Chapter1: Kinetic particle theory

All matters are made up of tiny particles (ions or molecules)

All the particles are in constant, random motion.
States of matter

Characteristics

Solid

Shape

Fixed

Volume
Compressibility

Fixed
Cannot be
compressed
Closely packed in
orderly manner.

Arrangement of
particles

Attractive force
between particles
Motion of particles

Energy of particles

Liquid

Gas

Not fixed.
Takes the shape of
the container.
Fixed
Cannot be
compressed
Arranged in
disorderly
manner.

Not fixed.
Takes shape of
container.
Not fixed
Can be compressed

Very strong forces

Strong forces

Very weak forces

Can only vibrate

about their fixed
positions.
Cannot move about
freely.
Lowest

Not held in fixed

positions.
Can move freely
throughout the
liquid.
Medium

Not held in fixed

positions.
Can move about
rapidly in any
direction.
Highest

Spread far apart

from each other.
Disorderly.

Change of states

Sublimation: Process by which a solid changs directly into a gas without

going through the liquid state. (because particles at the surface of liquid has
enough energy to overcome forces holding them together as a solid and
escape as gas)
o ADVANTAGE: do not leave any liquid (residue) behind when keeping
things cool
A physical change that involve loss or gain of energy (heat/kinetic) by the
particles.
Involves overcoming (breaking) / forming the forces of attraction and
changing distance between particles.
1. During melting, boiling, evaporation and sublimation,

Heat is taken in from surroundings to overcome attractive forces between

particles (____________________)
2. During freezing and condensation,
Heat is released to the surroundings attractive forces between particles are
formed. (_____________________)
Temperature
increase:
(1)Melting
solid to liquid
(eg. Ice to
water)

(2)Boiling
Liquid to gas
(eg. Water to
steam)

Melting point varies for different substances.

- Heat energy absorbed by particles, hence kinetic energy of
particles increase, causing the particles to move faster and
more violently.
- At melting point, temperature is high enough such that the
violent vibrations overcome the strong forces of attraction
between the particles which held them in their fixed positions.
- Particles now able to move freely throughout the liquid.
AT MELTING POINT,
Temperature remains constant (does not increase
further) as the heat energy is used to overcome the
forces of attraction holding the particles in their fixed
positions.
A mixture of solid and liquid at melting point.

Temperature
decrease:
(3)Freezing
liquid to solid
(eg. Water to
ice)
(4)Condensat
ion

Freezing point varies for different substances.

- Heat energy is given out by the particles as they lose kinetic
energy and begin to move slower.
- At freezing point, particles no longer have enough energy to
move freely as particles are attracted to each other more
closely, forming forces of attractions.
- Particles now can only vibrate about fixed positions.
AT FREEZING POINT,
Temperature remains constant (does not decrease
further) as heat energy is released as stronger forces of
attraction between particles are formed.
A mixture of solid and liquid at freezing point.

Gas to liquid
(eg. Water
vapour to
water droplets)

Why do
different
substances
have different
melting or
boiling points?

The strength of the attractive forces of attraction between

particles are different.
strongermore heat energy requiredhigher
melting/boiling point
Every pure substance has a fixed melting and boiling point.
Presence of impurities will result in the substance to melt/boil
over a range of temperatures.

Comparing boiling and evaporation:

Similarities:
Both involve the change in state from liquid to gas.
Both involve absorbing of heat energy.
Both involve overcoming of forces of attraction between particles.
Differences:

Boiling:
Occurs only at boiling point
Occurs throughout the liquid
Occurs rapidly

Evaporation:
Occurs at any temperature lower
than boiling point
Occurs only at liquid surface
Occurs slowly

*volatile liquids = liquids that can easily evaporate at room temperature. (lower
boiling point)
Eg. Alcohol, ammonia (NH3), chloroform.

Diffusion (on the basis of particles being in constant motion)

Movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region

of lower concentration
-

Gases with lower molecular masses diffuse faster than those with higher molecular
mass
(ie. Lighter=faster)
Higher temperature = higher rate of diffusion (as particles gain more energy)
Rate of difffusion in liquid << rate of diffusion in gas

What are conditions for fast rate of diffusion?

Higher temperature
Gas
Low molecular mass

QUICK CHECK:
Gases do not have mass.
A solid is made up of tiny particles that do not move.
A gas can be compressed because there are large spaces between
the particles.
When a solid melts, intermolecular forces of attraction are broken.
The spreading of perfume across the room proves that particles of
gases are constantly moving.
The higher the moelcular mass of a gas, the higher the rate of
diffusion.
The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of diffusion.
Answer:
F,F,T,T,T,F,T

True / False
True / False
True / False
True / False
True / False
True / False
True / False