Fourier Series

16

Assessment Problems

 
1
2T /3 1
T Vm 7
AP 16.1 av = Vm dt + dt = Vm = 7π V
T 0 T 2T /3 3 9
   
2
2T /3
T
Vm
ak = Vm cos kω0 t dt + cos kω0 t dt
T 0 2T /3 3
       
4Vm 4kπ 6 4kπ
= sin = sin
3kω0 T 3 k 3
   
2
2T /3
T
Vm
bk = Vm sin kω0 t dt + sin kω0 t dt
T 0 2T /3 3
       
4Vm 4kπ 6 4kπ
= 1 − cos = 1 − cos
3kω0 T 3 k 3

AP 16.2 [a] av = 7π = 21.99 V

[b] a1 = −5.196 a2 = 2.598 a3 = 0 a4 = −1.299 a5 = 1.039
b1 = 9 b2 = 4.5 b3 = 0 b4 = 2.25 b5 = 1.8
 
2π
[c] ω0 = = 50 rad/s
T
[d] f3 = 3f0 = 23.87 Hz
[e] v(t) = 21.99 − 5.2 cos 50t + 9 sin 50t + 2.6 cos 100t + 4.5 sin 100t
−1.3 cos 200t + 2.25 sin 200t + 1.04 cos 250t + 1.8 sin 250t + · · · V

AP 16.3 Odd function with both half- and quarter-wave symmetry.

 
6Vm
vg (t) = t, 0 ≤ t ≤ T /6; av = 0, ak = 0 for all k
T

16–1
 16–2 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

bk = 0 for k even

8
T /4
bk = f (t) sin kω0 t dt, k odd
T 0
 
8
T /6 6Vm 8
T /4
= t sin kω0 t dt + Vm sin kω0 t dt
T 0 T T T /6
   
12Vm kπ
= sin
2
k π 2 3

∞
12Vm  1 nπ
vg (t) = sin sin nω0 t V
π 2 n=1,3,5 n2 3

AP 16.4 [a] Using the results from AP 16.2, and Equation (16.39),
A1 = −5.2 − j9 = 10.4/− 120◦ ; A2 = 2.6 − j4.5 = 5.2/− 60◦

A3 = 0; A4 = −1.3 − j2.25 = 2.6/− 120◦

A5 = 1.04 − j1.8 = 2.1/− 60◦

θ1 = −120◦ ; θ2 = −60◦ ; θ3 not defined;

θ4 = −120◦ ; θ5 = −60◦

[b] v(t) = 21.99 + 10.4 cos(50t − 120◦ ) + 5.2 cos(100t − 60◦ )

+ 2.6 cos(200t − 120◦ ) + 2.1 cos(250t − 60◦ ) + · · · V

AP 16.5 The Fourier series for the input voltage is

∞  
8A  1 nπ
vi = sin sin nω0 (t + T /4)
2
π n=1,3,5 n 2 2

∞  
8A  1 nπ
= 2 sin2 cos nω0 t
π n=1,3,5 n 2 2

∞
8A  1
= cos nω0 t
π 2 n=1,3,5 n2

8A 8(281.25π 2 )
= = 2250 mV
π2 π2

2π 2π
ω0 = = × 103 = 10
T 200π
 Problems 16–3

∞
 1
.·. vi = 2250 2
cos 10nt mV
n=1,3,5 n

From the circuit we have

Vi 1 Vi
Vo = · =
R + (1/jωC) jωC 1 + jωRC

1/RC 100
Vo = Vi = Vi
1/RC + jω 100 + jω

Vi1 = 2250/0◦ mV; ω0 = 10 rad/s

2250 ◦
Vi3 = /0 = 250/0◦ mV; 3ω0 = 30 rad/s
9

2250 ◦
Vi5 = /0 = 90/0◦ mV; 5ω0 = 50 rad/s
25

100
Vo1 = (2250/0◦ ) = 2238.83/− 5.71◦ mV
100 + j10

100
Vo3 = (250/0◦ ) = 239.46/− 16.70◦ mV
100 + j30

100
Vo5 = (90/0◦ ) = 80.50/− 26.57◦ mV
100 + j50

.·. vo = 2238.33 cos(10t − 5.71◦ ) + 239.46 cos(30t − 16.70◦ )

+ 80.50 cos(50t − 26.57◦ ) + . . . mV

AP 16.6 [a] The Fourier series of the input voltage is

∞
4A  1
vg = sin nω0 (t + T /4)
π n=1,3,5 n
∞  

 1 nπ
= 42 sin cos 2000nt V
n=1,3,5 n 2

From the circuit we have

Vo Vo − Vg
Vo sC + + =0
sL R
Vo s/RC
.·. = H(s) = 2
Vg s + (s/RC) + (1/LC)
 16–4 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

Substituting in the numerical values yields

500s
H(s) = 2
s + 500s + 108
Vg1 = 42/0◦ ω0 = 2000 rad/s
Vg3 = 14/180◦ 3ω0 = 6000 rad/s
Vg5 = 8.4/0◦ 5ω0 = 10,000 rad/s
Vg7 = 6/180◦ 7ω0 = 14,000 rad/s
500(j2000) j1
H(j2000) = = = 0.01042/89.40◦
108 − 4 × 106 + 500(j2000) 96 + j1
H(j6000) = 0.04682/87.32◦
H(j10,000) = 1/0◦
H(j14,000) = 0.07272/− 85.83◦
Thus,
Vo1 = (42/0◦ )(0.01042/89.40◦ ) = 0.4375/89.40◦ V
Vo3 = 0.6555/− 92.68◦ V
Vo5 = 8.4/0◦ V
Vo7 = 0.4363/94.17◦ V
Therefore,
vo = 0.4375 cos(2000t + 89.40◦ ) + 0.6555 cos(6000t − 92.68◦ )
+ 8.4 cos(10,000t) + 0.4363 cos(14,000t + 94.17◦ ) + . . . V
[b] The 5th harmonic, that is, the term at 10,000 rad/s, dominates the output
voltage. The circuit is a bandpass filter with a center frequency of 10,000 rad/s
and a bandwidth of 500 rad/s. Thus, Q is 20 and the filter is quite selective.
This causes the attenuation of the fundamental, third, and seventh harmonic
terms in the output signal.
2π × 103
AP 16.7 ω0 = = 3 rad/s
2094.4

jω0 k = j3k
 Problems 16–5

2 2sVg
VR = (Vg ) = 2
2 + s + 1/s s + 2s + 1
 
VR 2s
H(s) = =
Vg s2 + 2s + 1

j6k
H(jω0 k) = H(j3k) =
(1 − 9k 2 ) + j6k

vg1 = 25.98 sin ω0 t V; Vg1 = 25.98/0◦ V

j6
H(j3) = = 0.6/− 53.13◦ ; VR1 = 15.588/− 53.13◦ V
−8 + j6
√
(15.588/ 2)2
P1 = = 60.75 W
2

vg3 = 0, therefore P3 = 0 W

vg5 = −1.04 sin 5ω0 t V; Vg5 = 1.04/180◦

j30
H(j15) = = 0.1327/− 82.37◦
−224 + j30

VR5 = (1.04/180◦ )(0.1327/− 82.37◦ ) = 138/97.63◦ mV

√
(0.138/ 2)2
P5 = = 4.76 mW; therefore = P1 ∼
P ∼ = 60.75 W
2

AP 16.8 Odd function with half- and quarter-wave symmetry, therefore av = 0, ak = 0 for all
k, bk = 0 for k even; for k odd we have

8
T /8 8
T /4
bk = 2 sin kω0 t dt + 8 sin kω0 t dt
T 0 T T /8
   
8 kπ
= 1 + 3 cos , k odd
πk 4

   

−j4 nπ
Therefore Cn = 1 + 3 cos , n odd
nπ 4
 16–6 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

    

2 T 3T T √
AP 16.9 [a] Irms = (2)2 (2) + (8)2 − = 34 = 5.831 A
T 8 8 8
−j12.5 j1.5 j0.9
[b] C1 = ; C3 = ; C5 = ;
π π π
−j1.8 −j1.4 j0.4
C7 = ; C9 = ; C11 =
π π π
 
∞
2  2
Irms = I
dc +2 |Cn |2 ∼
= (12.52 + 1.52 + 0.92 + 1.82 + 1.42 + 0.42 )
n=1,3,5 π2
∼
= 5.777 A
5.777 − 5.831
[c] % Error = × 100 = −0.93%
5.831
[d] Using just the terms C1 – C9 ,
 
∞
2  2
Irms = I
dc +2 |Cn |2 ∼
= (12.52 + 1.52 + 0.92 + 1.82 + 1.42 )
n=1,3,5 π2
∼
= 5.774 A
5.774 − 5.831
% Error = × 100 = −0.98%
5.831
Thus, the % error is still less than 1%.

AP 16.10 T = 32 ms, therefore 8 ms requires shifting the function T /4 to the right.

