INTRODUCTION

HMT, formerly Hindustan Machine Tools, is a state-owned manufacturing company

under the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises in India
Hindustan Machine Tools was incorporated in 1953 by the Government of India as a
machine

tool

manufacturing

company.

Over

the

years

diversified

into watches, tractors, printing machinery , metal forming presses , die casting &
plastic processing machinery, CNC systems & bearings. HMT is headquartered
at Bengaluru ( Bangalore ). Successful technology absorption in all product groups
through collaborations with world renowned manufacturers and further strengthened by
continuous in-house R&D. Today, HMT comprises six subsidiaries under the ambit of
a holding company, which also manages the tractors business directly.
Leading this diversification drive was the HMT tractor business group. Since its
inception in 1971. Tractor business group has increasing contributed. Its might in
building HMT into an organization to reckon with, Presently Tractor Business Group is
part of HMT Ltd., the holding company of HMT Group.

HMTs Tractors Business

1

HMTs Tractor Business commended its operations in 1971 in technical collaboration

with M/s MOTOKOV, Czechoslovakia Republic. Initially, HMT started the operation
with the manufacture of 25 HP tractor at the manufacturing plant established in Pinjore.
Over the years it has developed tractors ranging from 25 HP to 75HP. The company
achieved market leadership in tractor by enlarging its range to cover most of the
application from the farming community.
Currently the company has three tractors manufacturing units in India located at
Pinjore in Haryana, Mohali in Punjab and Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh. It has a well
equipped R&D Center duly recognized by the department of Scientific and Industrial
Research, the Government on India.
The Tractor Business Group of HMT has been a proud recipient of a number of
National level Productivity Awards. It has also been certified from ISO 9001 by
KEMA, Netherlands.

TRACTORS
2

Parts of Tractor:
-Engine

-Gear Box

-MT Housing

-Wheel

-Steering

-Brakes

-Radiator

-Fan

-Oil Tank

-Oil Pump

-Hydraulic Lift

-P.T.O.

-Oil Lifter

-Battery

-Starter

-Measuring Meter

FOUNDRY
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Introduction:In foundry shop, basically we melt the cast iron to give it the required shape by the
process named as Casting. In this shop we can give any shape to the melted iron with
the help of prepared cast. Cast iron having the composition.

10% - pig iron

20% - mild steel
70% - home scrap

By mixing these three materials we get cast iron.

We melt this cast iron at very high temp and then we fill the required cavity with the
melt cast and after getting cool we get the shape. We prepare mould with Green Sand.
This sand having composition mentioned below:

Old sand- The sand which we have used and now reusing for making another

mould.
New sand- This is totally fresh sand.
Bentocol- Bentocol is the mixture of wood and coal which is used to remove

gases from the sand.

Bentonite- It works as a binder which completely mixes all the materials of
sand.

Two shell moulding machines (Shalco Machines) were imported from West Germany,
Shell moulding being the latest technique in core making moulding machine, sand
cutter and a venting device were imported to the need of moulding.
Sections In Foundry:
Sand Plant System:
In this plant we prepare sand for making mould. It is the efficiency of the sand plant
system to deliver well prepared sand at required place that will determine the efficient
working of the foundry. A part of return sand is used along with fixed amount of new
sand, binders, catalysts and hardeners to get the required composition of the sand.
Green sand, dry and oil sand are being prepared in the sand plant.
Core Making and Baking Section:

As patterns are made to get the outer shape of the casting, the inner shapes to be made
or hole generation core are placed in the moulds. Core is made up of AIR SETTING
SAND and to get this sand we use silica sand.
Moulding Section:
In this section we makes mould with the sand.
i)
ii)
iii)

Green sand moulding

Dry sand moulding
No bake air drying sand moulds.

Chemical composition of sand;

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Alumina 98%
Iron oxide 1%
Calcium oxide 1%
Magnesium oxide 1%
Alkali 5%
Moisture 2%

Melting Section:
In this section we melt the cast iron to make parts by casting. Melting section having
two types of furnaces:1. Electric Induction Furnace
2. Cupola Furnace
Core Setting:
After the cores and moulds have been baked they are to be finished for any rough edge
or any fin left on the surface with the help of emery paper. Zircon paint is applied to the
surface of mould and core so as to render the surface better surface finish. In order to
dry out the paint it is lighted with fire. Next operation to be performed is that of core
setting in a mould.

TOOL ROOM

FUCTION OF TOOL ROOM:Manufacturing fixtures for the machines at the shop floor in the further tractor
manufacturing department.
HOW TOOL OPERATES:Step 1- M/c design sends drawing to the planning department.
Step 2- Planning sends production planning control (ppc) chart to the M/C tool.
Step 3- M/c tool room begins production base on flow chart by ppc.
Step 4- The flow chart issued by the ppc is attached with a blue print of the component
to be
Machined in the tool room and is transferred from one operator to other.
Step 5- The flow is automatically maintained by the machined operator by reading the
Instructions on the flow chart by keeping a continuous flow of machined
material
component from one machine operator to other.
Step 6- And the finished-machined component is then submitted pre planning of tools.

