A Review of Literature on Stabilization

of Expansive Soil Using Solid Wastes

Akshaya Kumar Sabat

Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Institute of Technical Education and Research
Siksha OAnusandhan University
Khandagiri Square, Bhubaneswar, OR, India
e-mail: akshayasabat@soauniversity.ac.in, akshayasabat@yahoo.co.in

Subasis Pati

Research Scholar
Department of Civil Engineering
Institute of Technical Education and Research
Siksha OAnusandhan University
Khandagiri Square, Bhubaneswar,OR.India
e-mail: subasis_123@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT
Expansive soil is a problematic soil for civil engineers because of its low strength and cyclic swellshrink behaviour. Stabilization using solid wastes is one of the different methods of treatment, to
improve the engineering properties and make it suitable for construction. The beneficial effects of
some prominent solid wastes as obtained in laboratory studies, in stabilization of expansive soil have
been discussed in this paper.

KEYWORDS:

laboratory studies.

Expansive soil, stabilization, solid waste, engineering properties,

INTRODUCTION
Expansive soil is a term generally applied to any soil or rock material that has a potential for
shrinking or swelling under changing moisture conditions (Nelson and Miller, 1992).Severe
damages occur to structures like light building, pavements, retaining walls, canal beds and
linings etc. founded on the expansive soils. Soil stabilization may be defined as any process by
which a soil material is improved and made more stable resulting in improved bearing capacity,
increase in soil strength, and durability under adverse moisture and stress conditions (Joel and
Agbede, 2011).The wastes which are solid in nature and remain at the place of their disposal are
called as solid wastes. They may be divided into four groups based on the source of their
generation i) Industrial solid wastes (Fly ash, Blast furnace slag, Red mud, Copper slag etc.) ii)
Agricultural solid wastes (Rice husk, Bagasse, Ground nut shell etc.) iii) Domestic solid wastes
(Incinerator ash, Waste tire etc.) and iv) Mineral solid wastes (Quarry dust, Marble dust etc.).
Stabilization using solid wastes is one of the different techniques to improve the engineering
properties of expansive soils to make them suitable for construction.

- 6251 -

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6252

The objective of this paper is to present a review of literature on, stabilization of expansive
soil using solid wastes.

STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE SOIL USING

INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTES
Industrial solid wastes are the wastes generated from various industrial processes. Some of the
research works conducted on stabilization of expansive soil using different industrial solid
wastes have been described below.

Fly Ash

Fly ash is the ash produced by combustion of pulverized coal in coal-fired electric and steam
generating plants.
Pandian et al. (2001) had added fly ash (class- F) up to 100% to black cotton soil at an
increment of 10% and found that California bearing ratio (CBR) values of black cotton soil
increased up to 20% addition of fly ash beyond it, CBR decreased. It again increased and
attained an optimum value when the percentage of fly ash was 70%.
Phani Kumar and Sharma (2004), Hakari and Puranik (2012), Mir and
Sridharan(2013),Hardha et al.(2013), Maneli et al.(2013) had also studied the effect of fly ash
(class F) on some geotechnical properties of expansive soil and had found improvement in
these properties.
Jiru and Xing (2002), Rao and Sabat(2005), Zha et al.(2008),Bose (2012) had investigated
the effect of fly ash (class-F) and lime on geotechnical properties of expansive soil and had
found positive effects.
Amu et al. (2005) had used (Class- F) fly ash and cement for stabilization of expansive soil.
It was found that stabilizing effect of 9% cement and 3% fly ash was better than the stabilizing
effect 12% cement.
Cokca (2001), Nalbantoglu (2004), Pandian and Krishna (2003) and Mishra et al.(2005) had
studied effect of class- C fly ash on different engineering properties of expansive soil and had
found varied success.
Sharma and Gupta (2013) had investigated the effect of fly ash(class-F) on sand stabilized
black cotton soil based on compaction and CBR test the optimum proportion of soil: sand :fly
ash was found to be 63:27:15.
Gopala Krishna et al. (2013) had studied the effect of fly ash (class-F) and zycosil on soaked
and unsoaked CBR of black cotton soil, the highest unsoaked CBR was obtained at 2% zycosyl
with 3% fly ash and highest soaked CBR was obtained at 2% zycosil with 4% fly ash.
Radhakrishnan et al .(2014) had studied the combined effect of (class-F) fly ash - Magnesium
chloride and fly ash-Aluminum chloride on swelling pressure (Ps), swelling potential (Sp) and
differential free swell (DFS) of expansive soil and found that the swelling properties decreases

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6253

substantially with increase in percentage of stabilizer but remain stable after certain percentage
of the stabilizers.
Sabat and Pradhan (2014) had investigated the effect of polypropylene fiber (content and
length) on compaction properties, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), soaked CBR, and PS
of an expansive soil stabilized with optimum percentage (20%) of fly ash and had found the
optimum percentage and optimum length of fiber as 1% and 12 mm respectively with
improvement in strength and swelling behaviour.