∞  
 4 nπ jnω0 (t−T /4)
i= −j 1 + 3 cos e
n=−∞
nπ 4
n(odd)
∞  
4  1 nπ −j(n+1)(π/2) jnω0 t
= 1 + 3 cos e e
π n=−∞
n 4
n(odd)
 Problems 16–7

Problems

2π
P 16.1 [a] ωoa = = 31, 415.93 rad/s
200 × 10−6
2π
ωob = = 157.080 krad/s
40 × 10−6
1 1 1
[b] foa = = = 5000 Hz; fob = = 25,000 Hz
T 200 × 10 −6 40 × 10−6
100(10 × 10−6 )
[c] ava = 0; avb = = 25 V
40 × 10−6
[d] The periodic function in Fig. P16.1(a) has half-wave symmetry. Therefore,
ava = 0; aka = 0 for k even; bka = 0 for k even
For k odd,
4
T /4 2πkt 4
T /2 2πkt
aka = 40 cos dt + 80 cos dt
T 0 T T T /4 T
 T /2
160 T 2πkt T /4 320 T 2πkt 

= sin  + sin 
T 2πk T 0 T 2πk T T /4
 
80 πk 160 πk
= sin + sin πk − sin
πk 2 πk 2
80 πk
=− sin , k odd
πk 2
4
T /4 2πkt 4
T /2 2πkt
bka = 40 sin dt + 80 sin dt
T 0 T T T /4 T
 T /2
−160 T 2πkt T /4 320 T 2πkt 

= cos  − cos 
T 2πk T 0 T 2πk T T /4

−80 160
= (0 − 1) − (−1 − 0)
πk πk
240
=
πk
The periodic function in Fig. P16.1(b) is even; therefore, bk = 0 for all k. Also,
avb = 25 V
4
T /8 2πkt
akb = 100 cos dt
T 0 T

400 T 2πk T /8
= sin t
T 2πk T 0
200 πk
= sin
πk 4
 16–8 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

[e] For the periodic function in Fig. P16.1(a),

∞  
80  1 nπ 3
v(t) = − sin cos nωo t + sin nωo t V
π n=1,3,5 n 2 n
For the periodic function in Fig. P16.1(b),
∞  
200  1 nπ
v(t) = 25 + sin cos nωo t V
π n=1 n 4
P 16.2 In studying the periodic function in Fig. P16.2 note that it can be visualized as the
combination of two half-wave rectified sine waves, as shown in the figure below.
Hence we can use the Fourier series for a half-wave rectified sine wave which is
given as the answer to Problem 16.3(c).

∞
100 200  cos nωo t
v1 (t) = + 50 sin ωo t − V
π π n=2,4,6 (n2 − 1)
∞
60 120  cos nωo (t − T /2)
v2 (t) = + 30 sin ωo (t − T /2) − V
π π n=2,4,6 (n2 − 1)

Observe the following, noting that n is even:

 
2π T
sin ωo (t − T /2) = sin ωo t − = sin(ωo t − π) = − sin ωo t
T 2
 Problems 16–9

 
2πn T
cos nωo (t − T /2) = cos nωo t − = cos(nωo t − nπ) = cos nωo t
T 2
Using the observations above,
∞
60 120  cos(nωo t)
v2 (t) = − 30 sin ωo t − V
π π n=2,4,6 (n2 − 1)

Thus,
∞
160 320  cos(nωo t)
v(t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t) = + 20 sin ωo t − V
π π n=2,4,6 (n2 − 1)

P 16.3 [a] Odd function with half- and quarter-wave symmetry, av = 0, ak = 0 for all k,
bk = 0 for even k; for k odd we have
8
T /4 4Vm
bk = Vm sin kω0 t dt = , k odd
T 0 kπ
∞
4Vm  1
and v(t) = sin nω0 t V
π n=1,3,5 n
[b] Even function: bk = 0 for k
2
T /2 π 2Vm
av = Vm sin t dt =
T 0 T π
 
4
T /2 π 2Vm 1 1
ak = Vm sin t cos kω0 t dt = +
T 0 T π 1 − 2k 1 + 2k
4Vm /π
=
1 − 4k 2
 ∞

2Vm  1
and v(t) = 1+2 cos nω0 t V
n=1 1 − 4n
π 2

 
1
T /2 2π Vm
[c] av = Vm sin t dt =
T 0 T π
 
2
T /2 2π Vm 1 + cos kπ
ak = Vm sin t cos kω0 t dt =
T 0 T π 1 − k2
2Vm
Note: ak = 0 for k-odd, ak = for k even,
π(1 − k 2 )
2
T /2 2π
bk = Vm sin t sin kω0 t dt = 0 for k = 2, 3, 4, . . .
T 0 T
Vm
For k = 1, we have b1 = ; therefore
2
∞
Vm Vm 2Vm  1
v(t) = + sin ω0 t + cos nω0 t V
π 2 π n=2,4,6 1 − n2
 16–10 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

P 16.4 Starting with Eq. (16.2),

∞
 ∞

f (t) sin kω0 t = av sin kω0 t + an cos nω0 t sin kω0 t + bn sin nω0 t sin kω0 t
n=1 n=1

Now integrate both sides from to to to + T. All the integrals on the right-hand side
reduce to zero except in the last summation when n = k, therefore we have

to +T  
T 2
to +T
f (t) sin kω0 t dt = 0 + 0 + bk or bk = f (t) sin kω0 t dt
to 2 T to

to +T 
1 to +T
P 16.5 [a] I6 = sin mω0 t dt = − cos mω0 t 
to mω0 to

−1
= [cos mω0 (to + T ) − cos mω0 to ]
mω0
−1
= [cos mω0 to cos mω0 T − sin mω0 to sin mω0 T − cos mω0 to ]
mω0
−1
= [cos mω0 to − 0 − cos mω0 to ] = 0 for all m,
mω0

to +T 
1 to +T
I7 = cos mω0 to dt = [sin mω0 t] 
to mω0 to

1
= [sin mω0 (to + T ) − sin mω0 to ]
mω0
1
= [sin mω0 to − sin mω0 to ] = 0 for all m
mω0

to +T
1
to +T
[b] I8 = cos mω0 t sin nω0 t dt = [sin(m + n)ω0 t − sin(m − n)ω0 t] dt
to 2 to
But (m + n) and (m − n) are integers, therefore from I6 above, I8 = 0 for all
m, n.

to +T
1
to +T
[c] I9 = sin mω0 t sin nω0 t dt = [cos(m − n)ω0 t − cos(m + n)ω0 t] dt
to 2 to
If m = n, both integrals are zero (I7 above). If m = n, we get
1
to +T 1
to +T T T
I9 = dt − cos 2mω0 t dt = − 0 =
2 to 2 to 2 2

to +T
[d] I10 = cos mω0 t cos nω0 t dt
to

1
to +T
= [cos(m − n)ω0 t + cos(m + n)ω0 t] dt
2 to
If m = n, both integrals are zero (I7 above). If m = n, we have
1
to +T 1
to +T T T
I10 = dt + cos 2mω0 t dt = + 0 =
2 to 2 to 2 2
 Problems 16–11

 
1
to +T 1
0
T /2
P 16.6 av = f (t) dt = f (t) dt + f (t) dt
T to T −T /2 0

T −T
Let t = −x, dt = −dx, x= when t=
2 2
and x = 0 when t = 0
1
0 1
0 1
T /2
Therefore f (t) dt = f (−x)(−dx) = − f (x) dx
T −T /2 T T /2 T 0
1
T /2 1
T /2
Therefore av = − f (t) dt + f (t) dt = 0
T 0 T 0
2
0 2
T /2
ak = f (t) cos kω0 t dt + f (t) cos kω0 t dt
T −T /2 T 0
Again, let t = −x in the first integral and we get
2
0 2
T /2
f (t) cos kω0 t dt = − f (x) cos kω0 x dx
T −T /2 T 0
Therefore ak = 0 for all k.
2
0 2
T /2
bk = f (t) sin kω0 t + f (t) sin kω0 t dt
T −T /2 T 0
Using the substitution t = −x, the first integral becomes
2
T /2
f (x) sin kω0 x dx
T 0
4
T /2
Therefore we have bk = f (t) sin kω0 t dt
T 0
2
0 2
T /2
P 16.7 bk = f (t) sin kω0 t dt + f (t) sin kω0 t dt
T −T /2 T 0
Now let t = x − T /2 in the first integral, then dt = dx, x = 0 when t = −T /2 and
x = T /2 when t = 0, also sin kω0 (x − T /2) = sin(kω0 x − kπ) = sin kω0 x cos kπ.
Therefore
2
0 2
T /2
f (t) sin kω0 t dt = − f (x) sin kω0 x cos kπ dx and
T −T /2 T 0

T /2
2
bk = (1 − cos kπ) f (x) sin kω0 t dt
T 0

Now note that 1 − cos kπ = 0 when k is even, and 1 − cos kπ = 2 when k is odd.
Therefore bk = 0 when k is even, and
4
T /2
bk = f (t) sin kω0 t dt when k is odd
T 0
 16–12 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

P 16.8 Because the function is even and has half-wave symmetry, we have av = 0, ak = 0
for k even, bk = 0 for all k and
4
T /2
ak = f (t) cos kω0 t dt, k odd
T 0
The function also has quarter-wave symmetry;
therefore f (t) = −f (T /2 − t) in the interval T /4 ≤ t ≤ T /2;
thus we write
4
T /4 4
T /2
ak = f (t) cos kω0 t dt + f (t) cos kω0 t dt
T 0 T T /4
Now let t = (T /2 − x) in the second integral, then dt = −dx, x = T /4 when
t = T /4 and x = 0 when t = T /2. Therefore we get

4
T /2 4
T /4
f (t) cos kω0 t dt = − f (x) cos kπ cos kω0 x dx
T T /4 T 0
Therefore we have

T /4
4
ak = (1 − cos kπ) f (t) cos kω0 t dt
T 0

But k is odd, hence

8
T /4
ak = f (t) cos kω0 t dt, k odd
T 0
P 16.9 Because the function is odd and has half-wave symmetry, av = 0, ak = 0 for all k,
and bk = 0 for k even. For k odd we have
4
T /2
bk = f (t) sin kω0 t dt
T 0
The function also has quarter-wave symmetry, therefore f (t) = f (T /2 − t) in the
interval T /4 ≤ t ≤ T /2. Thus we have

4
T /4 4
T /2
bk = f (t) sin kω0 t dt + f (t) sin kω0 t dt
T 0 T T /4
Now let t = (T /2 − x) in the second integral and note that dt = −dx, x = T /4
when t = T /4 and x = 0 when t = T /2, thus

