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Contents
Indoor air quality
P
Purpose
off filters
filt
Filters tests
Types of filters
Filters selection
Indoor Air Q
Quality
y (IAQ)
( Q)
Indoor air quality (IAQ) defined as the nature of air that
affects the health and well-being of occupants.
OR
How well indoor air satisfies the three basic requirements for
human occupancy :((a)) Th
Thermall acceptability
bili
(b) Maintenance of normal concentrations of respiratory gases
(c) Dilution and removal of contaminants to levels below health
or odor discomfort thresholds.
Purpose of Filters:
P
Purpose
off filt
filters
To remove particulates from air-stream. Depends on:
Particle size
S
Shape
Mass
Construction
Electrostatic properties
AHU
Filter
AHU
Filter
Group I
Panel-type filters of spun glass, open cell foams, expanded metal and screens, synthetics, textile
denier woven and nonwoven, or animal hair.
Group
p II
Pleated panel-type filters of fine denier nonwoven synthetic and synthetic-natural fibers blends, or
all natural fibre.
Group III
Extended surface supported and nonsupported filters of fine glass fibers,
Extended-surface
fibers fine electret synthetic
fibers, or wet-laid paper of cellulose- glass, synthetic, or all-glass fibers.
Group IV
Extended-area pleated HEPA-type filters of wet-laid ultra fine glass fibre paper. Biological grade air
filters are generally 95% DOP efficiency; HEPA filters are 99.97%
99 97% and 99.99%;
99 99%; and ULPA filters are
99.999%.
Notes:
1. Group numbers have no significance other than their use in this figure.
2 Correlation between the test methods shown are approximations for general guidance only
2.
only.
AHU
Type
High efficiency
particulate air filter
(HEPA)
Filter
Eurovent class
New Class
Efficiency
EU1
G1
<65
EU2
G2
>65, <80
EU3
G3
>80,, <90
EU4
G4
>90
EU5
F5
40, <60
EU6
F6
>60, <80
EU7
F7
>80, <90
EU8
F8
90<95
EU9
F9
>95
EU10
H10
85
EU11
H11
95
EU12
H12
99.5
EU13
H13
99.95
EU14
H14
99.995
EU15
U15
99.9995
EU16
U16
99.99995
EU17
U17
99.999995
Measured by
Synthetic dust
weight arrestance
Atmospheric dust
spot efficiency
Sodium chloride
or liquid
q
aerosol
Liquid aerosol
AHU/PAU-Filters
Air filtration is an important component to achieve
an acceptable indoor air quality.
Low-efficiency filters of the panel type as pre-filter
Medium- and high-efficiency
g
y bag
g type
yp for filtering
g
the air
Carbon-activated
Carbon activated gaseous absorption filters for
removal of objectionable odors
Dust Spot
Di-Otyl
Phthalate
DOP
Large particles
in atmospheric
dust
Atmospheric dust
0.3m
particles
Means to determine
dust concentration
Precision
Balance
Change in light
transmission
Particle count
Application
Low efficiency
filter
Medium efficiency
filter
High
efficiency filter
Clean room
Pharmaceutical industry
Particle size
The most important
characteristics of the air
stream that most affect
the air filters.
Particles less than 2.5
micrometer
c o e e in d
diameter
a ee
are generally reoffered to
as fine with those greater
than 2.5 micrometer
being considered as
coarse.
coarse
Rating filters
Three operating characteristics that
distinguish the various types of filters:
1-Efficiency: the ability of the filter to remove
particulate matter from an air-stream.
2-Air flow resistance: is the pressure drop
across the filter at a given air flow rate.
3-Dust-holding capacity: the amount of
particulate type of dust that filters can hold
when it is operated at a specified air flow
rate.
Filter tests
Arrestance:
A standardized synthetic dust consisting of
various particle sizes is fed to the filter.
Fractional efficiency or
p
penetration:
Uniform-sized particles are fed into
the filter and the percentage removed
by the
e filter
e is
s de
determined,
e
ed, by a
photometer or condensation nuclei
counter
Dust Spot
Di-Otyl
Phthalate
DOP
Large particles
in atmospheric
dust
Atmospheric dust
0.3m
particles
Means to determine
dust concentration
Precision
Balance
Change in light
transmission
Particle count
Application
Low efficiency
filter
Medium efficiency
filter
High
efficiency filter
Direct
ect interception.
te cept o
The particles follow a fluid
streamline close enough to a fiber
that the particle contacts the fiber
and remains there
Inertial deposition
Coated viscous material. [Adhesive
[
coating, wire screen impingement filter
Diffusion
Very small particles have random
motion about their basic streamlines
(Brownian motion), which contributes
to deposition on the fiber
Electrostatic effects.
