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In this paper, a case of study is proposed and results related to the stability of the WECS are obtained with and without
SVC.
Overview of SVC
SVC are sources of reactive power that provide active compensation, i.e., the reactive power they supply is adjusted to
maintain voltages of the buses to which they are connected [6]. Different types of SVC can be found in the literature, but
the main ones are thyristor-controlled reactors (TCR) and thyristor-switched capacitors (TSC). Fig. 2 shows a static var
system consisting of TCR, TSC, and its control system block diagram.
Q = C U 2
(1)
This expression means that SVC reactive power capacity is reduced quadratically with the voltage reduction.
Case of study
Fig. 4 shows the analyzed power network. It consists of a 800 MVA short circuit power network feeding three loads. A
wind farm is connected at the bus no. 5. The wind farm consists of two fixed speed wind turbines, rated at 2 MW and 690
V.
The case of study has been modeled in Simulink, by using SimPowerSystem toolbox. Fig. 5 shows the model of the
analyzed power network, and Fig. 6 shows the model of the wind farm. In this figure, the wind farm is connected to the
power grid through a 4 kV / 132 kV power transformer. Each wind turbine is connected to the medium voltage bus
through a 690 V / 4 kV power transformer, and a SVC is connected to the low voltage side of these power trasnsformers.
WIND FARM
3
1
Line
2 y 2bis
Line 1
Line
4 y 4bis
Scc=800 MVA
WT1 (2 MW 690 V)
Line
5 y 5bis
WT2 (2 MW 690 V)
132 kV
P = 10 MW
FP = 0.9
4
7
132 kV
Q = 12 MVAR
132 kV
P = 10 MW
FP = 0.9
132 kV
P = 10 MW
FP = 0.9
Ppe , Qs
Vs
Vpe
Vd
jx s
Ppe , Qc
jx d
Qsvs
S& s
S& pe
Fig. 7. Equivalent circuit for Xd calculation.
For this circuit the following equations can be written for voltages and powers:
r
r
r
Qs = Qc + Q xs + Q x d Qsvs
Vs = Vs s , Vpe = Vd d , Vpe = Vpe pe
Qs = Q c + I 2 ( x s + x d ) Qsvs
Q
S& s = Ppe + jQs = Ppe2 + Qs2 arctan s
P
pe
&S = P + j ( Q Q )
pe
pe
c
svs
Qsvs = Qs Q c I 2 ( x s + x d )
Ppe =
r
r r
r S& *pe
Vpe = Vs I j ( x s + x d ) = Vs r * j ( x s + x d )
Vpe
Vs Vpe
xs + xd
sin ( s pe )
Vs
Vs Vpe cos ( s pe )
xs + xd
With the aid of these equations is possible to calculate the size of the SVC to maintain voltage at 1 p.u. at the wind farm as
a function of the voltage drop for different generated powers (Fig. 8). The following data have been considered:
Qs =
SYSTEM BASES
Sb = 1 MVA
Vb = 690 V
zb =
0.692
= 0.4761
1
DATA
r
Vs = 10 = constant , Qc = 0.54 pu = constant , x s = 0.0043 pu = constant
Qsvs minimum the value of better x d is calculated maintaining Vpe = 1.0 pu
r
Vs = 10 Vs Vs 0% 50%
Pg1 = 0.5 MW , Pg2 = 1.0 MW , Pg3 = 1.5 MW
Pg
Pg 4 = 2.0 MW , Pg5 = 2.5 MW , Pg6 = 3.0 MW
Vpe = 1.0 pu
Vs = 1.0 - DV
Pg = -3.0 MW
Qsvc min
Pg = -2.5 MW
Pg = -2.0 MW
3
Pg = -1.5 MW
2
Pg = -1.0 MW
Pg = -0.5 MW
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
DV (sag voltage) %
1
0.9
Pg = -0.5 MW
Vpe = 1.0 pu
Vs = 1.0 - DV
0.8
0.7
Xd (PU)
0.6
Pg = -1.0 MW
0.5
0.4
Pg = -1.5 MW
0.3
Pg = -2.0 MW
0.2
Pg = -2.5 MW
Pg = -3.0 MW
0.1
0
Qsvc (MVAR)
Fig. 10, 11 and 12 show the transient response of the wind farm to a grid fault. Voltage of drop of 30% during 0.5 seconds
has been considered. Fig. 10 shows the voltages at the high voltage grid together with the voltage at the wind farm. The
contribution the SVCs to the voltage has been marked. Fig. 11 shows the SVC susceptance and voltage. During the fault
the maximum reactive capability is employed, resulting in a small voltage drop.
PU
Contibucin of the
SVC to the voltage
during the fault
System voltages
B of the SVC
Results for the case of DV =
30% and time of fault 0.5 s.
time
Fig. 12 shows the wind turbine generator rotational speed. The turbine accelerates during the fault, but recovers prefault
slip after the fault.
RPM
The benefits of SVC in wind farms have been investigated. Wind farms become disconnected during grid faults. This
situation is not allowable any more, due to the increasing wind power capacity in the power networks. The inclusion of
SVC in fixed speed wind turbine improves voltage stability and prevents the disconnection of this WECS technology.
Transient stability studies have been carried out, supporting this conclusion.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to express their acknowledgement to Agencia Espaola de Cooperacin Internacional for supporting the
this work, under P/03/P grant.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ministerio de Economa, Real Decreto 436/2004: Metodologa para la Actualizacin y Sistematizacin del
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Produccin en Rgimen Especial, 2004.
E-on Netz, Supplementary Grid Connection Regulations for Wind Energy Converters, 2001.
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