4
T /2 4
T /4
f (t) sin kω0 t dt = − cos kπ f (x)(sin kω0 x) dx
T T /4 T 0

But k is odd, therefore the expression becomes

8
T /4
bk = f (t) sin kω0 t dt
T 0
 Problems 16–13

1 1
P 16.10 [a] f = = = 62.5 Hz
T 16 × 10−3
[b] no, because f (3 ms) = 10 mA but f (−3 ms) = −10 mA.
[c] yes, because f (−t) = −f (t) for all t.
[d] yes
[e] yes
[f] av = 0, function is odd

ak = 0, for all k; the function is odd

bk = 0, for k even, the function has half-wave symmetry

8
T /4
bk = f (t) sin kωo t, k odd
T 0


T /4 
8 T /8
= 5t sin kωo t dt + 0.01 sin kωo t dt
T 0 T /8

8
= {Int1 + Int2}
T

T /8
Int1 = 5 t sin kωo t dt
0
  
1 t T /8
= 5 2 2 sin kωo t − cos kωo t 
k ωo kωo 0

5 kπ 0.625T kπ
= sin − cos
k 2 ωo2 4 kωo 4

T /4 
−0.01 T /4 0.01 kπ
Int2 = 0.01 sin kωo t dt = cos kωo t  = cos
T /8 kωo T /8 kωo 4
 
5 kπ 0.01 0.625T kπ
Int1 + Int2 = sin + − cos
2
k ωo2 4 kωo kωo 4

0.625T = 0.625(16 × 10−3 ) = 0.01

5 kπ
.·. Int1 + Int2 = sin
k 2 ωo2 4

8 5 kπ 0.16 kπ
bk = · 2 2 · T 2 sin = 2 2 sin , k odd
T 4π k 4 π k 4
∞
160  sin(nπ/4)
i(t) = sin nωo t mA
π 2 n=1,3,5 n2
 16–14 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

2π
P 16.11 [a] T = 1; ωo = = 2π rad/s
T
[b] yes
[c] no
[d] no

P 16.12 [a] v(t) is even and has both half- and quarter-wave symmetry, therefore av = 0,
bk = 0 for all k, ak = 0 for k-even; for odd k we have
 
8
T /4 4Vm kπ
ak = Vm cos kω0 t dt = sin
T 0 πk 2
∞

4Vm  1 nπ
v(t) = sin cos nω0 t V
π n=1,3,5 n 2

[b] v(t) is even and has both half- and quarter-wave symmetry, therefore av = 0,
ak = 0 for k-even, bk = 0 for all k; for k-odd we have
 
8
T /4 4Vp 8Vp
ak = t − Vp cos kω0 t dt = − 2 2
T 0 T π k
∞
8Vp  1
Therefore v(t) = − 2 cos nω0 t V
π n=1,3,5 n2

P 16.13 [a] i(t) is even, therefore bk = 0 for all k.

1 T 1 Im
av = · · Im · 2 · = A
2 4 T 4
 
4
T /4 4Im
ak = Im − t cos kωo t dt
T 0 T
4Im
T /4 16Im
T /4
= cos kωo t dt − t cos kωo t dt
T 0 T2 0

= Int1 − Int2

4Im
T /4 2Im kπ
Int1 = cos kωo t dt = sin
T 0 πk 2
16Im
T /4
Int2 = t cos kωo t dt
T2 0
 
T /4
16Im 1 t 
= cos kωo t + sin kωo t 
T2 2
k ωo2 kωo 0
 
4Im kπ 2Im kπ
= 2 2 cos −1 + sin
π k 2 kπ 2
 Problems 16–15

 
4Im kπ
.·. ak = 2 2 1 − cos A
π k 2
∞
Im 4Im  1 − cos(nπ/2)
.·. i(t) = + 2 cos nωo t A
4 π n=1 n2

[b] Shifting the reference axis to the left is equivalent to shifting the periodic
function to the right:
cos nωo (t − T /2) = cos nπ cos nωo t
Thus
∞
Im 4Im  (1 − cos(nπ/2)) cos nπ
i(t) = + 2 cos nωo t A
4 π n=1 n2
P 16.14 [a]

[b] Even, since f (t) = f (−t)

[c] Yes, since f (t) = −f (T /2 − t) in the interval 0 < t < 4.
[d] av = 0, ak = 0, for k even (half-wave symmetry)

bk = 0, for all k (function is even)

Because of the quarter-wave symmetry, the expression for ak is

8
T /4
ak = f (t) cos kω0 t dt, k odd
T 0
 2
8
2 2 2t k 2 ω02 t2 − 2
= 4t cos kω0 t dt = 4 2 2 cos kω0 t + sin kω0 t
8 0 k ω0 k 3 ω03 0
 16–16 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

 
2π kπ
kω0 (2) = k (2) =
8 2
cos(kπ/2) = 0, since k is odd
 
4k 2 ω02 − 2 16k 2 ω02 − 8
.·. ak = 4 0 + sin(kπ/2) = sin(kπ/2)
k 3 ω03 k 3 ω03
2π π π2 π3
ω0 = = ; ω02 = ; ω03 =
8 4 16 64
 
k2π2 − 8
ak = (64) sin(kπ/2)
k3π3
∞
 
 n2 π 2 − 8
f (t) = 64 sin(nπ/2) cos(nω0 t)
n=1,3,5 π 3 n3

[e] cos nω0 (t − 2) = cos(nω0 t − π/2) = sin nω0 t sin(nπ/2)

∞
 
 n2 π 2 − 8
f (t) = 64 sin2 (nπ/2) sin(nω0 t)
n=1,3,5 π 3 n3

P 16.15 [a]

[b] Odd, since f (−t) = −f (t)

[c] f (t) has quarter-wave symmetry, since f (T /2 − t) = f (t) in the interval
0 < t < 4.
[d] av = 0, (half-wave symmetry); ak = 0, for all k (function is odd)
bk = 0, for k even (half-wave symmetry)
8
T /4
bk = f (t) sin kω0 t dt, k odd
T 0
8
2 3
= t sin kω0 t dt
8 0
 Problems 16–17

 2
3t2 6 t3 6t
= 2 2 sin kω0 t − 4 4 sin kω0 t − cos kω0 t + 3 3 cos kω0 t
k ω0 k ω0 kω0 k ω0 0
 
2π kπ
kω0 (2) = k (2) =
8 2
cos(kπ/2) = 0, since k is odd
 
12 6
.·. bk = 2 2 sin(kπ/2) − 4 4 sin(kπ/2)
k ω0 k ω0
 
2π kπ k2π2 k4π4
kω0 = k = ; k 2 ω02 = ; k 4 ω04 =
8 4 16 256

192 8
.·. bk = 2 2 1 − 2 2 sin(kπ/2), k odd
π k π k
∞  

192  1 8
f (t) = 2 2
1 − 2 2 sin(nπ/2) sin nω0 t
π n=1,3,5 n π n

[e] sin nω0 (t − 2) = sin(nω0 t − π/2) = − cos nω0 t sin(nπ/2)

∞  

−192  1 8
f (t) = 2 2
1 − 2 2 sin2 (nπ/2) cos nω0 t
π n=1,3,5 n π n

P 16.16 [a]

[b] av = 0; ak = 0, for k even; bk = 0, for all k

8
T /4
ak = f (t) cos kω0 t dt, for k odd
T 0
 
8
T /8 120t 8
T /4 40
= cos kω0 t dt + 10 + t cos kω0 t dt
T 0 T T T /8 T
960
T /8 80
T /4 320
T /4
= 2 t cos kω0 t dt + cos kω0 t dt + 2 t cos kω0 t dt
T 0 T T /8 T T /8
16–18 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

 T /8 
960 cos kω0 t t sin kω0 t 80 sin kω0 t T /4
= 2 + +
T k 2 ω02 kω0 0
T kω0 T /8
 T /4
320 cos kω0 t t sin kω0 t
+ 2 +
T k 2 ω02 kω0 T /8

T kπ T kπ
kω0 = ; kω0 =
4 2 8 4
 
960 cos(kπ/4) T 1 80
bk = 2 + sin(kπ/4) − 2 2 + [sin(kπ/2) − sin(kπ/4)]
T 2
k ω02
8kω0 k ω0 kω0 T
 
320 cos(kπ/2) T sin(kπ/2) cos(kπ/4) T sin(kπ/4)
+ 2 + − −
T k 2 ω02 4 kω0 k 2 ω02 8kω0
640 160 960
= cos(kπ/4) + sin(kπ/2) −
(kω0 T )2 kω0 T 2 (kω0 T )2

kω0 T = 2kπ; (kω0 T )2 = 4k 2 π 2

160 80 240
ak = 2 2
cos(kπ/4) + sin(kπ/2) − 2 2
π k πk π k
80
[c] ak = [2 cos(kπ/4) + πk sin(kπ/2) − 3]
π2k2
80
a1 = [2 cos(π/4) + πk sin(π/2) − 3] ∼
= 12.61
π2
80
a3 = [2 cos(3π/4) + πk sin(3π/2) − 3] ∼
= −12.46
9π 2
80
a5 = [2 cos(5π/4) + πk sin(5π/2) − 3] ∼
= 3.66
25π 2
f (t) = 12.61 cos(ω0 t) − 12.46 cos(3ω0 t) + 3.66 cos(5ω0 t) + . . .
T 2π T π
[d] t = ; ω0 t = · =
4 T 4 2
f (T /4) ∼
= 12.61 cos(π/2) − 12.46 cos(3π/2) + 3.66 cos(5π/2) = 0

The result would have been non-trivial for t = T /8 or if the function had been
specified as odd.
 Problems 16–19

P 16.17 Let f (t) = v2 (t − T /6).