Cement Kiln Dust

Cement kiln dusts are the dusts produced during production of cement.
Peethamparan and Olek (2008) had examined the stabilizing effect of four cement kiln dusts
(having different physical and chemical characteristics) on Na-Montmorillonite clay. The
cement kiln dusts decreased the plasticity index (Ip), increased the, initial pH value, UCS and
stiffness of the clay. The free lime content of the cement kiln dust was found to be the most
significant parameter for the effectiveness of the stabilization along with the duration of curing
period.
Moses and Saminu (2012) had also studied the effect of cement kiln dust (up to 16%) on
some engineering properties of expansive soil. They found that the stabilized soil failed in UCS,
CBR and durability test to be used as a sub-base and base material in pavement.
Sallahudeen et al.(2014) had also stabilized expansive soil using cement kiln dust and had
concluded that for improvement of the subgrade of lightly trafficked roads and in lime
stabilization as admixture, cement kiln dust can be used however, cement kiln dust having high
loss on ignition(LOI) should be avoided to stabilize expansive soil.
Amadi and Lubem (2014) had investigated the effect of cement kiln dust (up to 16%)
on10% quarry fine stabilized black cotton soil and had found reduction in IP, maximum dry
density (MDD) and increase in optimum moisture content (OMC) and CBR.

Silica Fume
Kalkan and Akbulut (2004) had studied the effect of silica fume on consistency limits,
compaction properties, permeability, UCS and PS of expansive soil(natural clay liner) and found
that the addition of silica fume had reduced the permeability, Ps, and increased the UCS of
expansive soil.
Negi et al. (2013) had also found the positive effects of stabilization of expansive soil using
silica fume in improving the index properties of expansive soil.

Copper Slag
Havanagi et al. (2006) had mixed Copper slag (a waste generated during the manufacture of
copper) with fly ash and expansive soils in different proportions and their suitability in
embankment, sub base and base were investigated. The selected mixes were also stabilized at
3%, 6% and 9% of cement to make it suitable for base course.

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6254

Red Mud
Kalkan (2006) had stabilized expansive clay with red mud (a waste material generated
during the production of alumina) and cement-red mud and found increase in strength and
decrease in swelling percentage and hydraulic conductivity.

Phosphogypsum
Mishra and Mathur (2004) had stabilized expansive soil using phosphogypsum and observed
the optimum percentage as 40%.
Degirmenci et al. (2007) had investigated the effect of phosphogypsum on liquid limit (wL),
plastic limit (wP), IP, OMC, MDD and UCS of expansive soil. By stabilization with
phosphogypsum, the IP reduced, MDD increased, OMC decreased, and UCS increased.
Yilmaz and Civelekoglu (2009) had studied the effect of gypsum on Atterbergs limit, UCS,
Sp, and cation exchange capacity of bentonite and concluded that up to 5% addition of gypsum
the properties of expansive clay improved significantly.
Divya Krishnan et al. (2014) had studied the combined effect of class C fly ash and
phosphogypsum on UCS of expansive soil and had found that UCS increases by addition of
these two stabilizers which increases further with increase in curing period.

Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Cokca et al. (2009) had utilized ground granulated blast furnace slag and ground granulated blast
furnace slag -cement to stabilize an artificially prepared expansive soil. Ground granulated blast
furnace slag and ground granulated blast furnace slag -cement were added in proportions of 5% to 25%
at an increment of 5%. It was found that the stabilizers decreased the total amount of swell where as the
rate of swell were found to be increased. After the leachates analysis it was concluded that if the
expansive soil exists near the drinking water wells it should not be stabilized using these stabilizers.
Sharma and Sivapullaiah (2012) had studied the effects of ground granulated blast furnace
slag on UCS of expansive soil, at 7,14 and 28 days of curing and found that the strength
developments though depends on percentage of ground granulated blast furnace slag, the effect
of curing was less pronounced. There was also increase in initial tangent modulus values with
increase in ground granulated blast furnace slag percentage.
Osinubi et al. (2012) had studied the effect of compaction delay on strength characteristics of
black cotton soil stabilized with blast furnace slag and cement, and had found that compaction
delay reduces the strength of the stabilized soil.
Celik and Nalbantoglu (2013) had studied the effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag
on IP, linear shrinkage (LS), and SP of lime stabilized sulphate-bearing expansive soil. They
found that the growth of ettringite mineral was prevented by the addition of ground granulated
blast furnace slag, to lime stabilized expansive soil which resulted decrease in IP, LS, and Sp of
lime stabilized expansive soil.

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6255

Ceramic Dust
Koyuncu et al. (2004) had stabilized Na bentonite using ceramic tile dust and found that at
40% addition of ceramic tile dust waste, the PS and Sp were reduced by 86% and 57%
respectively.
Sabat (2012) had stabilized expansive soil using waste ceramic dust. Ceramic dusts were
added up to 30% and had found positive effects on index, strength and swelling properties. From
the economic analysis it was found that ceramic dust up to 30% can be utilized for strengthening
the subgrade of flexible pavement with a substantial save in cost of construction.
Sabat and Bose (2014) had studied the effects of ceramic dust on compaction properties,
UCS, CBR, Ps and durability of fly ash-lime stabilized expansive soil. The optimum percentages
of fly ash, lime and ceramic dust were found to be 10%, 5% and 35% respectively with
improvement in strength, swelling and durability characteristics.

Brick Dust
Malhotra and John (1986) had added brick aggregates to fly ash lime stabilized expansive
soil. They concluded that after a curing period of 28 days the stabilized soil achieved the
strength and durability to be used as base course in pavement with cost less than conventional
base course materials.
Katti and Sankar (1989) had studied the CBR strength characteristic of expansive soil by
stabilizing it with lime and brick aggregates. There was significant increase in CBR value in
brick-lime stabilization compared to lime stabilization.
Abd EL-Aziz and Abo Hashema (2013) had stabilized expansive clay using lime and
homra (crushed clay bricks or calcined clay waste).They had found that, soil stabilized with
lime - homra shown significant increase in CBR,cohesion(C), angle of internal friction() and
decrease in plasticity, swelling, MDD and consolidation settlement.

