Fabricating Omang

iv.
fabricating
oman
ETH Studio Basel

Contemporary City Institute
Leon Faust, Benedikt Zweifel
Prof. Roger Diener, Prof. Marcel Meili

Liisa Gunnarsson, Mathias Gunz, Vesna Jovanovic,
Christian Mueller Inderbitzin
Spring Semester 2013
DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Contents
IV.
fabricating oman
production, construction,
distribution
Governmental welfare
40 Years of Progress
Oil and Gas
Energy and Water
Commercial Driving Forces
Diversification and foreign

investment
Public Establishment for Industrial Estates
Port of Sohar and Free Zone
construction
Oman Cement: Large Scale Local Operator

Ghala Industrial Area: Construction Cluster
MaAbilah and Wadi al Kabir: Small Enterprises
The Emerging Urban Landscape I: Housing
The Emerging Urban Landscape II: Infrastructure
Movement of goods And people

Flow of Goods
Expatriate Work Force and Omanisation
Securing a Future without Oil
ETH Studio Basel

Contemporary City Institute
Leon Faust, Benedikt Zweifel
DRAFT
Prof. Roger Diener, Prof. Marcel Meili

Liisa Gunnarsson, Mathias Gunz, Vesna Jovanovic,
Christian Mueller Inderbitzin
Spring Semester 2013
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ETH Studio Basel
Introduction
Introduction
Fabricating Oman
10
DRAFT
20km
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ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Governmental Welfare
governmental welfare
In the last 40 years, since Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said overtook from his father, the Sultanate of
Oman developed rapidly. The success to bring the country out of a condition of backwardness and
isolation into a safe and prosperous modern state is unique.
DRAFT
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ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
1982 Near Nizwa
DRAFT
2013 Muscat Expressway
40 Years of Progress
In the following it is explained briefly what made that progress possible, what the results of this enormous development are and whrere the future concerns porbably are emerging.
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ETH Studio Basel
GDP
2001
9/11
1985
collapse of oil price
1995
vision 2020
1981
foundation of the GCC
1978
discovery of gas
1980
second oil crisis
1973
rst oil crisis
1967
rst oil exoportation
1976
rst ve year plan
23 July 1970
Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said
coming into power
Fabricating Oman
Population
Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said

Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said accceded to the throne
on 23 July 1970. His main aims were ending the countrys isolation and using its oil revenue for modernization
and development. Trough the so called Five Year Plans he
implemented remarkable economical reforms which turned
the Sultanate of Oman within 40 years from a developing
country into a prospering welfare state.
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Oil Production
Gas Production
1960
1970
1980
1990
Policy and Economy

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DRAFT
2000
2010
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
DRAFT
Oil and Gas

The oil and gas industry is Omans most important sector. Almost half of the economical power relies
on the petrochemical industry. As the resources are finite the main aim is to diversify and fund the
economy on more sustainable sectors
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ETH Studio Basel
1%
Fabricating Oman
trade
14%
construction
36%
service
17%
industry
12%
1.2 Million Employees
I r a n
Doha
Dubai
Q a t a r
Abu Dhabi
Al Buraimi
GDP
Sohar
fish, agriculture
2%
Mina Al-Fahal
U n i t e d
A r a b
E m i r a t e s
Employees
government
12%
petrochemistry
1%
Muscat
government
17%
Ibri
Nizwa
trade
14%
Qalhat LNG
Terminal
Sur
petrochemistry
44%
trade
22%
construction
36%
service
17%
industry
12%
industry
11%
S a u d i
fish, agriculture
8%
A r a b i a
service
1%
23.4 Billion USD GDP
Port of Duqm
Duqm
construction
3%
1.2 Million Employees
Economic Power versus Work Force

Almost half of the GDP is beeing generated in the petrochemical sector. But only 1% of Omans workforce is there
GDP
employeed.
fish, agriculture
2%
government
17%
Y e m e n
Salalah
OIL_GAS LEGENDE
100 km
Oil-/ Gaspipeline
Refinery
LNG Tanker Port
Oil Tanker Port
Projected
petrochemistry
44%
trade
22%
ELECTRICITY_WATER LEGENDE
industry
11%
Gaspipeline
service
1%
Major Power Plant

> 1000 GWh/year
23.4 Billion USD GDP
construction
3%
Power Plant
Desalination Plant
Oil and Gas Infrastructure

The oil and gas deposits are locatet in the inland of Oman.
Pipelines transport the crude oil and gas to the harbours,
weher it gets refined and exported. Currently they are consructing a new oil and gas terminal near Duqm, with the
aim to relocate the industry away from the capital
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DRAFT
Safah Oilfield
One of the biggest oilfields in Oman.
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ETH Studio Basel
1960
1980
1970
GDP
2001
9/11
1985
collapse of oil price
1973
rst oil crisis
1980
second oil crisis
2007
nancial crisis
Fabricating Oman
1990
Oil Price
2000
2010
Dependency on Global Economy

As the economy of Oman depends mainly on the oil and
gas, its GDP runs almost parallel to the oil price.
1 Saudi Arabia
2 Venezuela
3 Canada
4 Iran
5 Iraq
6 Kuwait
7 UAE
25 Oman
0
50
100
150
200
250
Oil Reserves for 15 Years