av = −(2Vm /3)(T /3)(1/T ) = −(2Vm /9) and bk = 0 since f (t) is even

  T /6
4
T /6 2Vm 4 2Vm 1 
ak = − cos kωo tdt = − sin kωo t 
T 0 3 T 3 kωo 0
   
8Vm π 4Vm π
=− sin k =− sin k
3k2π 3 3kπ 3

∞  
2Vm 4Vm  1 nπ
Therefore, v2 (t − T /6) = − − sin cos nωo t
9 3π n=1 n 3

∞  
2Vm 4Vm  1 nπ
and v2 (t) = − − sin cos nωo (t + T /6)
9 3π n=1 n 3

Then, v(t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t). Simplifying,

∞    

7Vm 4Vm  1 nπ nπ
v(t) = − sin cos cos nωo t
9 3π n=1 n 3 3
∞  

4Vm  1 2 nπ
+ sin sin nωo t V
3π n=1 n 3

If Vm = 9π then av = 7π = 21.99 (Checks)

              
12 nπ nπ 12 1 2nπ 6 4nπ
ak = − sin cos =− sin = sin
n 3 3 n 2 3 n 3
        
   

12 nπ 12 1 2nπ 6 4nπ
bk = sin2 = 1 − cos = 1 − cos
n 3 n 2 3 n 3

a1 = 6 sin(4π/3) = −5.2; b1 = 6[1 − cos(4π/3)] = 9

a2 = 3 sin(8π/3) = 2.6; b2 = 3[1 − cos(8π/3)] = 4.5

a3 = 2 sin(12π/3) = 0; b3 = 2[1 − cos(12π/3)] = 0

a4 = 1.5 sin(16π/3) = −1.3; b4 = 1.5[1 − cos(16π/3)] = 2.25

a5 = 1.2 sin(20π/3) = 1.04; b5 = 1.2[1 − cos(20π/3)] = 1.8

All coefficients check!

 16–20 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

P 16.18 [a] The voltage has half-wave symmetry. Therefore,

av = 0; ak = bk = 0, k even
For k odd,
 
4
T /2 2Im
ak = Im − t cos kωo t dt
T 0 T
4
T /2 8Im
T /2
= Im cos kω0 t dt − 2 t cos kω0 t dt
T 0 T 0

  T /2
4Im sin kω0 t T /2 8Im cos kωo t t
=  − 2 2 2
+ sin kω0 T
T kω0 0 T k ω0 kω0 0
 
8Im cos kπ 1
=0− 2
−
T 2 k 2 ω0 k 2 ω02
  
8Im 1
= (1 − cos kπ)
T2 k ω02
2

4Im 20
= 2 2
= 2, for k odd
π k k
 
4
T /2 2Im
bk = Im − t sin kωo t dt
T 0 T
4Im
T /2 8Im
T /2
= sin kω0 t dt − 2 t sin kω0 t dt
T 0 T 0
 T /2  T /2
4Im − cos kω0 t 8Im sin kωo t t
= − 2 2
− cos kω0 t
T kω0 0
T k 2 ω0 kω0 0
   
4Im 1 − cos kπ 8Im −T cos kπ
= − 2
T kω0 T 2kω0

8Im 1
= 1 + cos kπ
kω0 T 2
2Im 10π
= = , for k odd
πk k
 
20 10π 10 2 10 √
ak − jbk = 2 − j = − jπ = 2 π 2 k 2 + 4/− θk
k k k k k
πk
where tan θk =
2

∞
 (nπ)2 + 4
i(t) = 10 cos(nω0 t − θn )
n=1,3,5 n2
 Problems 16–21

√ π
[b] A1 = 10 4 + π 2 ∼
= 37.24 A tan θ1 = θ1 ∼
= 57.52◦
2
10 √ 3π
A3 = 4 + 9π 2 ∼
= 10.71 A tan θ3 = θ3 ∼
= 78.02◦
9 2
10 √ 5π
A5 = 4 + 25π 2 ∼
= 6.33 A tan θ5 = θ5 ∼
= 82.74◦
25 2
10 √ 7π
A7 = 4 + 49π 2 ∼
= 4.51 A tan θ7 = θ7 ∼
= 84.80◦
49 2
10 √ 9π
A9 = 4 + 81π 2 ∼
= 3.50 A tan θ9 = θ9 ∼
= 85.95◦
81 2
i(t) ∼
= 37.24 cos(ωo t − 57.52 ) + 10.71 cos(3ωo t − 78.02◦ )
◦

+ 6.33 cos(5ωo t − 82.74◦ ) + 4.51 cos(7ωo t − 84.80◦ )

+ 3.50 cos(9ωo t − 85.95◦ ) + . . .

i(T /4) ∼
= 37.24 cos(90 − 57.52◦ ) + 10.71 cos(270 − 78.02◦ )

+ 6.33 cos(450 − 82.74◦ ) + 4.51 cos(630 − 84.80◦ )

+ 3.50 cos(810 − 85.95◦ ) ∼

= 26.22 A

Actual value:
 
T 1
i = (5π 2 ) ∼
= 24.67 A
4 2
P 16.19 The function has half-wave symmetry, thus ak = bk = 0 for k-even, av = 0; for
k-odd

4
T /2 8Vm
T /2 −t/RC
ak = Vm cos kω0 t dt − e cos kω0 t dt
T 0 ρT 0
 
where ρ = 1 + e−T /2RC .

Upon integrating we get


4Vm sin kω0 t T /2
ak =
T kω0 0
 T /2 
8Vm e−t/RC − cos kω0 t 

− · · + kω0 sin kω0 t 
ρT (1/RC)2 + (kω0 )2 RC 0

−8Vm RC
=
T [1 + (kω0 RC)2 ]
 16–22 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

4
T /2 8Vm
T /2
bk = Vm sin kω0 t dt − e−t/RC sin kω0 t dt
T 0 ρT 0


4Vm cos kω0 t T /2
=−
T kω0 0
 T /2 
8Vm −e−t/RC sin kω0 t 

− · · + kω0 cos kω0 t 
ρT (1/RC) + (kω0 )
2 2 RC 0

4Vm 8kω0 Vm R2 C 2
= −
πk T [1 + (kω0 RC)2 ]

 2
4Vm
P 16.20 [a] a2k + b2k = a2k + + kω0 RCak
πk
 
= a2k [1 + (kω0 RC)2 ] + 8Vm
πk
2Vm
πk
+ kω0 RCak

−8Vm RC
But ak =
T [1 + (kω0 RC)2 ]

64Vm2 R2 C 2
Therefore a2k = , thus we have
T 2 [1 + (kω0 RC)2 ]2

64Vm2 R2 C 2 16Vm2 64Vm2 kω0 R2 C 2

a2k + b2k = 2 + 2 2 −
T [1 + (kω0 RC)2 ] π k πkT [1 + (kω0 RC)2 ]

Now let α = kω0 RC and note that T = 2π/ω0 , thus the expression for a2k + b2k
reduces to a2k + b2k = 16Vm2 /π 2 k 2 (1 + α2 ). It follows that
 4Vm
a2k + b2k = 
πk 1 + (kω0 RC)2
4Vm
[b] bk = kω0 RCak +
πk
bk 4Vm 1 + α2 1
Thus = kω0 RC + =α− =−
ak πkak α α
ak
Therefore = −α = −kω0 RC
bk
 Problems 16–23

P 16.21 Since av = 0 (half-wave symmetry), Eq. 16.38 gives us

∞
 4Vm 1 bn
vo (t) =  cos(nω0 t − θn ) where tan θn =
1,3,5 nπ 1 + (nω0 RC)2 an

But from Eq. 16.57, we have tan βk = kω0 RC. It follows from Eq. 16.72 that
tan βk = −ak /bk or tan θn = − cot βn . Therefore θn = 90◦ + βn and
cos(nω0 t − θn ) = cos(nω0 t − βn − 90◦ ) = sin(nω0 t − βn ), thus our
expression for vo becomes
∞
4Vm  sin(nω0 t − βn )
vo = 
π n=1,3,5 n 1 + (nω0 RC)2

P 16.22 [a] e−x ∼

=1−x for small x; therefore
   
−t/RC ∼ t −T /2RC ∼ T
e = 1− and e = 1−
RC 2RC
  
2Vm [1 − (t/RC)] Vm 2t − (T /2)
vo ∼
= Vm − =
2 − (T /2RC) RC 2 − (T /2RC)
    
∼ Vm T Vm Vm T T
= t− = t− for 0≤t≤
RC 4 RC 4RC 2
    
−8 −8 Vm T −4Vm
[b] ak = Vp = =
2
π k 2 π2k2 4RC πω0 RCk 2
P 16.23 [a] Express vg as a constant plus a symmetrical square wave. The constant is Vm /2
and the square wave has an amplitude of Vm /2, is odd, and has half- and
quarter-wave symmetry. Therefore the Fourier series for vg is
∞
Vm 2Vm  1
vg = + sin nω0 t
2 π n=1,3,5 n
The dc component of the current is Vm /2R, and with
sin nω0 t = cos(nω0 t − 90◦ ) the kth harmonic phase current is
2Vm /kπ 2Vm
Ik = =  /− 90◦ − θk
R + jkω0 L/− 90◦
kπ R + (kω0 L)
2 2

 
−1 kω0 L
where θk = tan
R
Thus the Fourier series for the steady-state current is
∞
Vm 2Vm  sin(nω0 t − θn )
i= +  A
2R π n=1,3,5 n R2 + (nω0 L)2
16–24 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

[b]

The steady-state current will alternate between I1 and I2 in exponential traces

as shown. Assuming t = 0 at the instant i increases toward (Vm /R), we have
 
Vm Vm −t/τ T
i= + I1 − e for 0≤t≤
R R 2
and i = I2 e−[t−(T /2)]/τ for T /2 ≤ t ≤ T, where τ = L/R. Now we solve for I1
and I2 by noting that
 
Vm Vm −T /2τ
I1 = I2 e−T /2τ and I2 = + I1 − e
R R
These two equations are now solved for I1 . Letting x = T /2τ, we get
(Vm /R)e−x
I1 =
1 + e−x
Therefore the equations for i become
 
