Descriptives Box

Take a look at this box. You can see each condition name in left most column. If you
have given your conditions meaningful names, you should know exactly which
conditions these names represent. You can find out the number of participants, the
mean and standard deviation for each condition by reading across each of the three
condition rows. You can also see things like the minimum and maximum value in each
condition, as well as confidence intervals and standard error.

Example

In this Descriptive Statistics box, the mean for the sugar condition is 4.20. The mean the
mean for the a little sugar condition is 3.60 and the mean for the no sugar condition is
2.20. The standard deviation for the sugar condition is 1.30, the standard deviation for
the a little sugar condition is 0.89 and the standard deviation for the no sugar condition
is 0.84 (when rounded). The number of participants in each condition (N) is 5.

Compare the Means

We use ANOVA to determine if the means are statistically different. But you dont have
to use ANOVA to find out some basic information about mean differences. Compare
your means. Which one is the highest? Which is the lowest? If you were to find
significant differences with your ANOVA, what do these directional differences in the
means say about your results? In this example, the mean for the sugar condition is 4.2
words whereas the mean for the no sugar condition is 2.2 words remembered. The
mean for the A little Sugar Condition, 3.6, falls in between these two. So just eyeballing
it, we can see that there are more words remembered in the Sugar condition. We need
our ANOVA to determine if the differences between condition means are significant. We
need ANOVA to make a conclusion about whether the IV (sugar amount) had an effect
on the DV (number of words remembered). But looking at the means can give us a
head start in interpretation.

ANOVA Box

This is the next box you will look at. It shows the results of the 1 Way Between Subjects
ANOVA that you conducted. Take a loot at the Sig. value in the last column.

Sig value

This value will help you determine if your condition means were relatively the same or if
they were significantly different from one another. Put differently, this value will help you
determine if your IV had an effect. In this example, the Sig. value is 0.027.

If the Sig value is greater than 05

You can conclude that there is no statistically significant difference between your three
conditions. You can conclude that the differences between condition Means are likely
due to chance and not likely due to the IV manipulation.

If the Sig value is less than or equal to .05

You can conclude that there is a statistically significant difference between your three
conditions. You can conclude that the differences between condition Means are not
likely due to change and are probably due to the IV manipulation.

Our example

The Sig. value in our example is 0.027. This value is less than .05. Because of this, we
can conclude that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean number
o words remembered for all of our conditions (sugar, a little sugar, no sugar).

The problem

The Sig value does not tell you which condition means are different. It could be that only
the sugar condition is significantly different than the no sugar condition in terms of
number of words remembered. It could be that only the a little sugar condition is
significantly different than the no sugar condition. It could be that all conditions are
significantly different from each other. The Sig value can tell us that there is a significant
difference between some of the conditions. It just cannot tell us which ones.

The solution

Researchers have solved this problem by conducting post hoc tests. These tests are
used when he have found statistical significance between conditions but when we dont
know where the significant differences are. These tests are not used when the results of
a 1-Way Between Subjects ANOVA are not significant because there is no need. But

when we do find a statistically significant result, when the Sig. value is less than .05, we
need to use these tests.

Types of tests to use

When you analyzed your data, you might remember being asked to click on the Post
Hoc button. This button brought up a Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons box with many
options to check. These options represented various post hoc tests. Most of these tests
have strange names (like Bonferroni and Scheffe) but thats just because they are
named after the people who invented them. You were asked to check two tests, Tukey
and Dunnetts T3. You really could have checked as many as you liked. The Tukey test
is popular so we will focus on that one. If you find a significant result with a 1-Way
Between Subjects ANOVA, and if your IV has 3 levels, you will need to use the results
of a post hoc test like the Tukey test to compare

Condition 1 and Condition 2

Condition 1 and Condition 3

Condition 2 and Condition 3

Our cxample

Because of the fact that we found a statistically significant result in our example, we
would want to look at the results of a post hoc test like Tukey. This will help us find out
which of our conditions were significantly different from each other. We conduct post
hoc tests like the Tukey to compare each of the following conditions.

Sugar and No Sugar

A little Sugar and No Sugar

A little Sugar and Sugar

Multiple comparisons box

This is the place where you will look to find the results of your post hoc tests. In the first
column of this box, you will see your condition names. The condition names appear in
six rows. These rows show the comparisons of various conditions. On the left hand side
of every other row, you will see a single condition name. On the right hand side of each
row, you will see a condition name. The statistics that you see in the columns to the
right of the first column show you the comparison between the condition name on the
left and each of the condition names on the right.

Our example

In our example, the condition name Sugar appears in the first column on the left hand
side of the top row. The condition name A little sugar appears to the right of it. If we read
across this particular row, we will see statistics that compare Sugar and A little sugar
conditions. We can also see the name No Sugar in the first column on the right hand
side of the second row. If we read across this particular row, we see statistics that
compare Sugar and No Sugar conditions.

The Sig value

Take a look at the Sig value when reading across each row. The Sig. value will tell you
whether the two conditions that are being compared are significantly different. If the
conditions are significantly different, the Mean Difference value in the corresponding row
will also contain a star (*). There is more that one way to determine significance when
using this type of post hoc test.

If the Sig value is greater than 05

You can conclude that there is no statistically significant difference between the two
conditions that are being compared. You can conclude that the differences between
condition Means are likely due to chance and not likely due to the IV manipulation.

If the Sig value is less than or equal to .05

You can conclude that there is a statistically significant difference between the two
conditions being compared. You can conclude that the differences between condition
Means are not likely due to chance and are probably due to the IV manipulation.