Omans oil reserves will last at least for 15 years, but due
to the geology the exploration becomes always more difficult and therefore the costs increase.
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Billion Barrels
PDO
Petroelum Development Oman
about 9000 employees
wealth distribution
60% Oman, 40% Shell
is responsible for exploration and production
hires subcontractors. (often LCC)
Opal
Wealth Division
LCC
LCC Local community contractor
Bedu get shares (genossenschaftsmodell)
history: were mostly uneducated, living in the desert
where the oil, wealth was exploited, wanted share -> HM
introduced LCC
work as subcontractors for pdo, do maintenance, exploration, production
Oman Society for Petroleum Services

economical union of X companies
train omanis, give them work
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Shaleem Petroelum Company SAOC

Example of LCC
Local Community Company
Taxes 12%
Omanisation 85%, Beduisation 45%
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ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
DRAFT
Energy and Water

The distribution of energy in Oman bases mainly on the natural gas grid. The gas resources will last
for another 30 years, but the consumption increases rapidly. Therefore an alternative to todays energy
sources will soon play an important role.
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Fabricating Oman
Sohar
Al Buraimi
Sohar
Al Buraimi
Barka
Muscat
Gubrah
Barka
Gubrah
Ibri
Muscat
Main Interconnected
Rusayl
Nizwa
System
Main Interconnected
Nizwa
600000 Customers
System
Rusayl
Ibri
Sur
600000 Customers
Sur
Qarn Alam
Qarn Alam
PDO Power System
PDO Power System
Duqm
Duqm
Salalah System
70000 Customers
Salalah System
70000 Customers
Salalah
Salalah
ELECTRICITY_WATER LEGENDE
0
100 km
100 km
Gaspipeline
Major Power Plant
> 1000 GWh/year
Power Plant
Desalination Plant
Omans Energy Infrastructure

From the gasfields in the inland of Oman the natural gas
gets transportet trough the gaspipelines to the power
plants in the urban areas. There are three electricity
networks; the biggest is the Main Interconnectet System
which supplies mainly the capital area and the Batinah
Plain, in the south there is the Salalah System and in between the indipendent PDO System supplies the oilfields.
For stability reasons and the supply guarantee all the
networks can be connected to each other.
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Energy 100% from Fossile Fuel

All electricity in Oman is beeing produced from fossile fue
only; mainly from nautral gas, petrol as alternative.
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ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
1 Russia
2 Iran
3 Qatar
4 Turkmenistan
5 Saudi Arabia
3000
6 USA
7 UAE
Energy Production
2000
28 Oman
1200
Gas Production
1000
800
Exports
Gas Consumption
Energy Consumption
1985
1980
1995
1990
2000
2005
0
Trillion Btu
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
400
2009
0
Billion cu.Ft.
Energy Production/ Consumption
Production/ Consumption of Gas
Over the last 30 years the energy production tripled but

also the consumpiton increased exponentially.
Natural Gas is the main energy source and for price reasons already today 11 % of the consumed gas is imported.
water desalination
1%
diverse
industry
48%
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
Billion CU M
Natural Gas Reserves for 30 Years

The nautral gas resevers will last at least for 30 years. But
the consumption increases exponentially. 98 % of industries relies on oil and gas. In the region Qatar owns still the
biggest reserves and there are contracts in the GCC for
oil and gas supply. Already today exists a gaspipeline from
Qatar trough the UAE to Oman.
petrol
24%
commercial &
public service
4%
residential
9%
natural gas
76%
transportation
23%
Omans Five Major Power Plants

867 Trillion Btu
867 Trillion Btu
Energy Consumption by Sector
Primary Energy Consumption
The industry sector makes almost halfpart of the energy

consumption.
Three-fourths of the energy consumed relys on natural gas.

Just one quarter comes from petrol.
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Barka Power Plant

Rusayl Power Plant
Sohar Power Plant
Gubrah Power Plant
Qarn Alam Power Plant
DRAFT
2200 (GWh/year)
1700
1500 (see above)
1300
1000
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ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Typical Gas Fired Power Plant
Al Ghubrah Desalination Plant
The Al Kamil Power Plant is located nearby Sur in the

inland. With its output of 460 GWh per year it is a typical
midsize gas fired plant. In case of a gas balckout it can be
run also with petrol, stored in tanks nearby.
The Al Ghubrah Desalination and Power Plant is a hybrid

plant, which produces electricity and uses the rejected
heat for desalination. They use the multistage flash distillation (MSF), wich is based on steam injection and heat
exchanger.
Gas Well
200 - 800 km
> 10 km
Power Plant
Factory
Sea
Desalination Plant
Factory
From the Gasfield to the Factory
From the Sea to the Factory
The electricity in Oman is produced locally. The gas is

beeing transported from the wells trough pipelines to the
power plants, which are for the reason of less energy loss
located close to the facties.
Desalinated water is beeing produced mainly by the three

big desalination plants. For efficiency reasons they are
combined with power plants. The water is mainly distributed by trucks (see below).
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DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
DRAFT
Todays Road Infrastructure

The great road infrastructure as it exists today all over Oman would not have been possible without the revenue from the oil. The way it impacts on the landscape is unique and an expression of the
enormous development over the last 40 years.
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Fabricating Oman
Port of Khasab
Port of Khasab
Dubai
Dubai
Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi
Al Buraimi
Port of Sohar
Al Buraimi
Sohar
Port of Sohar
Sohar
Muscat
Muscat
Port of Sultan Qaboos Port of Sultan Qaboos
Ibri
Ibri
MCT
MCT
Nizwa
Nizwa
Sur
Duqm
Port of Duqm
SLL
Salalah
Port of Salalah
0
100 km
Sur
Duqm
Port of Duqm
SLL
Salalah
Port of Salalah
100 km
Road Infrastructure
In Oman the traffic is totally dependent on the road system. There are four lane highways connecting the main
urban areas in Oman and to Abu Dhabi and Dubai in the
UAE. The population depends completely on the car, therefore six to seven cars per family are normal. A big issue is
the land consumption by the roadsystem and consequently
relocation problems.
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Through the Mountains and over the