Polyvinyl Waste
Oyekan et al.(2013) had studied the effect of ground polyvinyl waste(up to 30%) on index,
compaction, UCS,CBR, Sp and durability of black cotton soil .The UCS increased by about
60%,the unsoaked CBR increased by about 50% and soaked CBR increased by about 20% at
30% addition of ground polyvinyl waste.

STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE SOIL USING

AGRICULTURAL SOLID WASTES
Agricultural solid wastes are the wastes generated from the processing of various
agricultural products. Some of the research works conducted in stabilization of expansive soil
using agricultural solid wastes have been described below.

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6256

Rice Husk Ash

Rice husk ash (RHA) is the ash produced by burning of rice husk.
Bhasin et al. (1988) made a laboratory study on the stabilization of black cotton soil as a
pavement material using RHA, along with other industrial wastes like fly ash, bagasse ash, lime
sludge, black sulphite liquor independently with and without lime. The RHA causes greater
improvement than that caused by other wastes due to presence of higher percentage of reactive
silica in it. In combination with lime, RHA improved the properties of black cotton soil
significantly.
Muntohar and Hantoro (2000) had studied the stabilizing effects of RHA and lime on
engineering properties of expansive soil and had found improvement in engineering properties
like IP, CBR, shear strength parameters, Sp etc.
Basha et al. (2003) had studied the effects of RHA and cement on plasticity and compaction
properties of expansive soil (bentonite) and had recommended that 10-15% of RHA and 6-8% of
cement as optimum percentages for stabilization.
Ramakrishna and Pradeep Kumar (2006) had studied combined effects of RHA and cement
on engineering properties of black cotton soil. From strength characteristics point of view they had
recommended 8% cement and 10% RHA as optimum dose for stabilization.
Sharma et al. (2008) had investigated the behavior of expansive clay stabilized with lime,
calcium chloride and RHA. The optimum percentage of lime and calcium chloride was found to
be 4% and 1% respectively in stabilization of expansive soil without addition of RHA. From
UCS and CBR point of view when the soil was mixed with lime or calcium chloride, RHA
content of 12% was found to be the optimum. In expansive soil RHA mixes, 4% lime and 1%
calcium chloride were also found to be optimum.
Rao et al. (2011) had studied the effects of RHA, lime and gypsum on engineering
properties of expansive soil and found that UCS increased by 548% at 28 days of curing and
CBR increased by 1350% at 14 days curing at RHA- 20%, lime -5% and gypsum -3%.
Sabat (2012) had studied the effects of polypropylene fiber on engineering properties of
RHA-lime stabilized expansive soil. Polypropylene fiber added were 0.5 to 2% at an increment
of 0.5%.The properties determined were compaction, UCS, soaked CBR, hydraulic conductivity
and Ps. The effect of 0,7 and 28 days of curing ware also studied on UCS, soaked CBR,
hydraulic conductivity and Ps .The optimum proportion of soil: RHA: lime: fiber was found to be
84.5:10:4:1.5.
Sabat (2013) had studied the effect of lime sludge (from paper manufacturing industry) on
compaction, CBR, shear strength parameters, coefficient of compression, Ps and durability of an
expansive soil stabilized with optimum percentage of RHA after 7days of curing. The optimum
proportion soil: RHA: lime sludge was found to be 75:10:15.
Ashango and Patra (2014) had studied the static and cyclic properties of clay subgrade
stabilized with RHA and Portland slag cement. The optimum percentage of RHA was found to
be 10% and Portland slag cement as 7.5% for stabilization of expansive soil. They concluded
that the stabilized expansive soil was found suitable for subgrade of flexible pavement as, there
was significant increase in strength and the stabilized soil was durable.

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6257

Bagasse Ash
When juice is extracted from the cane sugar, the solid waste material is known as bagasse.
When this waste is burned it gives ash called as bagasse ash.
Osinubi et al. (2009) had studied the effects of bagasse ash on compaction and strength
characteristics of lime stabilized black cotton soil. At 8 % lime and 4% bagasse ash combination
the highest CBR value was obtained.
Sabat (2012) had investigated the effects of bagasse ash and lime sludge on OMC, MDD,
UCS, soaked CBR and Ps of an expansive soil in order to study its cost effectiveness in
strengthening the sub-grade of a flexible pavement in expansive soil areas. The best
stabilization effects were obtained when the optimum percentage of bagasse ash was 8% and
lime sludge was 16%. The effects of compaction delay and molding water content on CBR of
the soil stabilized at the optimum proportion were also studied. At the optimum proportion the
stabilizer is cost effective and the molding water content and compaction delay affected the CBR
value of the stabilized soil significantly.
Gandhi (2012) had studied the effect of addition of bagasse ash (up to 10%) on wL, wP, IP,
sL, Shrinkage index (sI), Free Swell Index, Ps and found a decrease in all these values with
increase in percentage of bagasse ash.
Manikandan and Moganraj(2014) had found that the combined effect of bagasse ash and
lime were more effective than the effect of bagasse ash alone in controlling the consolidation
characteristics of expansive soil along with the improvement in other properties.

Olive Cake Residue

Nalbantoglu and Towfiq (2006) had stabilized expansive soil using olive cake residue ash. The ash
was produced by heating the olive cake residue up to 5500C for about one hour. It was found that olive
cake residue of 3% as optimum.

Wheat Husk

Attom and Shatnawi (2005) had investigated the stabilizing effects of wheat husk on
expansive soil. It was found that there was increase in shear strength and decrease in Ps in
expansive soil by stabilization with wheat husk.