LIGHT MACHINE SHOP

Introduction:
Light Machine Shop is the shop where we can prepare light (light in weight) parts of
the tractor with the help of various machines.
The important parts of tractor which we prepared in light machine shop are:
-Differential Shaft
-Crown Wheel
-Wheel shaft
-Injection Pump Drive
-Reverse Gear
-Bevel Gear
-Steering Arm
-Lay Shaft

Reverse Gear

IPD

Bevel Gear

Steering Arm

Some important machines in light machine shop:

Copy Machine:
As the name, it copy one piece to cut another piece. For this purpose we fix a same
shape piece in this machine which we want.
STC (Slant Turning Center) M/C:

This machine is specially used for making Reverse Gear of central diameter 35.7mm.
Grinding Machine:

This machine is used to finish the surface of material either circular or flat.
Types of grinding machine are:
1. Cylindrical Grinding: This machine is usually used to grind clutch shaft which
is circular.
2. Internal Grinding: This machine is used to grind the internal portion of the job.
3. Surface Grinding Machine: This machine is used to grind flat surfaces of the
job.
4. Center Grinding Machine: This machine is just like chamfering.
5. Center less Grinding Machine: This machine is used where; there is no center
on the job.

Key Laid Milling Machine:

8

This machine is same as that of the milling machine which is specially used to make
reduction hollow shaft.
Gleason Machine:

This is a manual machine and specially used to make bevel gear. We use pure cutting
oil on this machine as a coolant. To cut a bevel gear we firstly fix grinding allowance
and then job.
Hobbing Machine:

Hobbing machine is specially used to makes different kinds of gears and to cut teethes
on the job. During production of gears, we used pure cutting oil to reduce the temp and
wear.

HEAT TREATMENT

Introduction:Heat treatment means to hard the surface of piece. Sometimes we require a piece which
should be hard in some parts, than this hardening is called as induction hardening. Heat
treatment works only on steels. And steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. There are three
types of steels:
1. Low carbon steel (0.30%C)
2. Medium carbon steel (0.4-0.5%C)
3. High carbon steel (0.4-1.5%C)
Processes:

Carburizing
Hardening
Annealing
Induction Hardening
Quenching

By carburizing, we can increase iron component in the steel. And this process is only
applicable for low carbon alloy. We can do hardening after the completion of
carburizing.
In quenching process, we did hard cooling. The temp of oil for quenching should lie
between 50-60C and the oil used is known as quench oil which has flash pt. above
then 900C. There is a special furnace for quenching named Shield Quench Furnace
(SQH).
In tempering process, we heat the material again to remove thermal stresses from the
material. After this process, we do short blasting to finish or to increase residual
strength of the material.
Due to blasting, kinetic energy of the material increases and then residual forces
occurs.
For blasting we use small spherical balls of high carbon steel which are reusable.

Induction Hardening Machine:-

10

This machine is used where we want some portion of the material hard and some
portion soft. After the completion of induction hardening we use water to quench the
material instead of quench oil. Induction hardening is basically done on cam shaft.

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HEAVY MACHINE SHOP

Introduction:In this section, all the heavy parts of the tractor are machined. Gearbox housing, main
transmission housing, front cover, hydraulic lift etc are machined here. Milling,
drilling, boring, slotting are the main operation done on the various special purpose
machines installed in this section.
Machines in this shop are:Duplex Milling Machine: I can face or mill two side of the job simultaneously. There
are two separate motors for two cutters, feed motor is used for table feed motion,
clamping of job in the fixtures is hydraulic.
Multi Spindle Milling Machine:It has 20 spindles and can be drill 20 holes in the job from single motor shaft. Power
through gear box is transmitted to various spindles through set of gears. All drill rotates
at different rpm.
Multi Spindle H2 Boring Machine:1.
2.
3.
4.

Pre-selection turret lathes

Drilling machine with multisided attachment
Drum type turret lathe
Center lathes

Internal Cylinder Grinder:It is semi automatic, hydraulically operated high precision machine for grinding
cylinder, tapered and blind holes. Both table speed and in feed of wheel are
hydraulically controlled and are infinitely variables, demand dressing is done by
dresses provided on the machine.
Honing Machine:Honing is the process of producing very accurate finish inside the hole of the job. A
diamond hole is used, which gives super finishing to interior of the hole.

Washing Machine:12

It issued for washing the finished and machined components to remove oil, lubricant,
coolant, chips etc from it. After washing of thee components, these are sent to assembly
line.