Vm Vm T
i= − e−t/τ for 0≤t≤ and
R R(1 + e−x ) 2
 
Vm T
i= e−[t−(T /2)]/τ for ≤t≤T
R(1 + e−x ) 2
A check on the validity of these expressions shows they yield an average value
of (Vm /2R):


1 T /2 V 
Vm −t/τ


T
m −[t−(T /2)]/τ
Iavg = + I1 − e dt + I2 e dt
T 0 R R T /2
  
1 Vm T Vm
= + τ (1 − e−x ) I1 − + I2
T 2R R
Vm Vm
= since I1 + I2 =
2R R
 Problems 16–25

∞
4A  1
P 16.24 vi = sin nω0 (t + T /4)
π n=1,3,5 n

∞  
4A  1 nπ
= sin cos nω0 t
π n=1,3,5 n 2

2π 4A
ω0 = × 103 = 500 rad/s; = 60
4π π
∞  
 1 nπ
vi = 60 sin cos 500nt V
n=1,3,5 n 2

From the circuit

Vi jω jω
Vo = · jωL = Vi = Vi
R + jωL R/L + jω 1000 + jω

Vi1 = 60/0◦ V; ω = 500 rad/s

Vi3 = −20/0◦ = 20/180◦ V; 3ω = 1500 rad/s

Vi5 = 12/0◦ V; 5ω = 2500 rad/s

j500
Vo1 = (60/0◦ ) = 26.83/63.43◦ V
1000 + j500

j1500
Vo3 = (20/180◦ ) = 16.64/− 146.31◦ V
1000 + j1500

j2500
Vo5 = (12/0◦ ) = 11.14/21.80◦ V
1000 + j2500

.·. vo = 26.83 cos(500t + 63.43◦ ) + 16.64 cos(1500t − 146.31◦ )

+ 11.14 cos(2500t + 21.80◦ ) + . . . V

P 16.25 [a] From the solution to Assessment Problem 16.6 the Fourier series for the input
voltage is
∞  

 1 nπ
vg = 42 sin cos 2000nt V
n=1,3,5 n 2
Also from the solution to Assessment Problem 16.6 we have
Vg1 = 42/0◦ ω0 = 2000 rad/s
 16–26 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

Vg3 = 14/180◦ 3ω0 = 6000 rad/s

Vg5 = 8.4/0◦ 5ω0 = 10,000 rad/s

Vg7 = 6/180◦ 7ω0 = 14,000 rad/s

From the circuit in Fig. P16.26 we have

Vo Vo − Vg
+ + (Vo − Vg )sC = 0
R sL
Vo s2 + 1/LC
.·. = H(s) = 2
Vg s + (s/RC) + (1/LC)
Substituting in the numerical values gives
s2 + 108
H(s) =
s2 + 500s + 108
96
H(j2000) = = 0.9999/− 0.60◦
96 + j1
64
H(j6000) = = 0.9989/− 2.68◦
64 + j3
H(j10,000) = 0
96
H(j14,000) = = 0.9974/4.17◦
96 − j7
Vo1 = (42/0◦ )(0.9999/− 0.60◦ ) = 41.998/− 0.60◦ V

Vo3 = (14/180◦ )(0.9989/− 2.68◦ ) = 13.985/177.32◦ V

Vo5 = 0 V

Vo7 = (6/180◦ )(0.9974/4.17◦ ) = 5.984/184.17◦ V

vo = 41.998 cos(2000t − 0.60◦ ) + 13.985 cos(6000t + 177.32◦ )

+ 5.984 cos(14,000t + 184.17◦ ) + . . . V


[b] The 5th harmonic at the frequency 1/LC = 10,000 rad/s has been eliminated
from the output voltage by the circuit, which is a bandreject filter with a center
frequency of 10,000 rad/s.

P 16.26 [a] Note – find io (t)

V0 − Vg V0
+ V0 (12.5 × 10−6 s) + =0
16s 1000

1 1 Vg
V0 + 12.5 × 10−6 s + =
16s 1000 16s
 Problems 16–27

V0 (1000 + 0.2s2 + 16s) = 1000Vg

5000Vg
V0 =
s2 + 80s + 5000
V0 5Vg
I0 = = 2
1000 s + 80s + 5000
I0 5
H(s) = = 2
Vg s + 80s + 5000
5
H(njω0 ) =
(5000 − n2 ω02 ) + j80nω0
2π
ω0 = = 240π; ω02 = 57,600π 2 ; 80ω0 = 19,200π
T
5
H(jnω0 ) =
(5000 − 57,600π 2 n2 ) + j19,200πn

H(0) = 10−3

H(jω0 ) = 8.82 × 10−6 /− 173.89◦

H(j2ω0 ) = 2.20 × 10−6 /− 176.96◦

H(j3ω0 ) = 9.78 × 10−7 /− 177.97◦

H(j4ω0 ) = 5.5 × 10−7 /− 178.48◦

680 1360 1 1 1 1
vg = − cos ω0 t + cos 2ω0 t + cos 3ω0 t + cos 4ω0 t + . . .
π π 3 15 35 63
680 1360
i0 = × 10−3 − (8.82 × 10−6 ) cos(ω0 t − 173.89◦ )
π 3π
1360
− (2.20 × 10−6 ) cos(2ω0 t − 176.96◦ )
15π
1360
− (9.78 × 10−7 ) cos(3ω0 t − 177.97◦ )
35π
1360
− (5.5 × 10−7 ) cos(4ω0 t − 178.48◦ ) − . . .
63π
= 216.45 × 10−3 − 1.27 × 10−3 cos(ω0 t − 173.89◦ )

− 6.35 × 10−5 cos(2ω0 t − 176.96◦ )

− 1.21 × 10−5 cos(3ω0 t − 177.97◦ )

− 3.8 × 10−6 cos(4ω0 t − 178.48◦ ) − . . .

 16–28 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

i0 ∼
= 216.45 − 1.27 cos(ω0 t − 173.89◦ ) mA

Note that the sinusoidal component is very small compared to the dc

component, so
i0 ∼
= 216.45 mA (a dc current)
[b] Yes, the solution makes sense. The circuit is a low-pass filter which nearly
eliminates all but the dc component.

P 16.27 The function is odd with half-wave and quarter-wave symmetry. Therefore,

ak = 0, for all k; the function is odd

bk = 0, for k even, the function has half-wave symmetry

8
T /4
bk = f (t) sin kωo t, k odd
T 0


T /4 
8 T /10
= 500t sin kωo t dt + sin kωo t dt
T 0 T /10

8
= {Int1 + Int2}
T

T /10
Int1 = 500 t sin kωo t dt
0
  
1 t T /10
= 500 2 2 sin kωo t − cos kωo t 
k ωo kωo 0

500 kπ 50T kπ
= sin − cos
2
k ωo2 5 kωo 5

T /4 
−1 T /4 1 kπ
Int2 = sin kωo t dt = cos kωo t  = cos
T /10 kωo T /10 kωo 5
 
500 kπ 1 50T kπ
Int1 + Int2 = 2 2 sin + − cos
k ωo 5 kωo kωo 5

50T = 50(20 × 10−3 ) = 1

500 kπ
.·. Int1 + Int2 = sin
k 2 ωo2 5

8 500 kπ 20 kπ
bk = · 2 2 · T 2 sin = 2 2 sin , k odd
T 4π k 5 π k 5
 Problems 16–29

∞
20  sin(nπ/5)
i(t) = 2
sin nωo t A
π n=1,3,5 n2

From the circuit,

Vo
H(s) = = Zeq
Ig

1 1
Yeq = + + sC
R1 R2 + sL

1/C(s + R2 /L)
Zeq =
s2 + s(R1 R2 C + L)/R1 LC + (R1 + R2 )/R1 LC

Therefore,

320 × 104 (s + 32 × 104 )

H(s) =
s2 + 32.8 × 104 s + 28.8 × 108

We want the output for the third harmonic:

2π 2π
ω0 = = = 100π; 3ω0 = 300π
T 20 × 10−3

20 3π
Ig3 = sin = 0.214/− 90◦
9π 2 5 sin 3ω0 t

320 × 104 (j300π + 32 × 104 )

H(j300π) = = 353.6/− 5.96◦
(j300π) + 32.8 × 10 (j300π) + 28.8 × 10
2 4 8

Therefore,

Vo3 = H(j300π)Ig3 = (353.6/− 5.96◦ )(0.214/− 90◦ ) = 75.7/− 90◦ − 5.96◦ V

vo3 = 75.7 sin(300πt − 5.96◦ ) V

2π 2π
P 16.28 ωo = = × 106 = 200 krad/s
T 10π

3 × 106 5 × 106
.·. n = = 15; n= = 25
0.2 × 106 0.2 × 106

Vo (1/RC)s
H(s) = = 2
Vg s + (1/RC)s + (1/LC)
 16–30 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

1 1012 1 (103 )(1012 )

= = 106 ; = = 25 × 1012
RC (250 × 103 )(4) LC (10)(4)

106 s
H(s) =
s2 + 106 s + 25 × 1012

jω × 106
H(jω) =
(25 × 1012 − ω 2 ) + j106 ω

15th harmonic input:

vg15 = (150)(1/15) sin(15π/2) cos 15ωo t = −10 cos 3 × 106 t V

.·. Vg15 = 10/− 180◦ V

j3
H(j3 × 106 ) = = 0.1843/79.38◦
16 + j3

Vo15 = (10)(0.1843)/− 100.62◦ V

vo15 = 1.84 cos(3 × 106 t − 100.62◦ ) V

25th harmonic input:

vg25 = (150)(1/25) sin(25π/2) cos 5 × 106 t = 6 cos 5 × 106 t V

.·. Vg25 = 6/0◦ V

j5
H(j5 × 106 ) = = 1/0◦
0 + j5

Vo25 = 6/0◦ V

vo25 = 6 cos 5 × 106 t V

 