Valleys
The construction of the roads has an enormous impact
on the landscape. By cutting the mountains and filling up
the valleys in between there is beeing moved an incredible mass of material. That cut and fill can be seen as an
expression of the extreme development pressure in Oman.
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DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Engineering Construction
Because of the higher complexity and therefore the higher
costs, bridges and other engineering constructions are
very rare and used only in the earlier stages and where its
absolutely necessary, mainly because of Wadis or crossing
of another road.
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DRAFT
Bausher - Amerat Road

N 23 33 37 E 58 25 42
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ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
$30,579,769,066
$16,088,051,666
16% Cars
Motor
2.4% Floating 1.8%
for
or submersiblevehicles
transporting
goods
drilling
platforms
1.5% Bread,
pastry, cakes,
biscuits and
other baked
6.5%
Petroleum oils,
rened
61% Petroleum oils, crude
2.0% Mineral alcohols

12% Petroleum
or chemical
gases
fertilizers,
0.91% Air
2.4% Parts for1.1%
Appliances forconditioners
use with hoists
thermostatically
and excavation
machinery
0.84%
0.99% Pumps Transmission

for liquids
1.3% Insulated
0.95% Self
wire; optical propelled
ber cables bulldozers,
0.91%
1.2% Turbojets,
Telephones
turbo
1.0%
0.54% Other
Structures andbars and rods
0.58%
Poultry
0.87%
Petroleum
gases
0.67%
Polymers of
0.70% Iron
ores and
concentrates
2.2%
Unwrought
aluminum
0.81% Cement0.30%
Bitumen
0.43% Parts
of radios,
1.1% Articial 0.34%

Cleaning
corundum
0.31%
Polycarboxylic
0.35%
0.72% Ships' Electric

derricks; cranes
0.66%
Medicaments,0.28%
Industrial
0.67% Parts
and accessories
0.44% Other 0.32%

0.78% Hot
rolled iron or tubes and Seminished
non alloy steel,
copper and
0.54% Wheat
and meslin
0.66%
0.58%
Centrifuges Electrical
transformers
0.41%
0.75%
Apparatus
Machinery for
2.0% Tubes,
pipes and
hollow proles,
0.41% Tube
seamless, of 0.56% Renedor pipe
0.83% Other
not reinforced
1.1% Milk and

cream,
concentrated
0.73% Rice
0.59% Acyclic
alcohols
1.1% Jewelry of
precious metal
0.29%
Other
0.33%
Aluminum
nitrogenous
1.6% Cyclic
hydrocarbons
0.66% Cigars
0.52%
1.6% Parts and
Parts of
accessories ofgoods of
the motor
1.5% Motor
vehicles for the
1.1% Acyclic
0.32%
Glazed
0.79% New
pneumatic
0.40%
Polymers of
0.51%
Polymers of
0.36%
Tubes,
0.94%
Insulated wire;
optical ber
cables
0.65% Milk
and cream,
concentrated
4.2%
Petroleum oils,
rened
0.50% Other
furniture and
0.33%
Ferrous
Omans Import 2010
0.52% Cars
DRAFT
Commercial Driving Forces

Omans export is clearly dominated by the petrochemical industry. The whole economy bases on the
oil revenue. In importing the dominating part consists of cars, machinery and accessories mainly used
in the construction sector.
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0.40%
Chromium ore
Omans Export 2010

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ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
WORKFORCE
FOREIGN WORKERS
Top 3 Countries
800000
470000 India
125000 Bangladesh
106000 Pakistan
250000
Omani Workers
Natural Gas
3.9 B $
Power Plant
Cars
Industry
3.7 B $
Petroleum
Handcraft
Refinery
Raw Oil
Machinery
PRODUCTION
Refined
15.2 B $
Petroleum
Oil-/ Gasfield
1.8 B $
5.6 B $ UAE
3.5 B $ Japan
1.2 B $ USA
0.9 B $ South Korea
0.8 B $ India
0.8 B $ Germany
16.1 Billion $ Total
Metals
Metals
1.2 B $
Chemicals
1.7 B $
EXPORT
Top 6 Countries
Raw Oil
9.2 B $
1.7 B $
RESOURCES
Construction
IMPORT
Top 6 Countries
Natural Gas
11.0 B $ China
4.0 B $ Japan
3.6 B $ South Korea
2.6 B $ Thailand
2.0 B $ UAE
0.7 B $ India
30.6 Billion $ Total
TRADE
Driving the Machine

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DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Diversification and Foreign Investment
DIVERSIFICATION AND FOREIGN

INVESTMENT
As Oman depends highly on the oil revenue one of the main goals is to diversify the industrial production. Therefore the government stimulates systematicly the non-oil sector to be prepared for the
time after the oil. One important part in this approach is the attempt to attract foreign companies.
DRAFT
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ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
KOM
Knowledge Oasis Muscat
PEIE
Rusayl Industrial Estate
Public Establishment for Industrial Estates
DRAFT
The so called Public Establishment for Industrial Estates (PEIE) is an organisation which administrates so far about ten industrial parks all over Oman. In 1993 PEIE was established in response to the
expanding industrial estates with the objective of planning, establishing, managing and developing the
industrial estates across Oman. Currently, in addition to the industrial estates, PEIE also manages one
IT park, the Knowledge Oasis Muscat (KOM), and Al Mazunah Free Zone.
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ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Muscat Expressway
Gateway
Restaurants
PEIE Office
Powerplant
Al Buraimi
Al Buraimi
Sohar
Ibri
Sohar
RUSAYL
Nizwa
Muscat
Oman Cables
Sumail
NIZWA
Gulf Int. Chemicals

