International Journal of Environment, Ecology,

Family and Urban Studies (IJEEFUS)

ISSN(P): 2250-0065; ISSN(E): 2321-0109
Vol. 5, Issue 6, Dec 2015, 15-20
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

ASSESSMENT OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY OF

DIFFERENT HOSPITALS AT ALLAHABAD, INDIA
DIVYANSHU SHUKLA, HARSH BODH PALIWAL & ABHISHEK JAMES
Department of Environmental Science, SHIATSDeemed University, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Water plays an important role in domestic and industrial usage. The quality of drinking water is a powerful
element for human health. Assessment of quality of drinking water has always been given priority in the field of
environmental quality management. Assurance of drinking water safety is a foundation for the prevention and control of
water borne diseases. This paper presents a study on drinking water quality of hospitals in Allahabad district which
involves analysis of physico-chemical parameters of drinking water samples which were collected from different private
and public hospitals of Allahabad. Water quality analysis include pH, Turbidity, TDS, EC, Total Hardness, Alkalinity,
Chloride, DO, BOD, and Acidity level. All water quality parameters were compared with BIS Standards of drinking
water.

Received: Sep 17, 2015; Accepted: Nov 03, 2015; Published: Nov 07, 2015; Paper Id.: IJEEFUSDEC20153

INTRODUCTION
Water is most vital liquid for maintaining the life on the earth. About 97% water is exists in oceans that is

Original Article

KEYWORDS: Pollution, Water Quality, BIS

not suitable for drinking and only 3% is fresh water wherein 2.97% is comprised by glaciers and ice caps and
remaining little portion of 0.3% is available as a surface and ground water for human use (Miller, 1997). Safe and
pure drinking water is a fundamental need for good health and it is also a crucial right of humans. Fresh water is a
limiting natural resource in whole the world. Unfortunately, in developing countries (i.e. India) the drinking
quality of water is continuously being contaminated and hazardous for human use due to high growth of
population, expansion in industries, throwing away of waste water and chemical effluents into canals and other
water sources. According to recent estimates, the quantity of available water in developing regions of South Asia,
Middle East and Africa is decreasing sharply while quality of water is deteriorating rapidly due to fast
urbanization, deforestation, land degradation etc (Moshin et al., 2013).
Ground water is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural India. It is an important
source of drinking water but is polluted because of the waste generated in the industrial, agriculture and domestic
sectors. Water is essential for any development activity and the availability of good quality of water for domestic
and industrial use will help in fast development of the region. Human health is threatened by drinking
contaminated water. According to WHO, about 80% of all the diseases in human beings are caused by stopping
the pollutants from the sources. It is therefore vital to regularly monitor the quality of groundwater. (Rao et al.,
2012). Drinking water contamination with different chemicals and heavy metals, released from different
anthropogenic sources has become a global concern (Rapant and Krcmova, 2007). Drinking water pollution is a

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16

Divyanshu Shukla, Harsh Bodh Paliwal & Abhishek James

relatively new problem and increases the stress arising as a result of unprecedented population growth, urbanization, and
industrialization since 1990s (Chen, 2002).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study Assessment of water quality of different Hospitals at Allahabad was carried out in Allahabad
location. The details regarding the experimental sites, study area collection of water samples, all the parameter and
laboratory methods, for monitoring of drinking water quality are as follows.
Experimental Site
The area for the present investigation was selected in Allahabad city. The city of Allahabad lies on 25027N
latitude and 81051E longitude at an altitude of 98.0m. above mean sea level in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The city is spread
over an area of about 3424 square km. According to census 2011 population of Allahabad is 1,117,094. All the
experimental analysis were conducted in laboratory of Department of Environmental Science, School of Forestry &
Environment. Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology & Science (Deemed to-be University) Allahabad.
Study Area
The water samples were collected from selected hospitals for the assessing the water quality for drinking
purposes. Samples were collected in interval of 30 days.

