DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

EC2351 MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

UNIT- I BASIC MEASUREMENT CONCEPTS
PART-A
1. Mention the significance of measurements.
2. List the various dynamic characteristics of a measurement system.
3. Compare Moving coil with Moving iron instruments.
4. Define the term accuracy & precision.
5. What is the exact difference between accuracy & precision?
6. Define term error?
7. What are the different calibration methodologies
8. What is calibration?
9. Which are the standard inputs used to obtain the dynamic behavior of an instrument.
10. What are the classifications of errors in measurement?
11. What are the two basic factors in specifying the dynamic performance of an
instrumentation system?
12. Mention the different types of standards in measurement.
13. Differentiate zero drift & span drift.
14. What are the sources of errors in D.C. voltage measurement?
15. Compare attraction & repulsion type instruments.
16. Write the two conditions to be satisfied to make an A.C. bridge balance.
17. List any four advantages of bridge circuit.
18. Write four applications of A.C. bridges.
19. .List the possible causes of errors in moving iron instruments.
20. What is the null deflection principle?

PART-B
1. (i)Discuss different types of errors in measurement.(10)
(ii)A 0.1mA ammeter has 100 divisions which can easily be used to the nearest division.What is
the resolution of the meter?(6)
2. (i)Draw the schematic diagram of a bridge which is used for measuring the high Q coils and
derive the balance condition (10)
(ii) The ac bridge is in balance with the following constants:arm AB,R=450ohm;arm
BC,R=300ohmin series with o=0.265mF;arm CD,unknown;arm DA,R=200ohm in series
with L=15.9mH.The oscillator frequency is 1 KHz.Find the constants of arm CD.(6)
3. Explain in detail about the various statistical measurement analysis techniques.(16)
4. (i)How to convert the PMMC meter into a voltmeter and ammeter?
(8) (ii)Explain the types of error with an example.(8)
5. Explain how inductance is measured in terms of known capacitance using Maxwell Bridge.
6. Explain the method of measuring the insulating property of a capacitor by relevant
bridge circuit.(Schering bridge)
7. With a neat diagram & phasor explain Anderson Bridge. Derive suitable expression. What are
its advantages & disadvantages?
8. (i) What are the different types of errors in measurement? Explain. (8)
(ii) How do you measure the unknown inductance using Hay Bridge? (8)
9. (i) What is the need for standards of measurements? How they are classified? Explain
(ii) How the unknown frequency is measured using Wein bridge method?
10. (i)Enumerate the main static characteristics of measuring instruments and explain.
(ii)A circuit was turned for resonance by eight different students and the values of resonant
frequency in KHz was recorded 532,548,543,535,510,531,532,536.Calculate the arithmetic,
mean, average deviation and variance.

UNIT- II

BASIC ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS

PART-A

1. What is an electronic voltmeter?

2. What are the main parts of CRT?
3. Define deflection sensitivity of CRO.
4. What is fluorescence?
5. What is the principle of dual beam oscilloscope?
6. What is a sampling oscilloscope?
7. What is the working principle of sampling oscilloscope?
8. What is difference between digital & analog oscilloscopes?
9. Give the characteristics of probes used in CRO.
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10. What is vector voltmeter?

11. Define Q factor of coil.
12. What is the function delay line?
13. What is hold off time?
14. State the applications of CRO.
15. What is true RMS meter?
16. Define virtual instrumentation.
17. Draw the internal structure of CRT and list its functions.
18. What are the two significant problems with diodes when used for RF rectification?
19. Define computation.
20. What are the different types of software?
PART-B
1. Explain the working of electronic multimeter with necessary diagrams.
2. With a neat diagram explain the various parts of CRO.
3. With a beat block diagram, explain the working of vector voltmeter.
4. Explain the working of a Q meter with neat circuit diagram. List the applications of Q meter.
5. With a beat block diagram, explain the function of a general purpose oscilloscope.
6. Write brief notes on (i) storage oscilloscope (ii) power measurement (iii) True RMS meter.
7. Briefly explain the operations of delay time base oscilloscopes with neat diagram.
8. (i)Sketch the basic block diagram of a sampling oscilloscope. Sketch the waveforms through out
the system and explain its operation.(10)
(ii) Discuss about the blocks used and functions of digital storage oscilloscope.(6)
9. (i)Discuss the measurement of DC and AC voltages and currents using an Electronic
Multimeter. (ii)Draw the block diagram of True RMS reading voltmeter andexplain its
operation.
10. (i)Explain the vector impedance meter with a neat block diagram.(8)
(ii)How to measure the RF voltage and power using RF millivoltmeter? (8)

UNIT III

SIGNAL GENERATORS AND

ANALYZERS PART A

1. What is Barkhausen Criteria for sustained oscillation?

2. Draw the block diagram of spectrum analyzer.
3. How do you measure the resistance values in digital RLC meters?

4. What is meant by network analyzer?

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Write short notes on wave analyzer.