Groundnut Shell Ash

Oriola and Moses (2010)) had studied the stabilization of expansive soil using groundnut
shell ash. Peak UCS values at, standard Proctor and West African standard compactive effort,
were attained at 4% and 6% groundnut shell ash content respectively. The peak soaked CBR
values at, standard Proctor and West African standard compactive effort were attained at 6%
and 0% groundnut shell ash respectively. Increase in curing period increased the strength. The
stabilized soil was not found to be durable.
Ijimdiya et al. (2012) had also studied the effect of groundnut shell ash on wL, wP,
compaction properties, unsoaked CBR and UCS of expansive soil. The doses of groundnut shell
ash added were 0 to 10% at an increment of 2%. Though 10% addition of groundnut shell ash
increased wL, decreased both wP and IP, the peaked CBR and UCS at 7 days curing were
obtained at 8% of groundnut shell ash which was not a very significant increase.

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6258

STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE SOIL USING

DOMESTIC SOLID WASTES
Domestic solid wastes are the wastes generated from households or residential units. The
research works conducted in stabilization of expansive soil using some prominent domestic
solid wastes have been described below.

Incinerator Ash
Al-Rawas (2004) had investigated the stabilizing effects of incinerator ash (ash produced by
burning of municipal solid waste) on wL, wP,(after 1day curing ), Sp and direct shear test at 1,7
and 14 days of curing. The percentages of incinerator ash added were 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%,
25%, and 30% by dry weight of the soil. There was a reduction in Sp and C and an increase in ,
with increase in curing periods and percentage of incinerator ash.

Waste tire
Seda et al. (2007) had found that Sp and Ps reduced significantly by addition of small
particles of waste tire rubber to expansive soil.
Patil et al. (2011) had studied the swell behavior of expansive soil by adding independently
with stiff (silica sand) and flexible (granular tire rubber) granular material and found that with
increase in additive materials and increase in surcharge stress the swell reduction increases. It
was found, better swell reduction in stiff sand grains than flexible granulated tire rubber.

Egg Shell Powder

Amu et al. (2005) had investigated the effects of egg shell powder (ESP) on the stabilizing
potential of lime on an expansive soil. Based on different tests they found that ESP can not
replace lime, for stabilization of soil.
Barzesh et al.(2012) and Nayankson et al.(2013) has also found the positive effects of egg
shell powder on properties of expansive soil.

Grain Storage Dust

Mughieda and Abu-Ashour (2006) had studied the effect of grain storage dust waste (a
powder-like material produced during loading and unloading of grains in the grain storage
facilities). The dust wastes mixed varied from 0 to 8% by mass. It was found that Sp, and Ps
were reduced, C decreased while was increased with addition of grain storage dusts.

Glass Cullet

Eberemu et al.(2012) had investigated the stabilizing effects of glass cullet on engineering
properties of expansive soil. The glass cullets added were from 5-20% at an increment of 5%.
With increase in percentage addition of glass cullet, there was continuous decrease in wL, wP,
OMC, C, Ps and continuous increase in Ip, specific gravity (G), MDD, UCS, , hydraulic
conductivity and CBR.

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6259

STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE SOIL USING

MINERAL SOLID WASTES
Mineral solid wastes are the wastes generated from various mining activities or the
extraction of ores and minerals. Some of the research works conducted in stabilization of
expansive soil by using some mineral solid wastes have been described below.

Quarry Dust
The quarry dust is obtained as an aggregate waste, during crushing of rubble to obtain
aggregates.
Sabat and Das (2009) had stabilized expansive soil using quarry dust and lime for
strengthening the subgrade of a rural road for low volume traffic. The properties tested were
compaction (standard proctor), UCS, soaked CBR and Ps. The stabilizer strengthened road was
found to be cost effective for low volume traffic.
Sabat (2012) had investigated the effect of lime on Atterbergs limit, compaction(modified
proctor), shear strength parameters and durability of an expansive soil stabilized with optimum
percentage of quarry dust (40%).The lime added were 2 to 7 % at an increment of 1%. The
effect of 7 and 28 days of curing were also studied on shear strength parameters. From the study
it was concluded that with increase in percentage of addition of lime the wP, wS, C, , OMC
increased, the wL, IP,, MDD of the soil-quarry dust mixes decreased. Though MDD decreased
but it was greater than the MDD of the virgin soil at 5% addition of lime. Addition of lime had
made the soil-quarry dust mixes durable. Curing had positive effects on shear parameters and
had maximum values at 5% addition of lime and 28 days of curing.
Sabat (2012) had developed statistical models for prediction of Ps of expansive soil
(Bentonite) stabilized with quarry dust and lime by correlating the percentage of stabilizers,
MDD, OMC, curing period and activity. Models were also developed to predict the Ps of
stabilized expansive soil cured at 7 and 28 days from the Ps of the expansive soil cured at 0 day
and the Ps of expansive soil cured at 28 days from the Ps of the expansive soil cured at 7 days.
The models developed were found to be very accurate in predicting the swelling pressure.
Sabat and Bose (2013) had studied the effect of fly ash quarry dust mixes with fly ash:
quarry dust as 1:2, on engineering properties of an expansive soil. The optimum proportion of
fly ash quarry dust mix was found to be 45%.

Marble Dust
Marble dusts are the wastes/dusts produced during cutting and polishing of marble.
Swami (2002) and, Palaniappan and Stalin (2009) had stabilized expansive soil using marble
dust and were successful in improving different properties of expansive soil.
Sabat and Nanda (2011) had studied the effects of marble dust on strength and durability of
rice husk ash stabilized expansive soil and found that addition of marble dust increased the
strength, decreased the swelling pressure and made the soil-rice husk ash mixes durable. The
optimum proportion of soil: rice husk ash: marble dust was found to be 70:10:20.

