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REPORTS
www.sciencemag.org/content/351/6268/53/suppl/DC1
Materials and Methods
Figs. S1 to S6
Table S1
References (3044)
11 August 2015; accepted 5 November 2015
Published online 19 November 2015
10.1126/science.aad2087
3D PRINTING
Additive manufacturing of
polymer-derived ceramics
Zak C. Eckel, Chaoyin Zhou, John H. Martin, Alan J. Jacobsen,
William B. Carter, Tobias A. Schaedler*
The extremely high melting point of many ceramics adds challenges to additive manufacturing as
compared with metals and polymers. Because ceramics cannot be cast or machined easily,
three-dimensional (3D) printing enables a big leap in geometrical flexibility.We report preceramic
monomers that are cured with ultraviolet light in a stereolithography 3D printer or through a
patterned mask, forming 3D polymer structures that can have complex shape and cellular
architecture.These polymer structures can be pyrolyzed to a ceramic with uniform shrinkage and
virtually no porosity. Silicon oxycarbide microlattice and honeycomb cellular materials fabricated
with this approach exhibit higher strength than ceramic foams of similar density. Additive
manufacturing of such materials is of interest for propulsion components, thermal protection
systems, porous burners, microelectromechanical systems, and electronic device packaging.
RE S EAR CH | R E P O R T S
Fig. 1. Additive manufacturing of polymer-derived ceramics. (A) UV-curable preceramic monomers are mixed with photoinitiator. (B) The resin is exposed
with UV light in a SLA 3D printer or through a patterned mask. (C) A preceramic polymer part is obtained. (D) Pyrolysis converts the polymer into a ceramic.
Examples: (E) SLA 3D printed cork screw. (F and G) SPPW formed microlattices. (H) Honeycomb.
SCIENCE sciencemag.org
59
R ES E A RC H | R E PO R TS
(1)
(2)
Fig. 2. Electron microscopy characterization of SiOC microlattice and cork screw. (A) SPPW-formed
lattice node showing smooth surface. (B) Fracture surface of a strut. (C) SLA printed corkscrew showing
undulations on the surface. (D) 3D printing step size is 50 mm. (E) Bright-field TEM image showing no
porosity. (F) TEM diffraction indicating amorphous structure.
Fig. 3. Strength of
polymer-derived SiOC
materials compared
to ceramic foams.
(A) Compressive strength.
(B) Shear strength.
RE S EAR CH | R E P O R T S
Fig. 4. High-temperature oxidation of silicon oxycarbide microlattice. (A) Mass change measured after consecutive heat treatments at different temperatures
normalized by surface area. (B) Mass change compared with other materials. [Data from (2430)] (C) Fracture surface of a SiOC microlattice heat-treated
1300C/10 hours + 1500C/10 hours selected for extraction of (D) Focused ion beam lamella. (E) TEM image of the SiOC region. (F) TEM image of the SiO2 region.
r
Egr
4ad0
where g is the surface energy and d0 is the equilibrium distance between atomic centers, which
together with E determine the theoretical strength,
whereas cracks with half-length a and crack-tip
radius r introduce stress concentrations that reduce the fracture strength. Because the flaw population in the polymer-derived ceramic material
can be controlled well through the high purity
of the starting resin and the development of
smooth and pore-free surfaces, higher fracturestrength values with a tighter distribution are
measured as compared with other ceramic materials, especially when derived from conventional
powder routes. Ultimate strength values are reported, but due to the brittle nature of the mateSCIENCE sciencemag.org
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R ES E A RC H | R E PO R TS
www.sciencemag.org/content/351/6268/58/suppl/DC1
Materials and Methods
Figs. S1 to S4
Tables S1 to S3
References
18 August 2015; accepted 13 November 2015
10.1126/science.aad2688
lthough radio jets are a ubiquitous and wellstudied feature of accreting compact objects, it remains unclear why only a subset
of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are radioloud. A stellar tidal disruption flare (TDF)
presents a novel method with which to study jet