Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Chuenhou(Hao) Ouyang
(houyang@mx.nthu.edu.tw)
A411
Time:
W7W8Th7
Th8
English course
Presentations & Discussions
(Course Description)
The lecture schedule of Materials Science and Engineering I is every
week at W7W8Th7 sessions, and the Th8 session is flexible for lectures
and recitation classes.
The course content consists of the most fundamental aspects of
materials science; it provides you necessary prerequisite knowledge to
understand properties of various materials, including metals, ceramics,
polymers, composites, semiconductors, magnetic materials, optical
materials, and biomaterialsetc.
It is also an introduction course, which can lead you to various core
courses for further studies such as thermodynamics of materials,
diffusion and phase transformation, crystallographyetc. So I urge you
to pay the most attention in this class, since this course lays out the
foundation of your study in the field of materials science and
engineering for the following four years.
(Text Book)
:
William F. Smith and Javad Hashemi, "Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering," Fifth
SI Edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011. ISBN:978-007-131114-4
(References)
Charles Kittel,Thermal Physics, (free download)
Paul Shewmon,Diffusion in Solids 2/e, ISBN : 0-87339-105-5
R.W.Cahn, P. Haasen,Physical Metallurgy,4 /e ISBN(free download) : 978-0-444-89875-3
Charles Kittel,Introduction to Solid State Physics 8/e, ISBN : 0-471-68057-5
(Teaching Method)
- PowerPoint Slides/Class notes/Hand-writings
(Class Rules)
-NO Eating/NO Drinking/BE Punctual
(How will you be graded in this course?)
-Mid Term Exam (twice) : 50%
-End of Term Exam : 30%
-Recap Questions (QUIZ) ,: 20%
(Teaching Assistants)
: ken810304@gmail.com
: orange3058@yahoo.com.tw
Office hours:
students)
www.nasa.gov
Introduction
What are materials?
Materials may be defined as substance of which something is
composed or made, and we can obtain materials from earth crust and
atmosphere.
For examples :
Silicon and Iron constitute 27.72 and 5.00 percentage of weight of
earths crust respectively. Nitrogen and Oxygen constitute 78.08 and
20.95 percentage of dry air by volume respectively. How can Nitrogen
and Oxygen be considered as materials? Think about various forms of
nitrides () and oxides () being used for engineering
applications; Nitrogen and Oxygen are main constituent elements in
these phases.
Everything around you are materials, by studying materials science and
engineering(+physics, chemistry), you will become the master of all
things in life!
Why the study of Materials Science and Engineering is important? (Apart from getting good
exam mark in this course^^)
Production and processing of materials constitute a large part of our economy, especially in
Taiwan (electronic industries/metal industries/ chemical industries/secondary processings
industriesetc). Engineers choose materials to suite their design (e.g. what types of materials
are used to build cars?).
New materials are always needed for some new applications, for examples:
High temperature resistant materials for more efficient jet engines.
Lighter and stronger materials space applications.
Antibacterial materials for medical applications: against superbug.
Semiconductor
Magnetic Films
Modification of properties might be needed for some applications, i.e. properties of materials
can be fine-tuned for specific application, for example: Application of heat treatment to modify
properties of materials.
The study of Materials Science is a triangle relationship between Structure-ProcessingProperties, which is called the golden triangle of Materials Science, Figure 1.
Intensity (a.u.)
5000
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
L edge
4500
4000
1nm
3500
E H
2
2
H
i
2me i
2
1
ZI e
1
e2
n i , I ri RI 2 i j ri rj
0 .2 n m
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
600
700
800
900
1000
2
Z
Z
e
2
1
2
I I J
2 I J RI RJ
I 2M I
Processing
Microstructure
1100
n i,I
E H 1st-principles analysis
2
i
2me i
2
2
ZI e
1
e
ri RI 2 i j ri rj
2
Z
Z
e
2
1
2
I I J
2 I J RI RJ
I 2M I
Processing
Microstructure
CrO2-half metal
Fermi level
10
CrO2 spin up
CrO2 spin down
DOS(states/energy)
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
Band gap
-8
-10
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
Energy(ev)
10
CrO2-half metal
Materials science deals with basic knowledge about the internal structure, properties
and processing of materials.
Materials engineering deals with the application of knowledge gained by materials
science to convert materials to products.
The relationship between Materials Science and Materials Engineering is illustrated as
the following Figure 2:
Figure 2
Types of Materials
Metallic Materials
It can be pure element or Alloys (composed of more than one elements), the
classification is shown in Figure 3.
Example: Iron, Copper, Aluminum, Magnesium alloys, Superalloysetc.
Metallic element may combine with nonmetallic elements.
Example: Niobium carbides for strengthening
Metals are inorganic and mainly have crystalline structures (crystalline structures
are how atoms or molecular can be arranged in materials).
Metals are generally good thermal and electrical conductors. (Why?)
Fibrous: Fibers in a matrix, and Particulate: Particles in a matrix (Matrix can be metals,
ceramic or polymer)
Examples : Fiber Glass ( Reinforcing material in a polyester or epoxy matrix), Concrete
(steel rods reinforced in cement and sand), Applications: Aircraft wings, construction.
Electronic Materials
For example, silicon (Si) is a common electronic material (semiconductor). Its
characteristics can be modified by adding impurities.
Examples: silicon chips, transistors. Applications include computers, integrated
circuitsetc.
Smart Materials
It can change its properties by sensing external stimulus.
Examples: Shape memory alloys used in the artery stents (Figure 4).
Figure 4
Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials are defined by size less than 100 nm. For examples: nano grain
structure, nano particles, nano fibresetc.
Materials with nanostructure have special properties, such as very hard, strong.
Competition Among Materials
Different types of materials compete with each other to exist in the new market. Over
a period of time, usage of different materials changes depending on cost and
performance. New, cheaper or better materials replace the old materials when there is
a breakthrough in technology. For example, car body and frame (Figure 5), Al alloys are
replacing Steels.
Steel and
alloys
Wood
Carbon fiber
Reinforced
plastic
Aluminum
alloys
Ti and Mg
alloys