T 1 T T 3Im
P 16.29 [a] av = Im + Im =
2 2 2 2 4
2Im
i(t) = t, 0 ≤ t ≤ T /2
T
i(t) = Im , T /2 ≤ t ≤ T
2
T /2 2Im 2
T
ak = t cos kωo t dt + Im cos kωo t dt
T 0 T T T /2
 Problems 16–31

Im
= (cos kπ − 1)
π2k2
2
T /2 2Im 2
T
bk = t sin kωo t dt + Im sin kωo t dt
T 0 T T T /2
−Im
=
πk
3Im −2Im
av = , a1 = , a2 = 0
4 π2
−2Im
a3 =
9π 2
−Im −Im
b1 = , b2 =
π 2π

9 2 1 1
.·. Irms = Im + 4 + 2 + 2 = 0.8040Im (Eq. 16.81)
16 π 2π 8π
Irms = 192.95 mA

P = (0.19295)2 (1000) = 37.23 W

[b] Area under i2 :

T /2
4Im
2
2 T
A= t dt + I
0 T2 m
2
2 3 T /2
4Im t  2 T
= 2  +Im
T 3 0 2

1 3 2 2
= 2
Im T + = T Im
6 6 3
 
1 2 2 2
Irms = · TI = Im = 195.96 mA
T 3 m 3
P = (0.19596)2 1000 = 38.4 W
 
37.23
[c] Error = − 1 (100) = −3.05%
38.40
∞
80  1
P 16.30 vg = 10 + 2 cos nωo t V
π n=1,3,5 n2

2π 2π
ωo = = × 103 = 500 rad/s
T 4π

80 80
vg = 10 + cos 500t + 2 cos 1500t + . . .
π 2 9π
16–32 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

Vo − Vg Vo
+ sCVo + =0
sL R

Vo (RLCs2 + Ls + R) = RVg

Vo 1/LC
H(s) = = 2
Vg s + s/RC + 1/LC

1 106
= = 106
LC (0.1)(10)

1 106 √
= √ = 1000 2
RC (50 2)(10)

106
H(s) = √
s2 + 1000 2s + 106

106
H(jω) = √
106 − ω 2 + j1000ω 2

H(j0) = 1

H(j500) = 0.9701/− 43.31◦

H(j1500) = 0.4061/− 120.51◦

80
vo = 10(1) + (0.9701) cos(500t − 43.31◦ )
π2

80
+ (0.4061) cos(1500t − 120.51◦ ) + . . .
9π 2

vo = 10 + 7.86 cos(500t − 43.31◦ ) + 0.3658 cos(1500t − 120.51◦ ) + . . .

 Problems 16–33


 2  2
7.86 0.3658
Vrms ∼
= 
102 + √ + √ = 11.44 V
2 2

V2
P ∼ √ = 1.85 W
= rms
50 2

Note – the higher harmonics are severely attenuated and can be ignored. For
example, the 5th harmonic component of vo is
 
80
vo5 = (0.1580) cos(2500t − 146.04◦ ) = 0.0512 cos(2500t − 146.04◦ ) V
25π 2
 
2 1 T
V
2 4 m Vm
P 16.31 [a] av = =
T 4

4
T /4 4Vm
ak = Vm − t cos kωo t dt
T 0 T
 
4Vm kπ
= 2 2 1 − cos
π k 2
bk = 0, all k
60
av = = 15 V
4
240
a1 =
π2
240 120
a2 = (1 − cos π) =
4π 2 π2
 

2  2 
(15)2 1 240 120
Vrms = + + = 24.38 V
2 π2 π2

(24.38)2
P = = 59.46 W
10
[b] Area under v 2 ; 0 ≤ t ≤ T /4
28,800 57,600 2
v 2 = 3600 − t+ t
T T2

T /4

28,800 57,600 2
A=2 3600 − t+ t dt = 600T
0 T T2

1 √
Vrms = 600T = 600 = 24.49 V
T
√ 2
P = 600 /10 = 60 W
 16–34 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

 
59.46
[c] Error = − 1 100 = −0.9041%
60.00
P 16.32 [a] v = 15 + 400 cos 500t + 100 cos(1500t − 90◦ ) V
i = 2 + 5 cos(500t − 30◦ ) + 3 cos(1500t − 15◦ ) A
1 1
P = (15)(2) + (400)(5) cos(30◦ ) + (100)(3) cos(−75◦ ) = 934.85 W
2 2

 2  2
400 100

[b] Vrms = (15)2 + √ + √ = 291.93 V
2 2

 2  2
5 3

[c] Irms = (2)2 + √ + √ = 4.58 A
2 2

T /6  
36Vm2 2 T T
P 16.33 [a] Area under v = A = 4 2
t dt + 2Vm2 −
0 T 2 3 6
2Vm2 T V 2T
= + m
9 3
   

1 2Vm2 T V 2T 2 1
Therefore Vrms =  + m = Vm + = 74.5356 V
T 9 3 9 3
[b] vg = 105.30 sin ω0 t − 4.21 sin 5ω0 t + 2.15 sin 7ω0 t + · · · V

(105.30)2 + (4.21)2 + (2.15)2
Therefore Vrms ∼
= = 74.5306 V
2
480 1 1 1 1
P 16.34 [a] v(t) = {sin ωo t + sin 3ωo t + sin 5ωo t + sin 7ωo t + sin 9ωo t + · · ·}
π 3 5 7 9

 2  2  2  2  2
480 1 1 1 1 1
Vrms ∼
=  √
+ √ + √ + √ + √
π  2 3 2 5 2 7 2 9 2
480 1 1 1 1
= √ 1+ + + +
π 2 9 25 49 81
∼
= 117.55 V
 
117.55
[b] % error = − 1 (100) = −2.04%
120

960 1 1
[c] v(t) = 2 sin ωo t + sin 3ωo t + sin 5ωo t
π 9 25

1 1
+ sin 7ωo t + sin 9ωo t − · · ·
49 81

∼ 960 1 1 1 1
Vrms = 2√ 1 + + + +
π 2 81 625 2401 6561

∼
= 69.2765 V
 Problems 16–35

120
Vrms = √ = 69.2820 V
3
 
69.2765
% error = − 1 (100) = −0.0081%
69.2820
 
340 680 1 1
P 16.35 [a] v(t) ≈ − cos ωo t + cos 2ωo t + · · ·
π π 3 15
 

340 2  2  2  2 
680 
1 1 
Vrms ≈  + √ + √
π π 3 2 15 2
  
340 1 1
= 1+4 + = 120.0819 V
π 18 450
170
[b] Vrms = √ = 120.2082
2
 
120.0819
% error = − 1 (100) = −0.11%
120.2082
170 340
[c] v(t) ≈ + 85 sin ωo t − cos 2ωo t
π 3π

  2  2
170 2 85 340

Vrms ≈ + √ + √ ≈ 84.8021 V
π 2 3 2π
170
Vrms = = 85 V
2
% error = −0.23%

P 16.36 [a] Half-wave symmetry av = 0, ak = bk = 0, even k. For k odd,

4
T /4 4I
m 16Im
T /4
ak = t cos kω0 t dt = t cos kω0 t dt
T 0 T T2 0
 T /4 
16Im cos kω0 t t 
= 2
+ sin kω0 t 
T2 2
k ω0 kω0 0
 
16Im T kπ 1
= 0+ sin − 2 2
T 2 4kω0 2 k ω0
   
2Im kπ 2
ak = sin − ,
πk 2 πk
4
T /4 4I
m 16Im
T /4
bk = t sin kω0 t dt = t sin kω0 t dt
T 0 T T2 0
 T /4   
16Im sin kω0 t t 
 =
4Im kπ
= − cos kω0 t  sin
T2 2
k ω02
kω0 0
2
π k 2 2
 16–36 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

      
2Im kπ 2 2 kπ
[b] ak − jbk = sin − − j sin
πk 2 πk πk 2
  
2Im 2 2
a1 − jb1 = 1− −j = 0.47Im /− 60.28◦
π π π
   
2Im 2 2
a3 − jb3 = −1 − +j = 0.26Im /170.07◦
3π 3π 3π
   
2Im 2 2
a5 − jb5 = 1− −j = 0.11Im /− 8.30◦
5π 5π 5π
   
2Im 2 2
a7 − jb7 = −1 − +j = 0.10Im /175.23◦
7π 7π 7π

ig = 0.47Im cos(ω0 t − 60.28◦ ) + 0.26Im cos(3ω0 t + 170.07◦ )

+ 0.11Im cos(5ω0 t − 8.30◦ ) + 0.10Im cos(7ω0 t + 175.23◦ ) + · · ·
  

∞ A2n
[c] Ig = 
n=1,3,5 2

∼ (0.47)2 + (0.26)2 + (0.11)2 + (0.10)2
= Im = 0.39Im
2

T /4  2    
4Im 32I 2
t3 T /4 Im
2
T
[d] Area under i2g = 2 t dt = m
 =
0 T T 2 3 0 6
  

1 Im
2T Im
Ig =  = √ = 0.41Im
T 6 6
   
estimated 0.3927Im
[e] % error = − 1 100 = √ − 1 100 = −3.8%
exact (Im / 6)
P 16.37 [a] v has half-wave symmetry, quarter-wave symmetry, and is odd
.·. av = 0, ak = 0 all k, bk = 0 k-even

8
T /4
bk = f (t) sin kωo t dt, k-odd
T 0



T /4 
8 T /8 V
m
= sin kωo t dt + Vm sin kωo t dt
T 0 4 T /8

    T /4 
8Vm cos kωo t T /8 8Vm cos kωo t 

= −  + − 
4T kωo 0 T kωo T /8

   
8Vm kπ 8Vm kπ
= 1 − cos + cos −0
4kωo T 4 T kωo 4
 Problems 16–37

 
8Vm 1 1 kπ kπ
= − cos + cos
kωo T 4 4 4 4
 
4Vm 1 kπ 1
= + 0.75 cos = [10 + 30 cos(kπ/4)]
πk 4 4 k

b1 = 10 + 30 cos(π/4) = 31.21
1
b3 = [10 + 30 cos(3π/4)] = −3.74
3
1
b5 = [10 + 30 cos(5π/4)] = −2.24
5
1
b7 = [10 + 30 cos(7π/4)] = 4.46
7