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6260

Zhang et al.(2013) had found the positive effects of marble dust on strength, swelling and
durability of biomass ash stabilized expansive soil. The optimum proportion of soil: biomass
ash: marble dust was found to be 75:10:15.
Gupta and Sharma (2014) had studied the effect of fly ash, sand and marble dust on
compaction and CBR values of expansive soil ,there was approximately 200% increase in
soaked CBR in the sample having soil -52.36%,sand-22.44%,fly ash -13.2% and marble dust12%.

Baryte Powder
Srinivasulu and Rao (1995) studied the efficacy of baryte powder as a soil stabilizer. They
had added baryte powder up to 20% to an expansive soil. The IP, OMC, differential free swell
index and C decreased and MDD, , UCS and CBR values increased with increase in
percentage of baryte powder.

Pyroclastic Dust
Ene and Okagbue (2009) had examined the stabilizing effects of pyroclastic rock dust on
expansive soil .The pyroclastic rock dusts added to soil were 4%, 8% and 12% by dry weight of
the soil. A significant reduction in plasticity and Ls with increase in percentage of rock dust was
found out. MDD, OMC, shear strength and CBR values were increased with increase in
percentages of rock dusts. At 8 % of rock dust addition, the optimum value of CBR was
obtained.

Lime Stone Dust

AI-Azzo (2009) had studied the stabilizing effect of crushed limestone on engineering
properties of expansive clayey. Different percentages of crushed limestone dusts added were 2,
4, 6, 8 and 10%.It was found that there was reduction in the plasticity of the clay and significant
decrease in expansion.

Granite Dust

Ogbonnaaya and IIIoabachie (2011) had examined the stabilizing effect of granite dust on
expansive soil. The percentages of granite dusts added were from 10 to 20% at an increment of
5%. It was found that with increase in percentage of addition granite dust, there was continuous
decrease in wL, Ls, OMC, C, continuous increase in wP, MDD, unsoaked CBR and .
Mishra et al. (2014) had studied the effect of granite dust (added from 0 to 30% at an
increment of 10%) on index properties of an expansive soil stabilized with 5% lime. There was
continuous decrease in wL, IP, DFS and increase in wS up to 30% addition of granite dust.

Mine Tailings
Ramesh et al. (2013) had studied index properties of expansive soil mine tailing mixtures
without and with lime including the effect of curing period and had found improvement in the
index properties of expansive soil.

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6261

CONCLUSIONS
From the review of literature on, stabilization of expansive soil using solid wastes, the following
conclusions are drawn:
Stabilization of expansive soil using solid wastes improves the geotechnical properties of
expansive soil.
Majority of the researchers have discussed the effects of stabilization on index properties,
compaction properties, UCS, CBR and swelling properties of expansive soil.
The effects of stabilization on, consolidation properties, shear strength, splitting tensile
strength, stiffness and hydraulic conductivity of expansive soil have not been studied by most
of the researchers.
Investigations on, effects of contaminants on geotechnical properties of stabilized soil,
mineralogical studies, durability and economic aspect of stabilization are limited in literature.
Behaviour of the stabilized soil subjected to cyclic loading is also limited in literature.
The methods of construction utilizing the solid wastes are hardly found in literature.
Results of field studies are also found to be negligible in literature.
Very few studies have been made regarding, stabilization of expansive soil using copper slag,
red mud, foundry sand, phosphogypsum, lime sludge, jerosite, kimberlite, silica fume, waste
plastic, waste glass and carpet wastes.
Negligible studies have also been done on stabilization of sulphate -rich expansive soils.
The studies regarding the use of the solid wastes as stabilizer have been mostly confined to
strengthen the sub-grade of pavement. However the studies regarding the use of the solid
wastes stabilized expansive soil in other areas like, liner material in engineered landfill,
backfill material in retaining wall, base and sub-base material in pavement and cushion
material in pavement, are negligible in literature.
Future research on the stabilization of expansive soil using solid wastes should be undertaken
by taking into consideration, the above issues.

REFERENCES
1.

Abd EI-Aziz, M.A. and Abo-Hashema, M.A. (2013) Measured Effects on Engineering

Properties of Clayey Subgrade using Lime-Homra Stabiliser, International Journal of

Pavement Engineering, 14(4), 321-332.
2.

AI-Azzo, S.I. (2009) Treatment of Expansive Clayey Soil in AL-Wahda District at

Mosul City with Crushed Lime Stone, Iraqi Journal of Earth Sciences, 9(2), 1-10.

3.

AL-Rawas, A.A. (2004) Characterisation of Incinerator Ash Treated Expansive Soils,

Proceedings of the ICE - Ground Improvement, 8(3), 127-135.

4.

Amadi, A.A., Lubem, S. (2014) Assessing Stabilization Effectiveness of Combined

Cement Kiln Dust and Quarry Fines on Pavement Subgrades Dominated by Black
Cotton soil, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, DOI 10.1007/s10706-014-97930.

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6262

5.

Amu, O. O., Fajobi, A.B. and Afekhuai, S.O. (2005) Stabilizing Potential of Cement
and Fly Ash Mixture on Expansive Clay Soil, Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(9), 16691673.

6.

Amu, O. O., Fajobi, A.B. and Oke, B.O. (2005) Effect of Eggshell Powder on the
Stabilizing Potential of Lime on an Expansive Clay Soil, Research Journal of
Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 1(1), 80-84.

7.