Parts Machined In HMS:Following parts are machined in HMS:1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Gear box housing

Main transmission housing
Front cover
Hydraulic lift
Gear box cover
Gear shaft bearings
Front wheel hub cover
Left hand bushing etc.

ENGINE SHOP
In engine shop, manufacturing of engine parts is done. There are four manufacturing
sections13

1. 2241 section:In this section we make the components mentioned below:

2.

3.

Connecting Rod
Cam Shaft
Front Bearing Cap
Center Bearing Cap
Rear Bearing Cap
Front Cover
Rear Cover
External Flange
L.H. Bush
Rocker Arm
2243 Section:Crank Case by special purpose machine
2244 Section:Crank case by CNC
Cylinder Head

4. 2266 Section: Rear Axle Housing

Portal Axle Housing

Various Machines in Engine Shop:

Copy Machine
Vertical Milling Machine
Horizontal Milling Machine
Boring Machine
Drilling Machine
Press Machine
CNC Machines for Cylinder head
Center Lathe Machine
Fay Machine
Turning Machine
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Cam shaft manufacturing procedure:1. First of all material cutting is done according to the length desired keeping in
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

mind whether the engine in two, three, or four cylinder.

Centering and facing of the material bar are done.
Turning is done and all the diameters are made same.
Groove cutting is done on h.m.t. Fay machine.
Then drilling is done for the lubrication in the shaft.
Its keyway is cut on the milling machine and through this keyways timing gear

is fit on this.
7. Rough and finished turning of bearing diameter is done on HMT center lathe.
8. Then cam shaft is sent to heat treatment.
9. After that its straightening is done due to heat treatment shaft bends.
10. Its first time allowance of grinding is done.
11. Now its second time allowance of cylindrical grinding and cam grinding is
done.
12. After that its cleaning is done.

Connecting rod manufacturing procedure:1. Surface grinding is done on both sides of the rod.
2. Chamfering is done on both sides on small end on radial drilling machine.
3. Stud holes are drilled on both sides.
4. Surface broaching is done to maintain the size.
5. Surface grinding of cap is done (18 pieces at a time)
6. Stud hole finish is done by drilling.
7. Boring of small and job ends is done.
8. Locking slot is cut on small end to hold brass bush.
9. Special brass bush is inserted using hydraulic press.
10. Finish milling in big end is done.

15

NEW ENGINE SHOP

Introduction:
In the new engine shop the manufacturing of the engine parts is done. There are two
manufacturing, one for the crank case manufacturing and the other one for cylinder
head manufacturing. There are special kinds of for preparing the same.
List of parts machined:
1. Crank Case
2. Cylinder Head
Machine used are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

HTC- 60
2 way milling machine
SNC-11
Horizontal milling center
Boring machine
Vertical milling center
Radial drilling machine
Washing machine

Major operation performed:

-Milling

-Drilling

-Boring

-Ream
16

ENGINE ASSEMBLY
Engine Assembly Procedure:Firstly, the machined crankcase is given and caustic soda to remove metal chips and
other foreign particles. The temperature is maintained at approx. 50 degrees. Now
crankcase is allowed to dry up after that following procedure is followed:
1. Crankcase is mounted on the trolley.
2. Sleeve line is fitted.
3. Crankshaft cap is opened.
4. Main bearing is fitted.
5. Now thrust washer is fitted in the cap.
6. Crank shaft is mounted.
7. Idle pin is inserted.
8. Camshaft is fitted.
9. Timing gears (ideal gear, camshaft gear and crank shaft gear) are fitted.
10. Piston and connecting rod are assembled and fitted.
11. Lubrication pump is fitted.
12. Oil filter is fitted.
13. Pipe which connects oil gallery and oil filter is fitted.
14. Gasket is placed and sheet metal cover is fitted.
15. After this, front cover and rear cover is fitted.
16. Now, dual clutch is fitted.
17. Now we assemble the cylinder head.
18. Cylinder head assembly consists of valves, valve spring, valve oil seal, valve
cap, valve cotter, and injector pin and injector stud.
19. Now coolant pump is fitted.
20. Belt pulley is fitted.
21. Inlet manifold and exhaust flange is fitted.
17

22. Tappet is fitted.

23. Push rod is fitted.
24. Tappet clearances maintained.
25. Rocker arm is fitted.
26. Injector is mounted over cylinder head and tightly clamped to injector pin and
injector stud.
27. Now, rocker box is fitted.
28. Breather pipe is fitted.
29. Self starter is fitted.
30. Dynamo is fitted.
31. Fuel filter is fitted.
32. And at last we set its timing.

18

ENGINE TESTING SHOP

Engine testing is done after the assembly to check the performance of the engine i.e.
various parameters like power, brake power, specific fuel consumption mechanical
efficiency, torques etc.
Procedure:1.
a)
b)
c)
2.
a)
b)
c)
3.
4.
5.

