Thermistor:

Introduction:
Thermistors are the most important and accurate temperature sensors. A thermistor that
sensing the temperature, its composed of a semiconducting material which shows a change in
resistance with the change of a temperature. Normally thermistors are negative temperature
coefficients which mean that as the temperature increase their resistance decreases. But also
positive temperature coefficients thermistors are also available, their resistance increases as
the temperature increased.

Types of Thermistors:
Basically these are two types.
1. Positive temperature coefficients (PTC) thermstors.
2. Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermisors.

PTC Thermistors:
These are the thermistors whose resistances increase with the increase of temperature.
PTC thermistors are classified into two types

o Silistors type PTC thermistors:

The first type was known as Silistors as to sensitive silicon resistors. They are having a PTC
of about 08% / . As we increased the temperature from more than 175 degrees Celsius
then the device jumps to that region which is negative temperature coefficient.

o Switching type PTC thermistors:

The is known to have the second type. It is composed of a ceramic material which has very
high resistance for the small change of temperature. Some type of dopants additions are done
in these materials for acting like semiconductor manner. As it goes to the specific point it
exhibits NTC behavior in their resistance temperature characteristics. By passing this
specific location it exhibits increase in PTC resistance. At this specific point the resistance
started to built up.

 NTC thermistors:
NTC thermistors are those thermistors whose resistance decreases with the increase of
temperature. They have a lot of applications.

Types of NTC Thermistors:

These are classified into different types depending upon the way of electrodes attached with
the ceramic encapsulation. The each group is further sub divided into different types
depending upon the way of packaging the geometry and the processing technology applied.
Some of the NTC thermistors are also crystallized from the semiconducting materials such as
silicon and germanium.

Bead type NTC thermistors:

The first group of the NTC thermistors is bead type thermistors that are generally made by
sintering the wires normally made of and alloy of platinum directly into the body that is made
of a ceramics substance.

Metalized surface contacts NTC thermistors:

This is known to have the second type. They have metalized surface contacts and these are
manufactured with electrodes which are arranged in a radial or axial manner or without leads
for the surface or spring contact mounting. These include.
Disks
Seals
Chips. etc
NTC thermistrs are present in a large range of configuration on which different coating
materials are applied to use elsewhere.

Production Method:
The thermistors are produced from the raw materials that are carefully selected and tested.
The initial substances comprise the oxide from different metals known to be as the cobalt,
nickel, manganese, titanium, iron, zinc & we also added in them the chemically stabilizing
oxides to get excellent reproducing properties and constancy properties of the thermistor. The
metallic oxides should be grind in the form of a powdery mass and then it is blended in a
suitable binder that is some type of a plastic & then pressed it in our required form. Some
ideal forms that we produced

Disk: Selected substance of the thermistor pressed below the application of huge
compression on a pelleting machine in order to form the circular and plane parts.
Wafer: Our required substance that is composed of a ceramic from which we want to make
our desire component is compacted caste and it is cutting down into the needed geometry.
Beads: On to two fine parallel wires that are made from the platinum alloy the oxide/binder
mixture is deposited in the form of ellipsoids. A piece of material ready to be made into
something heated at high temperature ranging from 1000 to 1400 degree Celsius to form
polycrystalline.

Procedure:
Took a beaker and filled it with oil of about half of the size of the beaker. A thermistor and a
thermocouple wire is dipped in a oil. The themistor is attached with a multimeter wire. The
multimeter measures the resistance and thermocouple to maintain the temperature. The
beaker is placed on the disk. The stirring is done to homogenize the temperature of the oil
magnetic stirring was used. Initially temperature was 16 degree. We took readings till 40
degree with after every one degree temperature increase. But after 40 degree we calculated
the resistance value after every 2 degree rise of temperature. The thermistor resistance
decreases with the increase of temperature. At last a graph is plotted between the temperature
and resistance.

Applications of thermistors:
Thermistors are commonly used in automotive applications. For monitoring the oil
and coolant temperatures in automates we use the thermistor at that place. The
thermistor can also regulate the batteries temperature.
We can use two thermistor for measuring and detecting the differential temperature.
For lessen the components in a Wheatstone circuit the thermistors can be used. It is
also helpful in monitoring the air hotness with different peaks.
Thermistor can also be used in LED current control. For providing the adequate
amount of current the flow thermister is used to maintain LED at usual heating
position. The thermister determine that electric currents which are comprise in
operating path. LED can b used in various applications by controlling the current.
We can use the thermistor for reading the height of any liquid. It is placed in a tank for
reading or sensening the liquid height. As it is placed in the open air the current
energizes the relay coil and makes the relay connection closed. As the height of the
liquid is increases and it made connection to thermistor it goes cool as a result the
resistance is increased. This high resistance lessening the current passing from the coil
and it makes the connection of relay opened. It active the relay or any type of alarm
that stops the flowing more liquid in the tank. When the height of the liquid is

decreased then current from the thermistor is increased. As a result the connection is
again made with relay & the cycle is started once more.
The NTC type can b used to measure and monitoring batteries while they are in the
state of charging.
The thermistors are used to measure the temperature of incubator.

EXPERIMENTAL DATA:Sr.#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

Temperature C
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
71
73
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89

Resistance
5610
5110
4700
4460
4100
3770
3390
3120
2920
2710
2510
2330
2170
2010
1871
1731
1614
1504
1402
1306
1220
1142
1063
996
930
867
814
763
712
668
625
587
551
518
489

lnR
8.63
8.54
8.45
8.4
8.31
8.23
8.12
8.04
7.97
7.9
7.82
7.75
7.64
7.6
7.53
7.45
7.4
7.31
7.24
7.17
7.1
7.04
6.96
6.9
6.83
6.76
6.7
6.63
6.56
6.5
6.43
6.37
6.311
6.24
6.19

36
37
38
39
40
41
42

91
93
95
97
99
101
103

458
434
407
383
359
338
317

6.12
6.07
6.008
5.94
5.88
5.82
5.75

This is a graph between the temperature and resistance.

Resistance V/s Temprature

6000
5000
4000
Resistance

3000
2000
1000
0
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Temprature

80

90

100 110

This is a graph between the temperature and natural log of the resistance.

Resistance vs Temprature
10
9
f(x) = - 0.03x + 9.26
R = 1

8
7
6
lnR

5
4
3
2
1
0
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Temprature

y = -0.0348x+9.265
The y is replaced with lnR and the x by temperature.
So the new equation becomes as

lnR = -0.0348T+9.265

Conclusions:
The experiment is very simple and easy to perform. But due to the loose connections the
readings are sometime interrupted. Its all about to check the variation in resistance with the
increase of temperature. The thermistor resistance decreases with the increase of temperature.
Its mean its a negative temperature coefficient thermistor. The graph between the
temperature and lnR is a linear straight line.