Ashango, A.A. and Patra, N.R. (2014) Static and Cyclic Properties of Clay Subgrade
Stabilised with Rice Husk Ash and Portland Slag Cement, International Journal of Pavement
Engineering, DOI: 10.1080/10298436.2014.893323.

8.

Attom, M. and Shatnawi, M. (2005) Stabilisation of Clayey Soils using Hay Materials,
Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management, 31 (2), 84-92.

9.

Barazesh, A., Saba, H., Gharib, M. and Rad, M.Y. (2012) Laboratory Investigation of
the Effect of Eggshell Powder on Plasticity Index in Clay and Expansive Soils,
European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2 (6), 2378-2384.

10. Basha, E.A. Hashim, R. and Muntohar, A.S. (2003) Effect of the Cement- Rice Husk
Ash on the Plasticity and Compaction of soil, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, 8 (A).
11. Bhasin, N. K., Goswami, N. K., Oli, P., Krishan, N. and Lal, N.B. (1988) A Laboratory
Study on the Utilisation of Waste Materials for the Construction of Roads in Black
Cotton Soil Areas, Highway Research Bulletin, 36, 1-11.
12. Bose, B. (2012) Effect of Curing Period and Temperature on Characteristics of
Stabilized Expansive soil, International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and
Development, 4(2), 704-713.
13. Celik, E. and Nalbantoglu, Z. (2013) Effects of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
(GGBS) on the Swelling Properties of Lime-Stabilized Sulfate Bearing Soils,
Engineering Geology, 163, 20-25.
14. Cokca, E. Yazici, V. and Ozaydin, V. (2009) Stabilisation of Expansive Clays Using
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) and GBFS-Cement, Geotechnical and
Geological Engineering, 27(4), 489-499.
15. Cokca, E. (2001) Use of class C Fly Ashes for the Stabilisation of an Expansive Soil,
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 127 (7), 568-573.
16. Degirmenci, N., Okucu, A. and Turabi, A. (2007) Application of Phosphogypsum in
Soil Stabilization, Building and Environment, 42(9), 3393-3398.
17. Divya Krishnan, K., Janani, V., Ravichandran, P.T., Annadurai, R. and Gunturi, M.
(2014) Effect of Fly Ash and Phosphogypsum on Properties of Expansive soils,
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology, 3(5), 592-596.
18. Eberemu, A.O., Amadi, A.A. and Lawal, M. (2012) The Geotechnical Properties of
Black Cotton Soil Treated with Crushed Glass Cullet, Nigerian Journal of
Technological Research, 7(2), 23-30.
19. Ene, E. and Okagbue, C. (2009) Some Basic Geotechnical Properties of Expansive Soil
Modified using Pyroclastic Dust, Engineering Geology, 107, 61-65.

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6263

20. Gandhi, K.S. (2012) Expansive Soil Stabilization using Bagasse Ash, International
Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 1(5), 1-3.
21. Gopalakrishna, Y.S.S., Padmavathi, M. and Prashanth Kumar, K.S. (2013) Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Treated with Fly Ash and Zycosoil, International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Building Materials, 3(3), 133-144.
22. Gupta, C. and Sharma, R.K. (2014) Influence of Marble Dust, Fly Ash and Beach Sand
on Sub-Grade Characteristics of Expansive Soils, International Conference on
Advances in Engineering and Technology -2014(ICAET-2014) Spl. Publication of
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering,13-18.
23. Hakari, U.D. and Puranik, S.C. (2012) Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil using Fly
Ash,Hubbali-Dharwad Municipal Corporation Area, Karnataka, India, Global Journal
of Researches in Engineering- Civil and Structural Engineering, 12(2),Version 1.
24. Hardaha, R.P, Agrawal, M.L. and Agrawal, A. (2013) Use of Fly Ash in Black Cotton
Soil for Road Construction, Recent Research in Science and Technology, 5(5), 30-32.
25. Havanagi, V.G., Prasad, P.S., Guruvittal, U.K. and Mathur, S. (2006) Feasibility of
Utilization of Copper Slag Fly Ash Soil Mixes for Road Construction, Highway
Research Bulletin, 75, 59-67.
26. Ijimdiya, T.S., Ashimiyu, A.L., and Abubakar, D.K. (2012) Stabilization of Black
Cotton Soil using Groundnut Shell Ash Electronic Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, 17 (Y), 3645-3652.
27. Ji-ru, Z. and Xing, C. (2002) Stabilization of Expansive Soil by Lime and Fly Ash,
Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Edition, 17 (4), 73-77.
28. Joel, M. and Agbede, I.O. (2011) Mechanical-Cement Stabilization of Laterite for Use
as Flexible Pavement Material Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23 (2), 146152.
29. Kalkan, E. and Akbulut, S. (2004) Positive Effects of Silica Fume on the Permeability,
Swelling Pressure and Compressive Strength of Natural Clay Liners, Engineering
Geology, 73, 145-156.
30. Kalkan, E. (2006) Utilization of Red Mud as a Stabilization Material for the
Preparation of Clay Liners, Engineering Geology, 87(3-4), 220-229.
31. Katti, B.K., and Sankar, A.V.S. (1989) A study on CBR Strength Characteristics of
Expansive Soils with Reference to Brick and Brick-Lime Stabilization, Indian
Highways, 17(6), 33-52.
32. Koyuncu, H., Guney, Y., Yilmaz, G., Koyuncu, S., and Bakis, R. (2004) Utilization of
Ceramic Wastes in the Construction Sector, Key Engineering Materials, 264-268,
2509-2512.
33. Malhotra, B.R. and John, K.A. (1986) Use of Lime Fly Ash-Soil-Aggregate Mix as a
Base Course, Indian Highways, 14(5), 23-32.
34. Maneli,A., Abiola,O.S., Kupolati,W.K. and Ndambuki,J. (2013) Evaluation of Fly Ash
and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag on Consistency Limits of Black Cotton
Soil, OIDA International Journal of sustainable development, 6(10), 49-54.