Sur
Oman Packaging
Sur
Sadolin Paints Oman

Int. Poly Industries
Oman Foodstuff
Rusayl Industrial Estate
Duqm
Rusayl Industrial Estate is situated 45 kilometres from

Muscat and occupies around 750 hectares, of which
240 hectares have been fully developed and subdivided
into plots of various sizes. Established in 1983, Rusayl is
Omans flagship industrial estate. From its initial 12 factories, Rusayl continously expanded to over 154 factories in
operation, 13 under construction and 40 in consideration.

Factories in operation produce a wide spectrum of goods
as well as industrial-oriented products, ranging from:
chemicals, batteries, electrical and building materials, fibre
optic cables, foodstuff, textiles, stationery and paints
Mazunah
Raysut
Salalah
Omans Industrial Estates

The first industrial estate in Oman was established at Al
Rusayl in 1983. As new industrial estates were set up,
the Public Establishment for Industrial Estates (PEIE) was
formed a decade later to give substantial impetus to industrial development all over the country.
The infrastructure within an industrial estate, which contains power and water supply as well as facility management, is provided by the PEIE. The plots are rented to the
several companies.
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PEIE Office and Infrastructure

As on all PEIE managed estates, Rusayl provides its renter
with serveral facilities and services which include: factory
and office space, electricity, water, gas, telecommunications, sewage treatment, disposal of solid and other waste,
internal and external road networks, mosques, banks,
DRAFT
restaurants, a supermarket, a postal office and a clinic.

Rusayl is also home to offices of the Customs Department
and the Royal Oman Police
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ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Office
Raw Oil Storage
Refinery
Bottling Plant
Refined Oil Storage
Products Storage
Areej Vegetable Oils & Derivatives

Areej Vegetable Oils and Derivatives S.A.O.G is manufacturing and marketing vegetable oils, ghee, margarines,
specialty fats and butter products. Areej imports crude
vegetable oil trough the Port of Muscat. They are licensed
by Thomy, Nestl, etc. Half of their export goes to GCC
countries, the other half is distributed all over the world.
60% of the 653 employees are Omani.
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DRAFT
Factory Site
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ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Europoles Middle East

Europoles Middle East was established in 2010 as a
Joint Venture between Europoles and RAY International L.L.C. With a total production capacity of 40,000
masts, Europoles Middle East should be able to
replace the wooden masts currently used in Oman in
short order.
For quality reasons the machinery for production is
imported from Germany and Italy.
Production Process
For the production of spun concrete masts there is a high
qualtity concrete needed. For this reason the cement is
beeing imported, while the aggregates come from the
region. For the mixing process of the concrete they use ice
instead of water due to the high ambient temperature.
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DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
DRAFT
Port of Sohar and Free Zone

The Sohar Industrial Port is the main commercial harbour in Oman. It is a joint venture between the
Omani government and the Port of Rotterdam and therefore a prime example for Omans international collaboration. The Sohar Free Zone is located nearby the port and offers ideal conditions for
companies integrated in international trade.
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ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Sohar Industrial Port
Free Zone Sohar
Port of Sohar is the biggest commercial harbour in Oman.

The management of this industrial port lies with Sohar
Industrial Port Company, a 50/50 joint venture between the
Government of Oman and the Port of Rotterdam.
The Free Zone of Sohar is located nearby the Sohar Industrial Port and offers an ideal environment for foreign investments to a strategic location on the Arabian Peninsula. The
One-Stop-Shop solution simplifies the permit procedure.
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DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
Construction
In the past 40 years the population of Oman has multiplied. The increasing need for new houses and
investment of oil money in large scale infrastructure projects have created a construction industry
which accounts for 1/3 of the labour force in Oman. The construction industries around Muscat are
concentrated in clusters with specific functions.
The pressure and speed at which infrastructure projects like the Muscat Express Highway are built, produce
an urban landscape formed by the economy of construction and the geological qualities of the earth.
DRAFT
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ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
Major Development Areas

Construction Industries
Expatriate Living Areas
Ma Abilah:
Small Enterprises
Labourcamp
Wadi Al Kabir:
Small Enterprises
Ruwi
Oman Cement:
Large Scale Local Operator
Ghala:
Construction Cluster
Sewage Plant
10km
10km
Transforming a City: Actors and Places
DRAFT
Labourcamp
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Labourcamp
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
DRAFT
Oman Cement: Large Scale Local Operator

The majority of the raw material derives from local suppliers. The biggest one is Oman Cement, hidden in the mountains on the way from Muscat to Nizwa. This machinery produces about 1/3 of the
cement used on Omans construction sites.
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ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
Stones and Rocks from the Mountains
RESSOURCES, MINING
LABOUR CAMPS
Stones
OMAN CEMENT
Workers
Cement
Machines, Materials,
Knowledge
GHALA
Cement, raw Material
Parts, Machines
CONSTRUCTION SITE
Prefabricated Bricks, Tiles
Gaspipeline 27000 m3 / h
cut or fill
material
Road to Ghala
Fitout, Metall, Wood
PORT DUBAI
Road to Muscat City
MA ABILAH WADI AL KABIR