While running the engine check.

lubrication of rocker arm
rotation of push rod
Leakage of oil, fuel and water.
Loading of engine.
Check and record water temperature and oil pressure.
Tighten cylinder head nuts.
Readjust valves clearance and lock the adjusting nuts.
Check and record fuel time for 100/200cc at rated rpm and at full load.
Check and record regulated rpm at full load.
Total cycle time of engine testing is 1 hr 50 min.

Engine testing cycle time:S.NO.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Running time in min.

10
20
30
30
10
5
5

R.P.M.
700
1000
1400
1700
1600
1800
Rated (2100/2200)

Load%
Nil
20
50
75
75
100
100

Faults encounter in testing of the engine:If rated rpm is less than desired:Check the followinga) Connection might be loose between high pressure pipe of injector and F.I.
Pump.
b) Adjust the S.F.C.

19

TRACTOR ASSEMBLY
Tractor Assembly Steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Gear box sub assembly

Gear box loading or assembly
MTH and gear box joining
Mechanical brake assembly
Gear shifting assembly
Portal/direct axle housing
Lift mounting
Three point linkage assembly
20

9. Engine mounting
10. Front axle mounting
11. Steering assembly
12. Hydraulic brake or floor assembly
13. Washing
14. Primer or surfacer
15. Painting
16. Air cleaning & radiator mounting
17. Fuel tank and steering wheel assembly
18. Tyre mounting
19. Wheel alignment

Gear box assembly:

In a gear box, we assembled lay shaft, main clutch shaft, hollow clutch shaft, PTO
shaft, supplyn shaft, reverse gear, reduction gear, binder gear, 2 levers ( one for high
and low & other for PTO),ideal gear etc. Gear box takes power from main clutch shaft.
And hollow clutch shaft used to rotate PTO or pump.

MT Housing Assembly:
Bevel Pinion Shaft connects MT Housing with gear box. There is a crown wheel in
housing, in which differential is connected. There are two differential shaft one for the
left wheel and other for right wheel. This shaft is connected with the bull gear and bull
gear is used to reduce the rpm of the wheel.
21

Mechanical Brakes Assembly:

We fix brakes after assembling oh MT housing. Mechanical brakes works with the help
of liner plates. When we press the pedal these plates opens in opposite direction to each
other and stop the wheel.
Direct Axle Housing:
Now we connect housing for the attachments of the wheel. The wheel shaft is passed
through the axle internally.
Lift Mounting:
We connect the lift with the MT housing. Lift works with the help of hydraulic pump
which is mounted below the lift. For the movement of the lift in up and down position
we used to take pressure from the pump.

Lift Parts:

Chain brace
Lower link
Left and right stud
Wagon hook
Channel

Three Point Linkage Assembly:

Engine Mounting:
In this portion, we attach engine with the gear box. For the attachment of the engine we
mesh main and hollow clutch shaft in the flywheel.
Steering Mounting:
There is a small hole in the gear box in which we put the steering rod. This rod is
known as screw rod. On the bottom of screw rod, there are threads for the movement of
a nut. We fix a left hand shaft on the nut. This left hand shaft moves in up and down
position as we rotate the rod in clock wise and anti clock wise direction respectively.
22

Left hand shaft is connected with the steering arm and further steering arm with tyre
rod.
After steering we connect radiator, fuel tank, steering wheel, tyres etc.

REFERENCES

Prepared notes during training

http://www.google.co.in/search?
tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=1350&bih=872&q=Lift+pf+tractor&gbv=2
&oq=Lift+pf+tractor&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=9296l14641l0l14
887l15l15l0l7l0l0l295l1329l2-5l5l0

http://www.google.co.in/search?
hl=en&biw=1350&bih=872&gbv=2&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=chisel&oq=chisel&a
q=f&aqi=g10&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=180784l184834l0l185178l19l11l0l1l1
l0l377l1394l0.2.0.3l7l0

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http://www.google.co.in/search?
tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=1350&bih=872&q=vices&gbv=2&oq=vice
s&aq=f&aqi=g10&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=4131l8017l0l8246l19l11l0l0l0l0l
410l1443l2-3.1.1l7l0

http://www.google.co.in/search?
hl=en&biw=1350&bih=872&gbv=2&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=lathe+machine&oq=
lathe+ma&aq=0&aqi=g10&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=23542l26953l0l29067l1
2l9l0l0l0l0l524l1427l2-2.1.0.1l5l0

http://www.google.co.in/search?
hl=en&biw=1350&bih=872&gbv=2&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=reverse+gear&oq=re
verse+gear&aq=f&aqi=g3gm1&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=6361l19957l0l20339l22l14l0l0l0l2l286l2194l0.
3.7l11l0

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