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6264

35. Manikandan, A.T. and Moganraj, M. (2014) Consolidation and Rebound

Characteristics of Expansive Soil by Using Lime and Bagasse Ash, International
Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 3(4), 403-411.
36. Mir, B.A. and Sridharan, A. (2013) Physical and Compaction Behaviour of Clay SoilFly Ash Mixtures, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 31, 1059-1072.
37. Mishra, J., Yadav, R.K. and Singhai, A.K. (2014) Effect of Granite Dust on Index
Properties of Lime Stabilized Black Cotton Soil, International Journal of Engineering
Research and Science & Technology, 3 (1), 19-23.
38. Misra, A., Biswas, D. and Upadhyaya,S. (2005) Physico-Mechanical Behavior of SelfCementing Class C Fly Ash Clay Mixtures, Fuel, 84(11), 1410-1422.
39. Misra, A.K., Mathur,R., Goel, P. and Sood, V.K. (2004)Use of Phosphogypsum-An
Industrial By-Product in Stabilization of Black Cotton soils, Highway Research
Bulletin,70,65-75.
40. Moses, G.K. and Saminu, A. (2012) Cement Kiln Dust Stabilization of Compacted
Black Cotton Soil, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 17(F), 825-836.
41. Mughieda, O., and J. Abu-Ashour (2006) Use of Dust Waste from Grain Storage
Facilities for Soil Stabilization and Moisture Retention, Journal of Solid Waste
Technology and Management, 32 (1), 18-27.
42. Muntohar, A.S. and Hantoro, G. (2000) Influence of Rice Husk Ash and Lime on
Engineering Properties of a Clayey Subgrade, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical
engineering, 5.
43. Nalbantoglu, Z. (2004) Effectiveness of Class C Fly Ash as an Expansive Soil
Stabilizer, Construction and Building Materials, 18, 377-381.
44. Nalbantoglu, Z. and Tawfiq, S. (2006) Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Olive Cake
Residue as an Expansive Soil Stabilizer, Environmental Geology, 50, 803-807.
45. Negi, C., Yadav, R.K. and Singhai, A.K. (2013) Effect of Silica Fume on Index
Properties of Black Cotton Soil International Journal of Scientific and Engineering
Research, 4 (8), 828-832.
46. Nelson, J.D. and Miller, D.J. (1992) Expansive Soils Problems and Practice in
Foundation and Pavement Engineering, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
47. Nyankson,E.,Agyei-Tuffour,B.,Annan,E.,DodooArhin,D.,Yaya,A.,Brefo,L.D.,Okpoti,E.
S. and Odai,E. (2013) Characteristics of Stabilized Shrink-Swell Deposits using
Eggshell Powder, Global Journal of Engineering,Design and Technology, 2(3),1-7.
48. Ogbonnaya, I. and Illoabachie, D.E. (2011) The Potential Effect of Granite Dust on the
Geotechnical Properties of Abakaliki Clays, Continental Journal of Earth Sciences,
6(1), 23-30.
49. Oriola, F. and Moses, G. (2010) Groundnut Shell Ash Stabilization of Black Cotton
Soil, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 15(E), 415-428.

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6265

50. Osinubi, K.J., Ijimdiya, T.S. and Nmadu, I. (2009.) Lime Stabilization of Black
Cotton Soil using Bagasse Ash as Admixture, Advanced Materials Research, 62-64,
3-10.
51. Osinubi,K.J.,Diden,R.,Ijimdiya,T.S. and Eberemu,A.O. (2012) Effect of Elapsed Time
after Mixing on the Strength Properties of Black Cotton Soil Cement Blast Furnace Slag
Mixtures, Journal of Engineering Research, 17(4), 63-75.
52. Oyekan, G.L., Meshida, E.A. and Ogundalu, A.O. (2013) Effect of Ground Polyvinyl
Waste on the Strength Characteristics of Black Cotton Clay Soil, Journal of
Engineering and Manufacturing Technology, 1, 1-10.
53. Palaniappan, K.A. and Stalin, V.K. (2009) Utility Effect of Solid Wastes in
Problematic Soils, International Journal of Engineering, Research and Industrial
Applications,2(1), 313-321.
54. Pandian, N. S., Krishna, K. C. and Sridharan, A. (2001) California Bearing Ratio
Behavior of Soil/Fly ash Mixtures, Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 29(2), 220226.
55. Pandian, N. S. and Krishna, K. C. (2003) The Pozzolanic Effect of Fly Ash on the
California Bearing Ratio Behavior of Black Cotton Soil, Journal of Testing and
Evaluation, 31(6), 1-7.
56. Patil, U., Valdes, J.R. and Evans, T.M. (2011) Swell Mitigation with Granulated Tire
Rubber, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23 (5), 721-727.
57. Peethamparan,S. and Olek, J. (2008) Study of the Effectiveness of Cement Kiln Dusts
in Stabilizing Na-Montmorillonite Clay, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 20
(2), 137-146.
58. Phanikumar, B.R and. Sharma, R.S. (2004) Effect of Fly Ash on Engineering
Properties of Expansive Soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental.
Engineering, 130 (7), 764-767.
59. Radhakrishnan, G., Anjan Kumar, M. and Prasad Raju, GVR. (2014) Swelling
Properties of Expansive Soils Treated with Chemicals and Fly Ash, American Journal
of Engineering Research, 3(4), 245-250.
60. Ramesh, H.N., Krishnaiah, A.J. and Shilpa shet, S. (2013) Effect of Lime on the Index
Properties of Black Cotton Soil and Mine Tailings Mixtures, IOSR Journal of
Engineering, 3 (4), Ver.3, 1-7.
61. Ramkrishna, A.N. and Pradeepkumar, A.V. (2006) Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil
using Rice Husk Ash and Cement, Proceedings of National conference, Civil
Engineering meeting the challenges of Tomorrow, 215-220.
62. Rao, D.K., Pranav. P.R.T., and Anusha, M. (2011) Stabilisation of Expansive Soil
using Rice Husk Ash, Lime and Gypsum- an Experimental Study, International Journal
of Engineering Science and Techology, 3(11), 8076-8085.
63. Rao, M.S. and Sabat, A.K. (2005) Effect of NALCO Fly Ash on Index and CBR
behavior of Expansive Soil, Proceedings of National seminar Advances in
Geotechnical Engineering (AGTE-2005), 184-190.

