digital Scale
Retractable tape measure
Mason trowels
Abrams cone
Smooth steel rod tipped bullet 5/8 ''
Cylindrical mold
Plate
Rubber hammer
Mixer
Wheelbarrow
Sieving machine

MIXER

BUCKET

WHEELBARROW

DIGITAL BALANCE

WINCHA

RUBBER HAMMER

SMOOTH
STEEL BAR

PLAQUE

MASON
TROWELS

CONE ABRAMS

CYLINDRICAL MOLD
RUBBER
HAMMER
SIEVING MACHINE

CALCULATION OF THE MATERIALS TO MIX:

DATA

Fc=280 kg/cm2
slump = 6-7
huso 57
TMN= 1
Cement Type 1
Sand/stone =52/48
Aire incorporado = 4%

1. Calculating the weight and volume of water.

We calculate the weight of the water with the slump and maximum size

= 184 = 184
=

184
=
1000 /3

= 0,184 3

2. We calculate the water-cement ratio in the table below:

We proceed to interpolate:

300 280
0,45
=
300 250 0,45 0,52
= 0,478 = /

3. We calculate the weight and volume of cement.

184
=
= 384,94
/
0,478

384,94
= 0,1223
3150 /3

4. We calculate the weight and volume of the additive

= 0,01 = 0,01 384,94 = 3,8494

=

3,8494
=
= 0,003293
1170 /3

5. calculate the remaining volume (volume aggregates)

= 1 ( 0,003293 + 0,1223 + 0,184 3 + 0.043 )
= 0,65071 3

6. calculate weight and volume of the aggregates

+ = 0,65071 3

52
=
48

= 0,53 (0,650713 ) = 0,33843

= 0,33843 (2700/3 ) = 913,68
= 0,48 (0,650713 ) = 0,31233
= 0,31233 (2600/3 ) = 811,98

7. We calculate the absorption and moisture of the aggregates

absorption of the aggregate fine = 0,87
absorption of the aggregate coarse = 0,60

sand + tara (damp)

0,124 kg

sand + tara (dry)

0,123 kg

tara

0.014 kg

%H

(0,124-0,123)X100/0,123

% H sand

0,81

stone + tara (damp)

0,650kg

stone + tara (dry)

0,649 kg

tara

0.503 kg

%H

(0,650-0,649)X100/0,649

% H stone

0,15

8. correct weights of inputs by m3

VOLUMEN
m3/m3

INSUMOS PESOS KG

Water absorption kg

water moisture

WATER

184.0000

0.184

fixed weights kg
184-8.6288+12.8209=
188.1921

CEMENT

384.9400

0.122

384.9400

ADDITIVE

3.8494

0.00329

3.8494

AIR

0.0000

0.04

0.0000

STONE

811.9800

0.3123

811.98x0.60/100=4.8719

811.98x0.15/100=1.2180

811.98+1.2180=813.198

SAND

913.6800

0.3384

913.68x0.87/100=7.9490

913.68x0.81/100=7.4008

913.68+7.4008=921.0808

TOTAL

2298.4494

12.8209

8.6288

2311.2603

We work with 2% of 2311.2603 kg

INSUMOS

x2%

kg

WATER

188.1921x2%

3.763842

CEMENT

384.94x2%

7.6988

ADDITIVE

3.8494x2%

0.076988

AIR

STONE

813.198x2%

16.26396

SAND

921.0808x2%

18.421616

TOTAL

the slump was 7.80

46.225206

Materials
1. Water

2. Cement type I

3. Plasticizer additive

4. Coarse aggregate

5. fine aggregate

Experimental Procedure
1. Divide your materials in correct proportion according to the mixed design

2. Start the mixer.

3. Add about half the fine aggregate.

4. Carefully add all the cement with the mixer running. Try not to make a lot
of dust!
5. Mix until all the cement is blended in.
6. Add the rest of the coarse and fine aggregate.
7. Mix for a while.
8. Add enough water from the final quarter of the water to produce a
workable mix.
9. Mix for three minutes, followed by a three-minute rest, followed by a twominute final mixing.

10. Perform a slump test using the procedure given below. If results are
satisfactory.
Slump Tests
WORKABILITY is the relative ease or difficulty of placing and consolidating
concrete. When placed, all concrete should be as stiff as possible, yet
maintain a homogeneous, and void less mass. Too much stiffness, however,
makes it too difficult or impossible to work the concrete into the forms and
around reinforcing steel. On the other hand, too fluid a mixture is also
detrimental. The slump test is performed on newly mixed concrete. To perform
the test, you need a slump cone and a tamping rod. The slump cone (fig. 3.1),
12 in. in height, with a base opening 6 in. Both the top and bottom openings
are perpendicular to the vertical axis of the cone.