OTHER CONSTRUCTION SITE
1km
Parts Metall, Wood
MATERIAL
PROCESS
PRODUCT
Oman Cement: Mining and Production

in the Mountains
Founded in 1982 Oman Cement is 60% government
owned and has 550 employees, with an Omanisation rate
of 70%. It produced 9000t cement daily.
Extraction of Raw Material

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DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
Construction Material
CEMENT CRUSHER
ent
es
sto
cem
CONSTRUCTION
WADI or MOUNTAIN
HOUSING
DUMPSITE
garbage
Material Flow
The Wadis are excavated to a depth of 2m. The extracted
stones are crushed and used as raw material for examples
as paving or for the cement production.
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Landfill: Dump Site in the Wadis

Later the excavated wadis are used as dump site and filled
with the garbage of the city of Muscat.
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DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
DRAFT
Ghala Industrial Area: Construction Cluster

Ghala is the organisational centre from which all construction sites are coordinated and supplied with
material, machines and knowledge.
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ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
Maabilah
Wadi Al Kabir
Ghala
Sewage
20km
RESSOURCES, MINING
LABOUR CAMPS
Stones
OMAN CEMENT
Stratetic Location
The Location was determined in 1980 by the masterplan of
Fred Scholz.
Workers
Highway to Muscat
Cement
Knowledge
GHALA
Ghala
Parts, Machines
CONSTRUCTION SITE
cut or fill
material
PORT DUBAI
Expresshighway to Muscat
Sewage Plant

Parts Metall, Wood
Expresshighway to Batinah
1km
MATERIAL
PROCESS
PRODUCT
Situated Between two Highways

The area is well connected through the access to highways. This was the basic precondition for Ghala to become
a distribution centre for the construction industries.
Ghala: Machines, Material Depot and

Headquarters
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DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
Galfar Headquarter
gatehouse
Construction companies are foremost all owned and runned

by expatriates from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Jordan and
Germany. The biggest firm with about 27000 foreign workers
is Galfar from India. Founded in 1974 with 6 workers, they build
everything from oil plantation to the major highway projects.
machinepark
CCC White Camp:

The first Labour Camp in Oman
Founded in 1973, it is organized like a small town and has for
example a restaurant and a carpentry. Besides all the workers,
also about 50 engineers are living there with their families.
worker housing
headquater
storage
Organisation Model of Operation Centres

The companies are organized in lots, leased by the government
span of 2025 years. Within the lots the companies
have all the key elements nearby. Larger companies like Galfar
have several lots that are scattered over entire Ghala, making a
total area of several hectares.
container housing
for a time
2 rooms 5 beds
IV /62
DRAFT
Machinepark
There are dozens of hectares of desert sand on which
hundreds of machines are burning at 50 in the sun.
IV/63
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
DESALINATION or GROUNDWATER
fresh water
HOUSING
Barka Desalination Plant
Ghala Sewage Plant
Water is desalinated at the seaside under huge consumption of energy (gas).
Situated right next to the industrial area, the sewage plant

is cleaning the water of the entire Muscat region.
dirty water
SEWAGE PLANT
purified water
BUILDING SITE or FARM
Landfill with Compressed Earth and

Poured Water
Cascade of Water Usage

Although the cascading usage may seem efficient on first
sight, there is a lot of loss. For example the transportation
by pipes would be much more efficient.
IV /64
The purified water is used on building sites for the landfilling. This is quite water intense: the earth needs to be
compressed and watered to become a physically stable
clay mixture.
IV/65
DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
DRAFT
MaAbilah and Wadi al Kabir: Small Enterprises

MaAbilah and Wadi al Kabir are two industrial zones with congruent services. Small enterprises prefabricate simple building materials and there are also little shops that produce custom designed goods
on demand (e.g. decorated wooden furniture, metal gates, ...)
IV /66
IV/67
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
Maabilah
Wadi Al Kabir
Ghala
20km
RESSOURCES, MINING
LABOUR CAMPS
Stones
OMAN CEMENT
Workers
Service Coverage
Although they have typological differences, both Areas
feature very similar services and products. Ma Abilah
customers come rather from the Batinah Plane, while the
customers of Wadi al Kabir are foremost Muscat Citizens.
Cement
Knowledge
GHALA
Parts, Machines
CONSTRUCTION SITE
cut or fill
material
PORT DUBAI

Parts Metall, Wood
MATERIAL
PROCESS
PRODUCT
200m
MaAbilah and Wadi al Kabir:

Prefab on Demand
MaAbilah: Grid on the Plane

IV /68
200m
DRAFT
Wadi al Kabir: Built into the Mountains

IV/69
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
living upstairs
street
scrap material
Construction
Products: MDF Carpentry
Products: Metallgates
The wood is imported from Asia, Africa, comes in through

the Emirates, Dubai.
Metal works are produced by commission by cataloge

examples.
courtyard workshops
working area,
storage
small shops
gatehouse
taxi, hitchikers
mosque
Organisation Model of Production Unit

in Maabilah
Street Typology
In the smaller front shops services like carpentry, metalwork, car maintenance are offered. Production on larger
scale happens in courtyards independently.
Streets are specialized in certain materials. The shops are

owned by Omanis and are leased to expatriate managers
for about 200300 Rial per arc unit.
IV /70
IV/71
kitchen
volleyball court
fitness
bigger accomondation
DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Living and Working in One