Figure 1
Government Hospitals
H1

Swaroop rani hospitals

H2

Kamla Nehru memorial hospital

H3

Beli hospital

H4

Colvin hospital

Private Hospitals
H5

Jeevan jyoti hospital

H6

Harsh hospital

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965

NAAS Rating: 3.63

17

Assessment of Drinking Water Quality of

Different Hospitals at Allahabad, India

H7

Priti hospital

H8

Dwarka hospital

PARAMETERS ANALYZED
Different parameters, signifying the quality of water at different sites were analyzed by following methods.
Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water
Table 1: Drinking Water Quality Standard of Bureau of Indian Standard (B.I.S.)
S.N.

Parameters

Methods

BIS Standard

Digital pH meter
Nephelometric turbidity meter
Digital TDS meter

6.5 8.8
5-10 NTU
500 2000 mgl-1

5.

pH
Turbidity
TDS
Electrical
conductivity
Total hardness

6.

Alkalinity

7.
8.
9.
10.

Chloride
DO
BOD
Acidity

1.
2.
3.
4.

Conductivity meter
EDTA titration
Titration(neutralizing with
standard H2So4)
Nephelometric method
Winkler method
Winkler method
Titration method

100-2000 mmhos/cm
300-600 mgl-1
200-600 mgl-1
250-1000 mgl-1
4-6 mgl-1
3 mgl-1
200 mgl-1

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

pH: The present study revealed that maximum pH (7.84) was observed in H6 (Harsh hospital) where as minimum
pH (7.38) was recorded in H1 (Swaroop rani hospital). pH is controlled by the carbon dioxide carbonate bicarbonate
equilibrium system. An increase carbon dioxide concentration will lower pH, whereas a decrease will cause it to rise.
(Chen, 2002).
Turbidity (NTU): Table & figure 1 presented the values of turbidity is different hospitals that maximum turbidity
(5.01NTU) was observed in H1 (Swaroop rani hospital) where as minimum turbidity (1.18NTU) was observed in H6(Harsh
hospital). Maximum turbidity is due to the presence of silt, clay and other suspended particles and minimum turbidity due
to the settlement of silt, clay and other suspended particles. In most water, turbidity is due to colloidal and extremely fine
dispersions (Patil and Patil, 2009).
EC (mmhos/cm): Value of EC at H7 (Priti hospital) is maximum i.e 1.48 mmhos/cm and minimum value found at
H2 (Kamla Nehru memorial hospital) ie 0.61 mmhos/cm, The high electrical conductivity indicates the presence of high
amount of dissolve inorganic substances in ionized form and low electrical conductivity indicates the presence of less
amount of dissolved inorganic substance in ionized form (Patil and Patil, 2009).
DO (mgl-1): The present study revealed that maximum DO (6.25 mgl-1) was observed in H7 (Priti hospital) where
as minimum DO (5.05 mgl-1) was recorded in H3 (Beli hospital). The high DO in summer is due to increase in temperature
and duration of bright sunlight has influence on the % of soluble gases (O2 and CO2) (Adeyeye, 1994)).

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Divyanshu Shukla, Harsh Bodh Paliwal & Abhishek James

BOD (mgl-1): Table & figure 2 presented the values of BOD is different hospitals that maximum BOD(2.02 mgl1

) was observed in H7 (Priti hospital) where as minimum BOD(0.69 mgl-1) was observed in H3(Beli hospital). The