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6266

64. Sabat, A.K. and Das, S.K. (2009) Design of Low Volume Rural Roads using Lime
Stabilized Expansive Soil Quarry Dust Mixes Subgrade, Indian Highways. 23(9), 2127.
65. Sabat, A.K. and Nanda, R.P. (2011) Effect of Marble Dust on Strength and Durability
of Rice Husk Ash Stabilised Expansive Soil, International Journal of Civil and
Structural Engineering, 1(4), 939-948.
66. Sabat, A.K. (2012) A Study on Some Geotechnical Properties of Lime Stabilised
Expansive Soil Quarry Dust Mixes, International Journal of Emerging Trends in
Engineering and Development,1(2), 42-49.
67. Sabat, A.K. (2012) Effect of Polypropylene Fiber on Engineering Properties of Rice
Husk Ash Lime Stabilized Expansive Soil, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, 17(E), 651-660.
68. Sabat, A.K. (2012) Statistical Models for Prediction of Swelling Pressure of a
Stabilized Expansive Soil, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 17(G), 837846.
69. Sabat, A.K. (2012) Utilization of Bagasse ash and Lime Sludge for Construction of
Flexible Pavements in Expansive Soil Areas, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, 17(H), 1037-1046.
70. Sabat, A.K. (2012) Stabilization of Expansive Soil using Waste Ceramic Dust,
Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 17(Z), 3915-3926.
71. Sabat, A.K. and Bose, B. (2013) Improvement in Geotechnical Properties of an
Expansive Soil using Fly ash-Quarry Dust Mixes, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, 18(Q), 3487-3500.
72. Sabat, A.K. (2013) Engineering Properties of an Expansive Soil Stabilized with Rice
Husk Ash and Lime sludge, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5(6),
4826-4833.
73. Sabat, A.K. and Bose, B. (2014) Strength, Swelling and Durability Characteristics of
Fly Ash-Lime Stabilized Expansive Soil-Ceramic Dust Mixes, Paper Accepted for
publication in International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering.
74. Sabat, A.K. and Pradhan, A. (2014) Fiber Reinforced Fly ash Stabilized Expansive
Soil Mixes as Subgrade Material in Flexible Pavement, Electronic Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering, 19(T), 5757-5770.
75. Salahudeen, A.B., Eberemu,A.O. and Osinubi, K.J. (2014) Assessment of Cement Kiln
Dust-Treated Expansive Soil for the Construction of Flexible Pavements, Geotechnical
and Geological Engineering , DOI 10.1007/s10706-014-9769-0
76. Seda, J.H., Lee, J.C and Carraro, J.A.H. (2007) Beneficial use of Waste Tire Rubber
for Swelling Potential Mitigation in Expansive Soils, Proceedings of Geo-Denver 2007,
Geotechnical Special Publication No.172,1-9.
77. Sharma, A.K. and Sivapullaiah, P.V. (2012) Improvement of Strength of Expansive
Soil with Waste Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Proceedings of Geo Congress-2012,
3920-3928.

Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. U

6267

78. Sharma, R.S., Phanikumar, B.R. and Rao, B.V. (2008) Engineering Behaviour of a
Remolded Expansive Clay Blended with Lime, Calcium Chloride and Rice- Husk Ash,
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 20(8), 509-515.
79. Sharma, R.K. and Gupta, C. (2013) Influence of Waste Materials on Geotechnical
Characteristics of Expansive Soil, International Journal of Engineering Research and
Technology, 2(10), 2536-2542.
80. Srinivasulu, G. and Rao, A.V.N. (1995) Efficacy of Baryte Powder as a Soil
Stabiliser, Journal of Institution of Engineers (I), 76, 129-131.
81. Swami, B.L. (2002) Feasibility Study of Marble Dust in Highway Sector, Highway
Research Bulletin, 67, 27-36.
82. Yilmaz, I. and Civelekoglu, B. (2009) Gypsum: An Additive for Stabilization of
Swelling Clay soils, Applied Clay Science, 44, 166-172.
83. Zha, F., Liu, S., Du, Y. and Cui, K. (2008) Behavior of Expansive Soils Stabilized with
Fly Ash, Natural hazards, 47(3), 509-523.
84. Zhang, D., Sun, S., Xu, F., and Xue, N. (2013) Influence of Biomass Ash and Marble
Dust on Swelling and Strength Characteristics of Expansive soil, Journal of Food
Agriculture and Environment, 11(3&4), 2362-2367.

2014 ejge