Give the importance of L,C and R measurements.
What is wave analyzer?
What is the use of attenuator in sine wave generator
In a sweep frequency generator ,two oscillators one with frequency range of 3GHz to 5GHz is
hetrodyned with a second oscillator having a fixed frequency output of 3GHz how the output
of frequency varies?
10. What is intermodulation distortion?
11. Compute the value of Self Capacitance of a coil When the following measurements are made:
at frequency f1 = 2MHz the tuning Capacitor is set as 450 pF. When the frequency is increased
to
5MHz, the tuning capacitor is turned at 60pF.
12. Why we need to Use Digital RLC Meters?
13. Briefly Explain About Frequency Synthesizer.
14. A signal has a fundamental component with a rms value of 5 volt,second,third and fourth
harmonics have rms values of 1,0.5 and 0.3 volts.Find the harmonic distortion.
15. List the application of the wave analyzer.
16. How are signal generators classified?
17. How is voltage converted to frequency in V/F Conversion.
18. Give the function of attenuator in signal generator.
19. What are the drawbacks of tuned circuit analyzers?
20. What do you mean by heterodyne principle ?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.

9.

P ART B
(i) Explain how function generator generates sine wave, triangular wave and square wave.
(8) (ii) Draw the block diagram of sweep-frequency generator and explain.(8)
(i) What is wave analyzer? How it analyzes the harmonics? Explain.
(8) (ii) Explain the vector network analyzer and list its application. (8)
Explain the operations of RF signal &sweep generators.(16)
Explain with neat diagram the working of the following
(i)
Spectrum Analyzer (8)
(ii)
Frequency Synthesizer (8)
Explain in detail about frequency synthesizer and harmonic distortion analyzer. (16)
Draw the block diagram of pulse wave generator and explain.(16)
i) Draw the block diagram of the frequency divider type of signal generator with
frequency modulation & explain.(8)
ii) What are the basic element of function generator?Explain how to generate square wave
,triangular wave, and sine wave using function generator.(8)
i) Explain the working of frequency selective wave analyzer with neat block diagram?(8)
ii)How the fundamental frequency is suppressed using fundamental
suppression distortion analyzer?
(i) A circuit having an effective capacitance of 160pF is tuned to a frequency of 1.2 MHz in this

circuit the current falls 70.7% of its resonant value when the frequency of an emf of constant

magnu=itute injected in series with the circuit deviates from the resonant frequency by
6KHz calculate the Q factor and effective tresistance by 6KHz. (8)
(ii) Bring out the difference between a pulse and a square wave resonator.Draw the block diagram
of a typical general purpose pulse generator and explain its working. (8)
10. (i)With the help of a block schematic explain the working of a digital LCR meter.Bring out its
salient features and mention its advantages. (8)
(ii)Discuss in detail about the fundamental suppression type distortion analyzer for determining
the harmonics present in a signal.(8)
UNIT IV DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS
P ART B
1. What are the advantages of digital instruments over analog instruments?
2. What are the different types of Digital Voltmeter?
3. Define automatic ranging.
4. Write a short note on digital voltmeter.
5. List any two advantages of DVM?
6. What are the components required for a computer operated test system?
7. Why Schmitt trigger is used in digital frequency meter?
8. Draw the block diagram of integrating type DVM.
9. What is a virtual instrumentation?
10. What are the disadvantages of digital instruments?
11. Explain how prescaler can be used to extend the range of frequency counter.
12. What are the problems that are associated with the measurement of pulsed signals?
13. How much loss will be experienced if a fiber of Numerical aperture of 0.3 is
the source for a fiber with a numerical aperture of 0.242?.
14. What is the principles of ramp type DVM?
15. What is the important of gate time in frequency counter?
16. What are the essential parts of the ramp type DVM?
17. Write briefly on serial interfacing.
18. List different instruments used as signal analyzers.
19. What are the essential parts of a ramp-type Digital voltmeter??
20. Why is period mode preferred for measurement of very low frequency in
a frequency counter?
PART B
1. (i) How computer controlled measurement system is used for testing radio receiver? (8)
(ii) What is virtual instrument? List the advantages of virtual instrument over
conventional instrument (8)
2. (i) With necessary diagrams explain Ramp type digital voltmeter. (8)
(ii) Draw the block diagram of digital frequency meter and explain.
(8)