variations in the water samples are very low it may be due to water samples contain less amount of organic constituent
Alkalinity (mgl-1): Value of maximum alkalinity is (22.17 mgl-1) at H1 (swaroop rani hospital) and minimum
value is (17.00 mgl-1) at H2 (Kamla Nehru memorial hospital). Alkalinity varies due to the presence of one or more ions in
water including hydroxide, carbonates and bicarbonates. It can be define as capacity to neutralize acid. (Moshin et al.
2013).
TDS (mgl-1): The present study revealed that maximum TDS (776.92 mgl-1) was observed in H7 (Priti hospital)
where as minimum TDS (367.83 mgl-1) was recorded in H6 (Harsh hospital) total dissolved solid is the term used to
describe the inorganic salts and small amount of organic matter present in the water. The principal constituents are usually
calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium, cations and carbonate, hydrogen carbonate, chloride, sulphate, and nitrate
anions. The presence of dissolved solids in water may affect its taste. Most auatic ecosystem involving mixed fish fauna
can tolerate TDS levels of 1000 mgl-1 (Boyd and claude 1999).
Total Hardness (mgl-1): Table & figure 3 presented the values of Total Hardness is different hospitals that
maximum Total Hardness (550.00 mgl-1) was observed in H1 (Swaroop rani hospital) where as minimum Total Hardness
(330.94 mgl-1) was observed in H6(Harsh hospital) clearly indicate that the rate of decreasing of hardness is moderate in the
sample, it resembles that water sample has more permanent hardness constituents than the temporary hardness
constituents.(Rao et.al,2012).
Chloride (mgl-1): Value of maximum chloride is (87.82mgl-1) at H4 (colvin hospital) and minimum value is
(42.06 mgl-1) at H7 (priti hospital). The effect of chloride on taste may be critical to water use. Some containing up to 250
mg/l of chloride may have detectable salty taste if the predominant cation is sodium (Hutton,1983).
Acidity (mgl-1): The present study revealed that maximum Acidity (17.75 mgl-1) was observed in H2 (Kamla
nehru memorial hospital) where as minimum Acidity (11.33mgl-1) was recorded in H6 (Harsh hospital).
Table 2: Assessment of pH, Turbidity, EC, DO and BOD of Drinking Water in Hospitals at Allahabad
Parameters
pH
Hospitals
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965

7.38
7.56
7.72
7.62
7.54
7.84
7.58
7.64

Turbi
dity
(NTU)
5.01
4.13
1.39
3.10
4.05
1.18
2.62
1.49

EC
(mmhos/
cm)
1.47
1.22
0.61
1.16
0.85
0.87
1.48
0.90

DO
(mgl-1)

BOD
(mgl-1)

5.67
6.15
5.05
5.25
5.14
5.23
6.25
6.14

1.30
1.98
0.69
1.21
0.84
0.84
2.02
1.18

NAAS Rating: 3.63

19

Assessment of Drinking Water Quality of

Different Hospitals at Allahabad, India

Figure 2: Assessment of pH, Turbidity, EC, DO and BOD of Drinking Water in Hospitals at Allahabad
Table 3: Assessment of Alkalinity, TDS, Total Hardness, Chloride and
Acidity of Drinking Water in Hospitals at Allahabad
Parameters
Hospitals
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8

Alkalinity
(mgl-1)

TDS
(mgl-1)

22.17
17.00
19.00
21.00
21.17
18.25
17.34
19.00

695.84
467.67
518.83
568.08
414.42
367.83
776.92
455.42

Total
Hardness
(mgl-1)
550.00
477.78
367.20
355.97
287.36
330.94
470.97
376.34

chloride
(mgl-1)

Acidity
(mgl-1)

61.64
72.33
60.22
87.82
47.97
59.28
42.06
50.37

13.17
17.75
12.42
13.83
14.50
11.33
15.34
13.50

Figure 3: Assessment of Alkalinity, TDS, Total Hardness, Chloride and

Acidity of Drinking Water in Hospitals at Allahabad

CONCLUSIONS
The present research work assessment of drinking water quality of different hospitals at Allahabad U.P. (India)
was the concern expressed for deterioration in the drinking water quality. It is noticed that the survey study of the water
quality parameters of drinking water from 8 different sites at Allahabad showed that the pH, Turbidity, EC, Total hardness,
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20

Divyanshu Shukla, Harsh Bodh Paliwal & Abhishek James

Alkalinity, Chloride, DO, BOD, Acidity values are well within the permissible limit as per the standards given by the
Bureau of Indian standards, therefore it is good for drinking purpose.
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Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965

NAAS Rating: 3.63