Particles
P
ti l or media
di charging
h i
can produce changes in the
collection of dust
Types of filters
Panel filters,
filters in which the
accumulating dust load
causes pressure drop to
p to some
increase up
maximum recommended
value
HEPA filters
Made
M
d off an extended
t d d surface
f
configuration
fi
ti
of deep space folds of submicron glass fiber
paper.
standard
t d d ffor labs,
l b clean
l
room, nuclear,
l
hospitals, semiconductor, electronics,
pharmaceutical manufacturing and toxicparticulate applications
ULPA filters
ULPA filters can remove particles as
small as 0.1 microns.
Electronic filters
Using electrostatic precipitation
to remove and collect
particulate contaminants such
as dust, and smoke.
The filter consists of an
ionization section [small
diameter wire with a dc volt 6
6-25
25
kV grounded] and collecting
plate section [a series of
parallel equally spaced with a
positive DC volt of 4-10kV].
4-10kV]
Electronic filters should have an
y
to
indicator or alarm system
indicate when the high voltage
is off or shorted out.
Other filters
Liquid sprayers:
Used to remove wettable solids contaminants, liquid
contaminants
t i
t and
d water
t soluble
l bl polluting
ll ti gases iin
industrial
Ultra-violet lamps:
Lamps give an electromagnetic (Ultraviolet) radiation of
intensity 14,000 microwatt cm2. This would kill most
known bacteria in fraction of seconds
Filter selection
Evaluation of filters
Particle size:
The most important characteristics
of the air-stream
air stream that most affect
the air filters.
Particles less than 2.5 micrometer
[m] in diameter are generally
reoffered to as fine, with those
greater
t
th
than
2 5 [m]
2.5
[
] being
b i
considered as coarse.
Rating filters:
Three
ee operating
ope a g characteristics
c a ac e s cs that
a d
distinguish
s gu s
the various types of filters:
1.Efficiency:
1
Efficiency: the ability of the filter to remove
particulate matter from an air-stream.
2 Ai flow
2.Air
fl
resistance:
i t
[[resistance]
i t
] is
i th
the pressure
drop across the filter at a given air flow rate.
3.Dust-holding capacity: the amount of particulate
type of dust that filter can hold when it is operated
at a specified air flow rate.
Pre-filter
Pre-filter/Filter
Final Filter
Filter tests:
Arrestance:
es a ce
A standardised synthetic dust consisting of various particle sizes is fed to the filter.
Fractional
F ti
l efficiency
ffi i
or penetration:
t ti
Uniform- sized particles are fed into the filter and the percentage removed by the filter is
determined, by a photometer or condensation nuclei counter.
Mechanisms of particle
collection:
1.
Straining.
Strain particles through membrane openings that is smaller than the particulate
being removed.
2.
Direct interception.
The particles follow a fluid streamline close enough to a fibre that the particle
contacts the fibre and remains there.
3.
4.
Inertial deposition.
Coated viscous material. [adhesive coating, wire screen impingement filter]
Diffusion.
Very small particles have random motion about their basic streamlines (Brownian
motion),
) which contributes to deposition
p
on the fibre.
5.
Electrostatic effects.
Particles or media charging can produce changes in the collection of dust.
Types of filters:
Common filters are grouped as follows:
1 Panel filters,
1.
filters in
i which
hi h the
th accumulating
l ti dust
d t load
l d causes pressure drop
d
t
to
increase up to some maximum recommended value.
2.
3.
Electronic filters,
4.
Panel filters,
5.
HEPA filters:
ULPA filters:
1.
2.
Types of RMF:
Moving-curtain
Moving
curtain viscous impingement filters.
Moving-curtain dry media filters.
Electronic filters:
Other filters:
1 Liquid Sprayers:
1.
used to remove wettable solids contaminants, liquid contaminates and
water soluble polluting gases in industrial areas such as hydrogen
p
, Sulphur
p
dioxide,, Nitrogen
g oxide and carbon monoxide.
sulphide,
3. Ultra-Violet Lamps:
Lamps give an electromagnetic (Ultraviolet) radiation of intensity 14,000
microwatt cm2
cm2. This would kill most known bacteria in fraction of
seconds.
Filter selection:
Evaluation
E
l ti off filters:
filt
1. Degree of air cleanliness required.
2 Disposal
2.
Di
l off dust
d t after
ft it is
i removed
d from
f
th
the
air.
3 Amount and type of dust in the air to be
3.
filtered.
4 Operating resistance to air flow (pressure
4.
drop).
5. Space
p
available for filtration equipment.
q p
6. Cost of maintaining or replacing filters.
7. Initial cost of the system.
y