Low-Tech Manufacturing
Most procedures are half automatized, but need still a lot
manual operation.
The workers live all nearby, in the slabs upstairs of the

frontshops. This two room appartment is shared by 8 workmen, they earn about 80 Rial monthly and pay each 20 Rial
for the rent.
Construction
Recycling of Broken Cars

Huge lots are filled with broken cars, which serve as spare
parts. New parts are imported from Asia over Port Dubai.
Maintenance of Cars
Prefabrication in Courtyards
In the courtyards bigger companies of 1020 workers produce basic building materials like bricks, tiles etc.
IV /72
The automobile as the instrument of mobility is maintained

and repaired in Ma Abilah and Wadi al Kabir. The growing
upgrade and tuning industry, is serving the car as status
symbol. To quote Mr. Yaqoob, HR Areej Vegetables: If you
want to know a company, you have to look at the parking lot
of their employees.
IV/73
DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
DRAFT
The Emerging Urban Landscape I: Housing

With the political change and the new gained wealth from oil, the population has quadrupled within
40 years. The need for houses has developed a market where new building sites pop up at high speed,
but are put on hold shortly thereafter or are delayed due to the lack of money, thus leaving an fragmented urban territory under constant construction.
IV /74
IV/75
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
Maabilah
Wadi Al Kabir
Ghala
10km

Development
Areas
Labourcamp
Growing Need for new Houses
100m
Since His Majesty has taken the power the population has
quintupled from 600000 to almost 3 million inhabitants.
Omani living abroad came home after the change of power.
Hospitals were built all over the country and the health
care enhanced.
Another factor that led to a higher demand for houses is
the atomization of families. While it was common to live
with the relatives in the same house, nowadays every family wants their own home.
IV /76
Fragmented Territory
As an instrument to distribute the wealth among the people, an Omani when turned 23 has the right to a piece of
Land to build his own house. The lots are distributed by a
lottery. First the new owners build the wall and from there
on it can take years until they have the money to construct
the entire building.
IV/77
DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
GDP in Billion US $
Living on Site
In housing construction the workers live in the unfinished
structure on site or in improvised huts nearby.
Improvised Toilet
GDP in Bio US $
Employees in 1000
Employees in 1000
Construction sector accounts for 1/3 of the labourforce in
Oman and consists foremost of expatriate workmen of
India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Most of them are living in
labour camps as introduced in the fourth chapter.
GDP in Billion US $
IV /78
Fragmented Construction
Unfinished houses under construction are appearing everywhere and mark the urban landscape.
IV/79
DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
The Emerging Urban Landscape II: Infrastructure
DRAFT
Omans overall national strategy of the past 15 years was focused on the building of infrastructure at
large scale. Enormous amounts of earth have been moved around to build projects like the Muscat
Express Highway or the new airport.
Intervention at large scale resemble a Roman approach of dominating the nature, although this newly
built structures are surprisingly well integrated through layers of sand and dust that covers everything.
IV /80
IV/81
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
5 Year National Plan

Surpreme Council for Planing (SCP)
Construction
10 national goals
His Majesty Approval
Ministries
develop specific 5 year plan
5 Year Ministrial Plan
Fragmented Bridges
Especially expensive engineering work like bridges are
discontinued. For example a dozen of unfinished bridges
stand along the Batinah Highway.
set goals within ministry

make project and budgets
Ministry of Transport
SCP Review
meeting overal goals?
approval / correction
> budged allocation
Ministries Adjustment
Annual Adjusment Plan

Ministry
of Transport
annual budgets
projects
SCP Review
annual budgets
projects
Decision Making in Investment

The longterm strategies are defined by His Majesty and
the Surpreme Council for Planning with the instrument of
the 5 year plan. The goals are implemented into the ministries and controlled through several layers. The budged is
revised and new allocated annually.
IV /82
Budget Cut: Project on Hold

Due to the international finance crisis 2008 some projects
were put on hold.
IV/83
DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
RESSOURCES, MINING
LABOUR CAMPS
Stones
Mountain Cutting as Source

Extracted earth is brought to the next filling site or depot.
OMAN CEMENT
Settlement built on Excavations
Workers
Cement
Knowledge
GHALA
Parts, Machines
CONSTRUCTION SITE
cut or fill
material
PORT DUBAI

Parts Metall, Wood
MATERIAL
PROCESS
PRODUCT
Flattening the Landscape for the Airport

The airport is the biggest landfill project in Oman. Trucks
from construction sites all over the region deposit waste
material which is then used for flattening the landscape for
the rollfields or the building up of ramps for bridges.
Product and Source

IV /84
IV/85
DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
1km
25.02.2009
25.06.2009
DRAFT
30.11.2010
Muscat Expresshighway 20092010

IV /86
IV/87
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
concretete
concretete
slip
slip
plain
plain
(falling
(falling
rocks,
rocks,
rain)
rain)
10%
10%
inclination
inclination
7070
8080
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
shotcrete
shotcrete
with
with
steelmesh
steelmesh
weepholes
weepholes
forfor
drainage
drainage
raw rock 1:20
shotcrete 1:20
Raw Rock with Slip Plain
Shotcrete with Weepholes
With shotcrete steeper cuts are possible. This is adopted for

porous stones or very high cuts of 80100m. Because the
angle can be up to 80 less material has to be excavated.
1. Excavator
makes path to top
2. Drilling Rig
drills holes for explosives
4. R
com
3. Explosives
blast up the mountain
3. Water Truck
watering ground
4. Dozer
move material to the side
2. Dozer
disperse material in layers
4. Dump Truck
brings material to next fill site
1. Dump Truck
brings material from cut site
DRAFT
Cutting Process 1:1000