Cylindrical plastic molds are used to cast the concrete specimens. The molds
should be filled in three approximately equal layers. Each layer should be
ridded (poked with a bullet nosed steel rod) 25 times to eliminate unwanted
air bubbles. The top of the molds should be struck off with the rod and then
with a wooden float.
Once the specimens have been struck off, the outside of the molds should be
cleaned as well as the mixer and tools. Fresh concrete is a lot easier to clean
than when it has set. The cylinders should now be placed in the lab fog room
for curing. After 24 hours a member of your group must strip off the mold and
carefully mark your specimen with your group number. If the slump is less
than required, return the concrete to the mixer, add the remaining water, and
mix for one minute

NTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
Design data:
Specifically: fc = 280 kg / m2
Cement type: I
Slump: 6-7
Air content: 4%
% Sand-stone: 52-48
0.01% plasticizing additive
Time: 5-7
TMN: 1 "
Known data per m3:
Water volume: 0.184 m3
W / c ratio: 0.478
Cement Weight: 384.94
Cement volume: 0.122 m3
Additive Weight: 3.8494 kg
Additive Density: 1170 kg / m3
Additive Volume: 0.00329 m3
Remnant Volume: 0.65071
Volume of the sand: 0.3384 m3
Stone Volume: 0.3123 m3
Sand weight: 913.68 kg
Stone Weight: 811.98 kg
Obtained data (Worked with 2% of design m3)
Water: 3.763842 kg
Cement: 7.6988 kg
Additives: 0.077 kg
Air: 0 kg
Stone: 16,264 kg
Arena: 18.4216 kg
W / c ratio: 0.478
Fine aggregate Humidity%: 0.81%
Absorption% fine aggregate: 0.37
After making the necessary calculations and the desired results you have to:
When testing the cone of Abram, the Slump was 7.8 in. this means that the
mixture is workable but, while being less dense concrete tends to be less
resistant. Furthermore, this test allows us to determine if the mixture is
complying with the design of concrete required or desired.
As the moisture content is greater absorption, this means that the excess water
is added and is providing water to the mixture, so that water has to be
subtracted to the mixture. Knowing the water content of aggregates is important
in designing mixtures to adjust the amount of water to be added or removed
water to the mixture.
Readjustment moisture which is conducted into the arena because it presented
a humidity of 0.81% and was 0.37 absorption. In doing all this procedure
corrected data are: cement weight 7.6988 kg / m3, water weight was 3.5958 kg,
for sand weight was 18.4216 kg, for stone weight was 16,264 kg and finally
weight 0.077 kg additive.
The water cement ratio is a function that asks us to design (resistance to
compression) that is the most important mechanical property of concrete.

The settlement is considered in some methods as input data, while another is

selected from a table, based on the structural member such that the next
intended design mixture.
The concrete must support those exposures that may deprive it of its ability to
service such as freezing and thawing, repeated cycles of wetting and drying,
heating and cooling, due to these factors is incorporated air.
Mix concrete of fc = 280kg / cm2 meets design.
is added to the concrete 0,030 gk of additive and 300 ml of water.

CONCLUSION
He designed for a resistance of 280 kg/m2 the following factors were born in
mind:
a. THE RELATION WATERS DOWN I CEMENT: that is the principal factor that
influences the resistance of the concrete one. The relation a/c affects the
resistance to the compression of the concrete one with or without air
incorporated in our case it was with built-in air
b. THE CEMENT CONTENT: the resistance diminishes as the cement quantity
stoops
c. THE TYPE OF CEMENT: in the test there was used the type of cement Io
that has a frequent use in the construction
d. THE CONDITIONS OF TREATED: provided that the relations of cement
hydration only happen with the presence of a suitable quantity of water, it is
necessary to to support the dampness in the concrete one during the period of
treated.
e. HUSO 57: maximum nominal size 1 "
In the test of accession of the concrete one was observed a decrease of 7pulg.
And a severe partial back down of the concrete one (it indicates that the
quantity d thin and thick attach they have similar proportion)
The quality of the attachs (the gradation) has a direct influence in the
resistance of the concrete one.
The maximum size of the thick attach influences the resistance of the
concrete one.
The determinations of the free unit weights are important since with these
values they are with which one is employed at work.
The morphology of the attachs influences in the properties of the concrete one
in fresh and hard condition, with a major influence in the workability that in the
mechanical properties. It is for it that must bear in mind the quality and origin of
the attach supporting it with a certain quantity of temperature and dampness.
The thick attach was containing harmful particles as organic matters.
The water used for the mixture was a drinkable water.
To the equal one the sand was containing organic substances for the concrete
one.