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A mi crogrid, as defined by the Consorti um for Electri c Reliability Technology Solutions
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(CERTS), is an “a ggrega te of l oads and mi cro resources opera ted as a single s ys tem providing
hea t a nd power and presented as a single controlled uni t to the overall gri d.” This ra ther
formal defi nition hides the fact tha t microgrids will be a crucial component in the trend
towa rd dis tributed electri ci ty genera tion tha t is so central to the Smart Grid concept.
The tradi tional grid is based on centrali zed genera tion wi th genera ting uni ts from 10 MW to
GW‐s cale capa ci ty in one loca tion (or a few loca tions) and distri bution through high‐volta ge
(grea ter than 69 kV) distribution s ys tems. By contras t, dis tributed genera tion consists of
smaller genera ting resources (less than 10 MW down to < 10 kW) using medium‐volta ge
(between 1K a nd 69K) and low volta ge (< 1K vol t) distri bution s ys tems .
Not all distributed genera ting resources are microgrids . Many a re genera tion resources onl y
and never act as loads on the grid. But all microgrids are dis tributed resources ; they a re
a tta ched to the medium/low vol tage dis tribution network and a ct both as genera ting
resources and loads .
• As part of a la rger grid, the mi crogrid can “island” i tself when the grid becomes
unstable, dra w current from the grid when grid power is less expensi ve and provide
power to the grid when it’s economi cal to sell i ts power to the gri d.
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feeds tock effi ciencies (hea t plus electri ci ty) of greater than 60 percent ha ve been
realized i n tes t settings , whi ch is fa r more effi cient than the approxima tel y 30 percent
effi ciency of centralized genera tion wi th up to 10 percent loss of the genera ted
electri ci ty in the distri bution network.
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The appea rance of low‐cos t computing, sensors and wi reless communica tions networks over
the last ten to fifteen yea rs is the key enabler tha t makes mi crogrids such an attra cti ve means
to i ncrease grid ca pa city and functionali ty. This new technology we believe is putting
mi crogrids on a pa th to become “plug‐and‐pla y” elements of the gri d wi thin the next few
yea rs . Control of local mi crogrids wi th low‐cost wi reless sensors and communi ca tions as well
as the incorpora tion of local s tora ge provides the means for high reliability/high quality power
solutions that s urpass the reliability of the best centralized genera tion and ca n approach
those of UPS solutions .
This high reliability is due to both the compa ct size and the local na ture of microgrid
dis tribution networks, cl ose proxi mity between source and load and the inclusion of electri cal
s tora ge to serve both as a source to level loads and pea k sha ve, but also as a means to smooth
any transient ins tability i n the mi crogrid. These new lower cost electroni cs also allow
“intelligent islanding” of the mi crogrid to disengage when power quality is low or pri ces a re
hi gh, and to reengage when the “ma crogri d” pri ce is low.
As a resul t of all this, Na noMa rkets/Sma rt Grid Anal ysis believes tha t mi crogrids present major
opportuni ties throughout the worl d, but these opportuni ties also seem to va ry by geography.
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By movi ng to a microgri d deployment s tra tegy wi th local genera ting a nd dis tribution
resources that can island themsel ves seamlessl y from the grea ter grid, the reliability ca n be
increased from 3‐ to 4‐nines (1–9 hrs /outa ge per yea r) to 6‐ to 7‐nines (3 to 30 seconds /yea r).
Wi th the addi tion of electri cal s tora ge, whi ch is an essential component of most mi crogrids ,
the reliability for the mos t cri ti cal appli cati ons can be increased further, to up to 9‐nines (30
ms /yea r).
Currentl y, eleven European countries a re opera ting mi crogrid projects . But Denma rk is the
leader i n dis tributed genera tion. The best known of the true mi crogrid demons tra tions in
Denma rk is the Bornholm Island microgrid. It serves 28,000 cus tomers, provides over 55 MW
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Island Microgrids
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A s maller but high‐growth applica tion of mi crogri ds is in true “island” grids , whi ch ei ther do
not connect or a re designed for sustained peri ods of independent servi ce. Thus , the U.S.
mili ta ry and many remote industrial and residential a reas a re relati vel y small ma rkets , but
mi crogrid growth in these a reas is projected to be brisk over the next eight yea rs .
• Ca mpus applica tions (hospi tals, educa tional, governmental), whi ch ca n use both the
electri ci ty and hea t of CHP‐based mi crogri ds
• Premium power appli ca tions such as hi gh‐quality indus trial power pa rks , data centers
and certain ga ted communi ty applica tions
Mi crogrids i n emerging regions seem to be the mos t economical method a vailable for
implementing rural electri fi ca tion.
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