The inclination of the road is limited with 67%. The assimilation is made by cutting passages through the mountain,
because its the cheapest method. Cutting an average
mountain takes about 34 months.
IV /88
Movement of Material
Material is moved at large scale to the next filling site.
IV/89
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Construction
temporary Props for holding

the Prefab Elements

8.00
the Prefab Elements

the Prefab Elements
Anchor 8m
Anchor 8m
Anchor 8m
Prefab Concrete
Textile Layer
Textile Layer
60
Earth in Layers of 25cm

compressed and Water poured
60
25
3.00
60

25
3.00
8.00
Prefab Concrete
Prefab Concrete
Textile Layer
8.00
25
Wadi Passage
3.00
Concrete Curtainwall
The curtainwall princip protects the clay wall from rainfall.
For the annually floating waters there are orthogonal tubes

because of the lack of bridges. These are often the only
ways to pass a highway without risking your life.
Compressed Earth Wall 1:20

The earth is scattered in layers of 25 cm, then water is
poured and the layer compressed.
4. Roller
compressing material
3. Water Truck
watering ground material
2. Dozer
disperse material in layers of 25 cm
1. Dump Truck
brings material from cut site
DRAFT
Filling Process 1:1000

Instead of expensive bridges which require engineering
work, wadis are filled with the earth from cutting sites. In
principle it is an oversized clay wall. An average wall is built
within 7 months.
IV /90
Production of Landscape
Consequences for the ecosystem yet unknown.
IV/91
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Movement of Goods And People

The road infrastructure is the backbone of the distribution system of Oman. In this network goods as
well as people are fast and individually distributed. This infrastructure is built up by an army of workmen, which are only temporary visitors in Oman. Expatriates accounts for about 80% of the workforce in the private sector and build as this the backbone of the economy.
DRAFT
IV /92
IV/93
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman

Port of Shahid Rajaee 5M TEU
8M TEU capacity
PERSIAN GULF
IRAN
Port Khor Sharjah 3M TEU

6M TEU capacity
Port of Doha 1M TEU

2M TEU capacity (2016)
Port of Jebel Ali 13M TEU

55M TEU capacity (2030)
Port Khor Fakkan 2M TEU

4M TEU capacity
GULF OF OMAN
Port of Sohar 0.2M TEU

6 M TEU capacity
UNITED ARAB
EMIRATES
Port Sultan Qaboos0.3M TEU

0M TEU, closing for tourism
SAUDI ARABIA
OMAN
Port of Duqm 0M TEU

3.5M TEU capacity (opened 2013)
ARABIAN SEA
YEMEN
Port of Salalah 3M TEU

8M TEU capacity
TEU= one standard container

(twenty-foot equivalent unit)
Ports Scales and Capacities

Flow of Goods
The road network built in the past 30 years has become the backbone of Omans economy. All goods
are moved through this system by independent small enterprises.
IV /94
In the past 10 years Oman has made major investments in

ports, still most goods are imported through Dubai, which
is an established distribution centre. Like in most GCC
countries the market in Oman is too small to take up the
volumes of direct imports.
IV/95
DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Waiting for a Comission

Like a taxi driver in front of a hotel truck owners wait in
front of industrial areas like Rusayl or Ghala to be called up.
PRODUCTION COMPANY
needs to deliver goods to UAE
-> asks for offers
X
TRUCK FIRM
all Trucks abroad

> too long waiting time
TRUCK FIRM
TRUCK FIRM
only one truck available

> too high offer
not interested in
delivering abroad
TRUCK FIRM
enough trucks are available

offer accepted
Small Shipping Enterprises distribute

Goods
The distribution system of Oman is very decentralised,
hundreds of small enterprises with about 13 trucks offer
shipping services. The transportation rate is not fixed but
has to be bargained about. Companies with goods to ship
call up truck owners to see who is available at which rate.
The prices vary from day to day, for example when there is
a traffic jam in Saudia Arabia because of strict customs.
IV /96
DRAFT
Trucks without Logos

No major truck company dominates the road.
IV/97
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Expatriate Work Force and Omanisation
DRAFT
Expatriates account for 1/3 of Omans population and with about 80% of the labour force in the private sector Oman is highly dependent on this people. At the same time it is made clear that they are
only temporary visitors by naming them expats rather than immigrants.
Oman is trying to enforce its independency with laws, foremost the Omanisation rate. This demands
the employment of a certain amount of Omani and has an huge impact on Omans economy.
IV /98
IV/99
ETH Studio Basel
Major
Development Areas
Fabricating Oman
Ma Abilah
Labourcamp
Wadi Al Kabir
Ruwi
Ghala
10km

10km
Labourcamp
DRAFT
Living Areas of Foreign Workers
The employer has to provide his employees with food and

housing by law. About 1/3 of all expats are employed in the
construction sector. These workmen are living foremost in
so called labour camps (blue circles).
IV /100
Labourcamp
IV/101
ETH Studio Basel
gatehouse
Fabricating Oman
machinepark
headquater
worker
housing
Movement
of Goods And People
storage
gatehouse
taxi, hitchikers
kitchen
mosque
Selfmade Fitnesscenter
Container Mosque
volleyball court
fitness
Built out of leftovers from construction sites.
bigger accomondation
container housing
2 rooms 5 beds
Organisation Model of a Labourcamp

