FINAL EXAM REVIEW GUIDE: SUMMER 2015 MICROBIOLOGY

DR. JOHN K NINO, MD

1. List the domains of life.
2. Know the composition of cell wall its location with respect to the cell
membranes in Gram positive versus Gram negative bacteria.

3. List the main cell shapes of bacteria that can be used to tell apart groups of
bacteria.
4. What are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
5. Classify the 3 life domains according to whether they are prokaryotic versus
eukaryotic. Be able to classify yeast and cyanobacteria according to their life
domains.
6. Know the genus of bacteria that would be unaffected by antibiotics that
target cell wall synthesis, such as penicillin and B-lactams.
7. Be able to identify a primary consumer to primary producer pair (ie. Protozoa
and algae, animals and plants, etc.)
8. Know how to correctly write a scientific name: (http://cactiguide.com/article/?
article=article1.php).
9. Compare fungi to bacteria and know the primary difference:
(http://www.livestrong.com/article/160582-the-difference-between-a-fungusbacteria/).

10.Know the general composition of a virus.

11.Know what possible types of nucleic acid can be found in a virus (DNA versus
RNA) and if they can be single-stranded, double-stranded, or both.
12.Distinguish between:

13.Define optimal growth temperature, thermal death time, and thermal death
point.
14.Know the differences between the following media: complex, differential,
synthetic, selective, enriched.
15.Name the macromolecule that is broken down for energy during cellular
respiration.
16.Describe how energy moves from the sun through living things.
17.What is the primary energy carrier in living things?
18.List the steps in aerobic respiration (glucose metabolism).
19.List the general characteristics of enzymes.

20.Know that fermentation is anaerobic, what is used as the substrate, the

quantity of energy and electron carriers it generates, and know the variety of
byproducts it makes (acid, base, alcohol)

21.Chapter 7, objective #1 (DNA versus RNA structure and composition).

22.What is a plasmid?
23.Know, in general, what types of organisms have been genetically modified by
scientists.
24.What DNA sequence would match: ACG TTT AAA ?
25.Know the jobs of messenger RNA; ribosomal RNA; transfer RNA.
26.What is the primary purpose of PCR? What is the purpose of DNA
fingerprinting?
27.Chapter 9, objective # 2 (define terms).
28.Know the parts of aseptic technique.
29.Chapter 10, objective #8 (define terms).
30.Know which chemicals can be used to sterilize.
31.Be able to identify virulence factors from a list.
32.Know the difference between direct (direct contact), vector, indirect, fomite,
and fecal-oral transmission.
33.Define: Pathogen. Vector.
34.Be able to distinguish components of innate, humoral, and cell-mediated
immunity.
35.Be able to distinguish components of specific from nonspecific defenses.
36.Know the role of memory cells, NK cells, helper T cells, plasma cells, and
monocytes.
37.Chapter 16, objective #37 (characteristics of a good antigen)?
38.Know how you can make vaccines (i.e. from dead vs weakened cell, cell part,
inactive virus).
39.Know the difference between sign and symptom.
40.Define the following terms: hypersensitivity. Allergy. Immune deficiency.
Autoimmune disorder.
41.Know what it means to be type B blood, type O blood, etc.
42.Be able to distinguish items/scenarios that DO and DONT contribute to
antibiotic resistance.
43.Know that bacteria can help us (i.e. normal flora, genetic engineering) but
hurt us (disease).