3. (i)Discuss in detail about the various blocks used in a digital frequency counter explaining about
the functions performed by each block(6)
(ii)What are the characteristic features of DVMs? Bring out the advantages of DVMs.Discuss
about the working of Ramp type DVM.(10)
4. (i)Discuss in detail about automation in digital instruments bringing out the salient features and its
advantages.(8)
(ii)Bring out the significance of computer test systems explaining with an application.(8)
5. Discuss in detail about the computer controlled fully automatic digital instruments with
test systems.(16)
6. (i) Enumerate the measurement system of frequency and time intervals in a particular range
of signal.(8)
(ii)Discuss in detail about the digital multimeter.(8)
7. Explain the following
(i)
Frequency counters(8)
(ii)
Period measurement(8)
8. Explain how dual slope A/D converter is used for DVM (16)
9. (i) Draw the block diagram of a multiplexed display used in a frequency counter and explain.
(16) (ii)Explain how to extend the frequency range of the counter.(8)
10. (i) How to make automatic polarity indication and automatic ranging in a digital instrument?
(8) (ii)Explain the need for virtual instrument with an example.(8)
UNIT V DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS AND FIBER OPTIC
MEASUREMENT PART A
1. Draw the block diagram of Digital Data Acquisition System.
2. What are the key features of fully automatic digital instruments?
3. List out the drawbacks of reflectometer.
4. Define the term transducer.
5. What are data loggers?
6. What is the velocity of light in a glass with an index of refraction of 1.38?
7. List the elements of Data Acquisition System.
8. What Is Meant By Transducers ?
9. Bring out the significance of IEEE 488 bus standard.
10. What is meant by reflectometer?
11. How do you measure the power loss in a fiber optic measurement system?
12. List any four important features of instrumentation amplifier?
13. What are the requirement of an automatic test system?
14. What are the three basic requirements for a computer operated teat system?
15. What is meant by IEEE 488 standard and GPIB?
16. Mention the single line message for interface function in IEEE488 bus system.
17. Write any two instruments used in computer controlled instrumentation

18. What is the drawback of using partially mechanical relays in computer operated test system and
how are they overcome?
19. List the benefits of computer based system.
20. What is the dynamic range of a spectrum analyzer with the third order intercept point of +25dbm
and noise level of -85dbm
PART B
1. (i) What are the factors to be considered while interfacing transducers to electronic control
and measuring systems? (8)
(ii) Draw the block schematic representation of the IEEE 488 instrumentation bus and explain. (8)
2. (i) Explain the optical time domain reflectometer with a neat diagram.
(8) (ii) Write a detailed note on data loggers. (8)
3. (i)What is a data acquisition system? What is its use? Draw the block diagram of a generalized
data acquisition system and discuss about the function of each element.(10)
(ii)Write short notes on:Interfacing of transducers and multiplexing.(6)
4. Write short notes on
(i)
IEEE 488 bus(6)
(ii)
Fiber optic measurments (5)
(iii)
Optical time domain reflectometer(5)
5. With the neat diagram explain the working of IEEE 488 bus operations and characteristics(16)
6. Draw and explain the block diagram of analog and digital data acquisition system(16)
7. Discuss about the fiber optic transmission (16)
8. (i) Draw the schematic of an isolation amplifier and explain the need for isolation amplifier
an interfacing transducers.(8)
(ii)With neat diagrams explain the digital to analog multiplexing(8)
9. (i)Explain the IEEE 488 electrical interface system(8)
(ii)How to measure the power using optical instrument? Draw the autoranging power meter
and explain(8)
10. Explain with block diagram the automatic test system to analyses an audio amplifier
and radioreceiver.(16)