31.212 + 3.742 + 2.242 + 4.462
V (rms) ≈ Vm = 22.51
2
   

T T
[b] Area under v 2 = 2 2(2.5π)2 + 100π 2 = 53.125π 2 T
8 4

1 √
V (rms) = (53.125π 2 )T = 53.125π = 22.90
T
 
22.51
[c] % Error = − 1 (100) = −1.7%
22.90
P 16.38 [a] From Problem 16.16,

The area under v 2 :



T /4  2 
T /8 14,400 2 40t
A=4 2
t dt + 10 + dt
0 T T /8 T
 16–38 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

 T /4 T /4 
57,600 t3 T /8 

3200 t2 

6400 t3 T /4
= + 400t + + 2
T 2 3 0 
T /8 T 2 
T /8 T 3 T /8
57,600 T 3T 7T 575
= T + 400 + 1600 + 6400 = T
1536 8 64 1536 3
   
1 575 575
Vrms = T = = 13.84 V
T 3 3
2
Vrms
[b] P = = 12.78 W
15
[c] From Problem 16.16,
80
b1 = (2 cos 45◦ + π sin 90◦ − 3) = 12.61 V
π2
vg ∼
= 12.61 sin ω0 t V
√
(19.57/ 2)2
P = = 5.30 W
15
 
5.30
[d] % error = − 1 (100) = −61.71%
13.84
P 16.39 Figure P16.39(b): ta = 0.2 s; tb = 0.6 s

v = 50t 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.2

v = −50t + 20 0.2 ≤ t ≤ 0.6

v = 25t − 25 0.6 ≤ t ≤ 1.0

0.2
20
Area 1 under v = A1 =
2
2500t2 dt =
0 3

0.6
40
Area 2 = A2 = 100(4 − 20t + 25t2 ) dt =
0.2 3

1.0
40
Area 3 = A3 = 625(t2 − 2t + 1) dt =
0.6 3

100
A1 + A2 + A3 =
3
  
1 100 10
Vrms = = √ V.
1 3 3
 Problems 16–39

Figure P16.39(c): ta = tb = 0.4 s

v(t) = 25t 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.4

50
v(t) = (t − 1) 0.4 ≤ t ≤ 1
3

0.4
40
A1 = 625t2 dt =
0 3

1.0
2500 2 60
A2 = (t − 2t + 1) dt =
0.4 9 3

100
A1 + A2 =
3
   
1 1 100 10
Vrms = (A1 + A2 ) = = √ V.
T 1 3 3

Figure P16.39 (d): ta = tb = 1

v = 10t 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

1
100
A1 = 100t2 dt =
0 3
  
1 100 10
Vrms = = √ V.
1 3 3
 T /4 
1
T /4 −jnωo t Vm e−jnωo t 

P 16.40 cn = Vm e dt = 
T 0 T −jnωo 0
 
Vm Vm nπ Vm nπ
= [j(e−jnπ/2 − 1)] = sin +j cos −1
T nωo 2πn 2 2πn 2
 

Vm nπ nπ
= sin − j 1 − cos
2πn 2 2

∞

v(t) = cn ejnωo t
n=−∞

1
T /4 Vm
c o = av = Vm dt =
T 0 4
 16–40 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

or
 
Vm sin(nπ/2) 1 − cos(nπ/2)
co = lim −j
2π n→0 n n
 
Vm (π/2) cos(nπ/2) (π/2) sin(nπ/2)
= lim −j
2π n→0 1 1

Vm π Vm
= − j0 =
2π 2 4
Note it is much easier to use co = av than to use L’Hopital’s rule to find the limit of
0/0.
Vm T 1 Vm
P 16.41 co = av = · =
2 T 2

1
T Vm −jnωo t
cn = te dt
T 0 T
 T
Vm e−jnω0 t
= 2 (−jnω0 t − 1)
T −n2 ω02 0
   
Vm e−jn2πT /T 2π 1
= 2 −jn T − 1 − (−1)
T −n2 ω02 T −n2 ω02
 
Vm 1 1
= 2 2
(1 + jn2π) −
T n2 ω0 n2 ω02
Vm
=j , n = ±1, ±2, ±3, . . .
2nπ
 
 
1
T 2 1
T Vm 2 2
P 16.42 [a] Vrms = v dt = t dt
T 0 T 0 T
 
Vm2 t3 T
=
T 3 3 0

Vm2 Vm
= =√
3 3
√ 2
(120/ 3)
P = = 480 W
10
[b] From the solution to Problem 16.41
120 120 15
c0 = = 60 V; c4 = j =j
2 8π π
120 60 120 12
c1 = j =j ; c5 = j =j
2π π 10π π
 Problems 16–41

120 30 120 10
c2 = j =j ; c6 = j =j
4π π 12π π
120 20 120 8.57
c3 = j =j ; c7 = j =j
6π π 14π π

∞

Vrms = c2
o +2 |cn |2
n=1

= 602 + 2
π2
(602 + 302 + 202 + 152 + 122 + 102 + 8.572 )
= 68.58 V

(68.58)2
[c] P = = 470.29 W
10
 
470.29
% error = − 1 (100) = −2.02%
480
(1/2)(T /2)Vm Vm
P 16.43 [a] Co = av = =
T 4
1
T /2 2Vm −jnωo t
Cn = te dt
T 0 T
 T /2
2Vm e−jnωo t
= 2 (−jnωo t − 1)
T −n2 ωo2 0

Vm −jnπ
= [e (jnπ + 1) − 1]
2n2 π 2
Since e−jnπ = cos nπ we can write
Vm Vm
Cn = 2 2 (cos nπ − 1) + j cos nπ
2π n 2nπ
54
[b] Co = = 13.5 V
4
−54 27
C−1 = 2
+j = 10.19/122.48◦ V
π π
C1 = 10.19/− 122.48◦ V
13.5
C−2 = −j = 4.30/− 90◦ V
π
C2 = 4.30/90◦ V
−6 9
C−3 = + j = 2.93/101.98◦ V
π2 π
C3 = 2.93/− 101.98◦ V
16–42 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

6.75
C−4 = −j = 2.15/− 90◦ V
π
C4 = 2.15/90◦ V

[c]

Vo Vo Vo − Vg
+ + Vo sC + =0
250 sL 62.5 × 103
.·. (250LCs2 + 1.004sL + 250)Vo = 0.004sLVg
Vo (1/62, 500C)s
= H(s) = 2
Vg s + 1/249C + 1/LC
16s
H(s) =
s2 + 1/249Cs + 4 × 1010
2π 2π
ωo = = × 106 = 2 × 105 rad/s
T 10π
H(j0) = 0
jk
H(j2 × 105 k) =
12, 500(1 − k 2 ) + j251k
Therefore,
H−1 = 0.0398/0◦ ; H1 = 0.0398/0◦
−j2
H−2 = = 5.33 × 10−5 /86.23◦ ; H2 = 5.33 × 10−5 /− 89.23◦
−37, 500 − j20
−3j
H−3 = = 3.00 × 10−5 /89.57◦ ; H2 = 3.00 × 10−5 /− 89.57◦
−10−5 − j753
−4j
H−4 = = 2.13 × 10−5 /89.69◦ ; H2 = 2.13 × 10−5 /− 89.69◦
−187, 500 − j1004
The output voltage coefficients:
C0 = 0

C−1 = (10.19/122.48◦ )(0.00398/0◦ ) = 0.0406/122.48◦ V

 Problems 16–43

C1 = 0.0406/− 122.48◦ V

C−2 = (4.30/− 90◦ )(5.33 × 10−5 /86.23◦ ) = 2.29 × 10−4 /− 3.77◦ V

C2 = 2.29 × 10−4 /3.77◦ V

C−3 = (2.93/101.98◦ )(3.00 × 10−5 /89.57◦ ) = 8.79 × 10−5 /191.55◦ V

C3 = 8.79 × 10−5 /− 191.55◦ V

C−4 = (2.15/− 90◦ )(2.13 × 10−5 /89.69◦ ) = 4.58 × 10−5 /− 0.31◦ V

C4 = 4.58 × 10−5 /0.31◦ V

 
4

4 
[d] Vrms ∼
= C 2
o +2 |Cn |2 ∼
= 2 |C |2 n
n=1 n=1

∼
= 2(0.04062 + (2.29 × 10−4 )2 + (8.79 × 10−5 )2 + (4.58 × 10−5 )2 ∼
= 0.0574 V

(0.0574)2
P = = 13.2 µW
250

 
1
T /2 2Vm 2
P 16.44 [a] Vrms = t dt
T 0 T

 
1 4V 2 t3 T /2

= m
T T2 3 0



 4Vm2 Vm
= =√
(3)(8) 6

54
Vrms = √ = 22.05 V
6
[b] From the solution to Problem 16.43
C0 = 13.5; |C3 | = 2.93

|C1 | = 10.19; |C4 | = 2.15

|C2 | = 4.30

Vg (rms) ∼
= 13.52 + 2(10.192 + 4.302 + 2.932 + 2.152 ) ∼
= 21.29 V
 
21.29
[c] % Error = − 1 (100) = −3.44%
22.05
 16–44 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

P 16.45 [a] From Example 16.3 we have:

 
40 40 kπ
av = = 10 V, ak = sin
4 πk 2
  
40 kπ
bk = 1 − cos , Ak /− θk◦ = ak − jbk
πk 2
A1 = 18.01 V θ1 = −45◦ , A2 = 12.73 V, θ2 = −90◦

A3 = 6 V, θ3 = −135◦ , A4 = 0, A5 = 3.6 V, θ5 = −45◦

A6 = 4.24 V, θ6 = −90◦ , A7 = 2.57 V, θ7 = −135◦

an − jbn an + jbn
[b] Cn = , C−n = = Cn∗
2 2

C0 = av = 10 V C3 = 3/135◦ V C6 = 2.12/90◦ V
C1 = 9/45◦ V C−3 = 3/− 135◦ V C−6 = 2.12/− 90◦ V
C−1 = 9/− 45◦ V C4 = C−4 = 0 C7 = 1.29/135◦ V
C2 = 6.37/90◦ V C5 = 1.8/45◦ V C−7 = 1.29/− 135◦ V
C−2 = 6.37/− 90◦ V C−5 = 1.8/− 45◦ V
 Problems 16–45

P 16.46 [a] From the solution to Problem 16.29 we have

Im Im
Ak = ak − jbk = (cos kπ − 1) + j
π2k2 πk
A0 = 0.75Im = 180 mA
240 240
A1 = 2
(−2) + j = 90.56/122.48◦ mA
π π
240
A2 = j = 38.20/90◦ mA
2π
240 240
A3 = (−2) + j = 26.03/101.98◦ mA
9π 2 3π
240
A4 = j = 19.10/90◦ mA
4π
240 240
A5 = (−2) + j = 15.40/97.26◦ mA
25π 2 5π
240
A6 = j = 12.73/90◦ mA
6π

[b] C0 = A0 = 180 mA
1
C1 = A1 /− θ1 = 45.28/122.48◦ mA
2
C−1 = 45.28/− 122.48◦ mA
1
C2 = A2 /− θ2 = 19.1/90◦ mA
2
C−2 = 19.1/− 90◦ mA
 16–46 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

1
C3 = A3 /− θ3 = 13.02/101.98◦ mA
2
C−3 = 13.02/− 101.98◦ mA
1
C4 = A4 /− θ4 = 9.55/90◦ mA
2
C−4 = 9.55/− 90◦ mA
1
C5 = A5 /− θ5 = 7.70/97.26◦ mA
2
C−5 = 7.70/− 97.26◦ mA
1
C6 = A6 /− θ6 = 6.37/90◦ mA
2
C−6 = 6.37/− 90◦ mA

P 16.47 [a] v = A1 cos(ωo t + 90◦ ) + A3 cos(3ωo t − 90◦ )

+A5 cos(5ωo t + 90◦ ) + A7 cos(7ωo t − 90◦ )
v = −A1 sin ωo t + A3 sin 3ωo t − A5 sin 5ωo t + A7 sin 7ωo t
[b] v(−t) = A1 sin ωo t − A3 sin 3ωo t + A5 sin 5ωo t − A7 sin 7ωo t
.·. v(−t) = −v(t); odd function

[c] v(t − T /2) = −A1 sin(ωo t − π) + A3 sin(3ωo t − 3π)

−A5 sin(5ωo t − 5π) + A7 sin(7ωo t − 7π)
= A1 sin ωo t − A3 sin 3ωo t + A5 sin 5ωo t − A7 sin 7ωo t

.·. v(t − T /2) = −v(t), yes, the function has half-wave symmetry
 Problems 16–47

[d] Since the function is odd, with hws, we test to see if

f (T /2 − t) = f (t)

f (T /2 − t) = −A1 sin(π − ωo t) + A3 sin(3π − 3ωo t)

A5 sin(5π − 5ωo t) + A7 sin(7π − 7ωo t)
= −A1 sin ωo t + A3 sin 3ωo t − A5 sin 5ωo t + A7 sin 7ωo t

.·. f (T /2 − t) = f (t) and the voltage has quarter-wave symmetry

P 16.48 [a] i = 11,025 cos 10,000t + 1225 cos(30,000t − 180◦ ) + 441 cos(50,000t − 180◦ )

+ 225 cos 70,000t µA

= 11,025 cos 10,000t − 1225 cos 30,000t − 441 cos 50,000t

+ 225 cos 70,000t µA

[b] i(t) = i(−t), Function is even

[c] Yes, A0 = 0, An = 0 for n even

11,0252 + 12252 + 4412 + 2252
[d] Irms = = 7.85 mA
2
[e] A1 = 11,025/0◦ µA; C1 = 5512.50/0◦ µA

A3 = 1225/180◦ µA; C3 = 612.5/180◦ µA

A5 = 441/180◦ µA; C5 = 220.5/180◦ µA

A7 = 225/0◦ µA; C7 = 112.50/0◦ µA

C−1 = 5512.50/0◦ µA; C−3 = 612.5/− 180◦ µA

C−5 = 220.5/− 180◦ µA; C−7 = 112.50/0◦ µA

◦ ◦
i = 112.5e−j70,000t + 220.5e−j180 e−j50,000t + 612.5e−j180 e−j30,000t
◦
+ 5512.5e−j10,000t + 5512.5ej10,000t + 612.5ej180 ej30,000t
◦
+ 220.5ej180 ej50,000t + 112.5ej70,000t µA
 16–48 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

[f]

θn

180˚

−70 −50 −30 −10

(krad/s)
10 30 50 70

−180˚

P 16.49 From Table 15.1 we have

1
H(s) =
(s + 1)(s2 + s + 1)

After scaling we get

106
H  (s) =
(s + 100)(s2 + 100s + 104 )

2π 2π
ωo = = × 103 = 400 rad/s
T 5π

1
.·. H  (jnωo ) =
(1 + j4n)[(1 − 16n2 ) + j4n]

It follows that

H(j0) = 1/0◦
 Problems 16–49

1
H(jωo ) = = 0.0156/− 241.03◦
(1 + j4)(−15 + j4)

1
H(j2ωo ) = = 0.00195/− 255.64◦
(1 + j8)(−63 + j8)

∞
A A 2A  cos nωo t
vg (t) = + sin ωo t −
π 2 π n=2,4,6, n2 − 1

= 54 + 27π sin ωo t − 36 cos 2ωo t − · · · V

.·. vo = 54 + 1.33 sin(400t − 241.03◦ ) − 0.07 cos(800t − 255.64◦ ) − · · · V

P 16.50 Using the technique outlined in Problem 16.17 we can derive the Fourier series for
vg (t). We get
∞
800  1
vg (t) = 100 + cos nωo t
π n=1,3,5, n2
2

The transfer function of the prototype second-order low pass Butterworth filter is

1
H(s) = √ , where ωc = 1 rad/s
s2 + 2s + 1

Now frequency scale using kf = 2000 to get ωc = 2 krad/s:

4 × 106
H(s) = √
s2 + 2000 2s + 4 × 106

H(j0) = 1

4 × 106
H(j5000) = √ = 0.1580/− 146.04◦
(j5000)2 + 2000 2(j5000)2 + 4 × 106

4 × 106
H(j15,000) = √ = 0.0178/− 169.13◦
(j15,000)2 + 2000 2(j15,000)2 + 4 × 106

Vdc = 100 V

800 ◦
Vg1 = /0 V
π2

800 ◦
Vg3 = /0 V
9π 2
 16–50 CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

Vodc = 100(1) = 100 V

800
Vo1 = (0.1580/− 146.04◦ ) = 12.81/− 146.04◦ V
π2

800
Vo3 = (0.0178/− 169.13◦ ) = 0.16/− 169.13◦ V
9π 2

vo (t) = 100 + 12.81 cos(5000t − 146.04◦ )

+ 0.16 cos(15,000t − 169.13◦ ) + · · · V

P 16.51 [a] Let Va represent the node voltage across R2 , then the node-voltage equations are
Va − Vg Va
+ + Va sC2 + (Va − Vo )sC1 = 0
R1 R2
0 − Vo
(0 − Va )sC2 + =0
R3
Solving for Vo in terms of Vg yields
−1
Vo s
= H(s) =  R1 C1
 R1 +R2
Vg s2 + 1
R3
1
C1
+ C12 s + R1 R2 R3 C1 C2

It follows that
R1 + R2
ωo2 =
R1 R2 R3 C1 C2
 
1 1 1
β= +
R3 C1 C2
 
R3 C2
Ko =
R1 C1 + C2
Note that
   
−R
R1
3 C2
C1 +C2 R3
1 1
C1
+1
C2
s
H(s) =    
s2 + 1 1
R3 C1
+ 1
C2
s + R1 +R2
R1 R2 R3 C1 C2

[b] For the given values of R1 , R2 , R3 , C1 , and C2 we have

 
R3 C2 R3 400
− =− =−
R1 C1 + C2 2R1 313
 
1 1 1
+ = 2000
R3 C1 C2
R1 + R2
= 0.16 × 1010 = 16 × 108
R1 R2 R3 C1 C2
 Problems 16–51

−(400/313)(2000)s
H(s) =
s2+ 2000s + 16 × 108
2π 2π
ωo = = × 106 = 4 × 104 rad/s
T 50π
−(400/313)(2000)jnωo
H(jnωo ) =
16 × 108 − n2 ωo2 + j2000nωo
−j(20/313)n
=
(1 − n2 ) + j0.05n
−j(20/313) 400
H(jωo ) = =− = −1.28
j(0.050) 313
−j(20/313)(3)
H(j3ωo ) = = 0.0240/91.07◦
−8 + j0.15
−j(100/313)
H(j5ωo ) = = 0.0133/90.60◦
−24 + j0.25
∞
4A  1
vg (t) = sin(nπ/2) cos nωo t
π n=1,3,5 n

A = 15.65π V

vg (t) = 62.60 cos ωo t − 20.87 cos 3ωo t + 12.52 cos 5ωo t − · · ·

vo (t) = −80 cos ωo t − 0.50 cos(3ωo t + 91.07◦ )

+ 0.17 cos(5ωo t + 90.60◦ ) − · · · V