The camps are semi-temporary structures, they need a
building permit and have to persist for a minimum of 2
years to be economical.
The organisation resembles a military camp. Seen from
satellite they are distinguishable only by the lack of an
exercising square.
Flowers for the Hindu Altar

The workmen grow flowers next to their containers. They
need them for their prayers on small altars inside.
IV /102
IV/103
DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Taxi, Hitchhiking for Free Time
Bus for Work

The workmen are transported by bus to the construction
sites. The drivers are Omani by the Omanisation law.
Transportation is shared, one can often see expatriates

waiting on the side of a road for somebody to pick them
up.
Highway to Ghala, Muscat
Highway to Nizwa
100m
Direct Access to Highway
Weekend Destination: Ruwi (Little India)
The easy access to a highway is crucial for the distribution

of workforce. On large construction projects the camps are
built directly on site.
The workmen have one day off per week on the weekend
(Friday). They go to Ruwi by taxi or hitchhiking, where they
meet friends and family members.
IV /104
IV/105
DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
202020202020
Fabricating Oman
5) get contract at arrival

much lower salary
1 oneway flight paid + 30 days vacation per year

after 2 years: twoway flight, 60 days
2020 20
charges
4) sell there land to landlords

to pay for flight, visa
AUNT
PARENTS
SPOUSE
2020
AGENCY
WESTERN UNION
FAMILIES
AGENCY
WORKERS
202020202020
3) recruiting
promise
give job profile

salary
202020202020
1) pay for visa,

flight, charges
2020202020202020202020
COMPANY
202020202020202020202020202020
FARMER
00
0
00
00
00
2) forwarding
job profile, salary offer
1 Mio Expats x 12 x 100 Rial

= ca 1 Billion Rial / Year
Recruitment of Workers
Connection to Homeland
Uneducated farmers are promised a high salary and get the

real contract only after landing in Muscat. That way they are
forced to sign. A common workman earns about 80100
Rial. To bring their familiy along expatriates need to earn at
least 350 Rial.
The workmen send the majority of the money to their

families back home. Because the relatives back home do
not share it equally, they have to send it separately to the
different family members and spend a lot of money on
transfer fees.
IV /106
IV/107
DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Age Structure
Fabricating Oman
2.8 Mio
Doha
Dubai
Abu Dhabi
Suhar
Al Buraimi
United Arab
Emirates
Muscat
MCT
Ibri
Omani
Expatriates
Nizwa
Sur
20
Age Structure
Labourforce in 1000
20
2.8 Mio
Saudi Arabia
20
20
20
20
20
808
Oman
20
795
Duqm
20
20
110
20
Copper
Gold
Omani
Industry
Omani
105
Gas
Oil
Expatriates
Agriculture
employees
Ministries
Oil Tanker Terminal

LNG Terminal
Demographics
SLL
AboutYemen
half a million of young expats are working in Oman.
They are named expats and not immigrants which already
indicates that they are only temporary visitors. With the
visa they also get a so called labour card which serves as
an ID.
Women working as housemaids are most likely missing in
this diagram because they are not registered. Almost every
family has a housemaid. The employer is legally responsible
for them.
Salalah
Labourforce in 1000
100
200 km
14
105
Omani
147
employees
private sector
147
Omani
252
252
100% Omanisation
Omanisation:
You want Expats You need Omanis
0% Omanisation
If you want to run a business you need expats because

they costs 23 times less than Omani worker: the Omani
minimum salary is now 325 (before 2013: 200), compared
to the expats with no minimum salary but a market salary
20
of 60100 Rial monthly. In addition they are better motivat20
ed because they are only in Oman to earn money and have
no family or other conflicting interests.
So expats are needed to run a business and to be competitive in regard to other companies but also for Oman as
country. The massive development would never have been
possible without this work force.
IV/109
808
40% Omanisation
Cost of 5 Employees
Competition Market:
If you Want to Survive you Need Expats.
total
workforce: 1.2 Mio
Omani people prefer to work for the state even if they are
paid only half of what the would earn in the private sector.
On the one hand its a question of prestige, on the other of
20
securing the future: state employees
are de facto non-callable. Expats account for 80% of the public work force.
This problem is targeted by the Omanisation law which
prohibits a certain amount of Omani employees, depending
on the sector and job profile.
IV /108
20
20
DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Taxi Driver: Jobs of 100% Omanisation

Certain jobs have an Omanisation rate of 100%: HR manager, busdriver, taxi driver. This can become a problem for
example due to the lack of knowledge transfer and new
inputs.
Construction Sector: 99% Expatriate

Omanisation Award
The Omanisation rate is a very important business factor.
Awards are proudly presented at the entrance of companies.
IV /110
The Omanisation rate in the construction sector is 25%.

Because its very difficult to find Omanis who are willing
to work in construction companies offer them about 100
Rial for giving their signature, that proofs that they work for
them.
IV/111
DRAFT
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
16bio $ annualy
2.8mio
95% of year annualy
n%
oil a
oo
sch
on
ati
du
ra
lg
20000 $
nd g
as e
xpor
t
55000 km
2 per 1000 inhabitants
oil and gas export
ion
lat
u
op
km
ved
pa
doctors
ds
roa
BIP per capita
0.6 mio
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2030?
OIL DISCOVERY
POLITIC CHANGE
EDUCATION, HEALTH
INFRSTRUCTURE
SOCIAL WELFARE
Securing a Future without Oil

In the past 40 years Oman has undergone massive change. In 1970 it was the least developed country
in the world with only 5 km of paved roads, one hospital and one school. There were medieval conditions.First
After
the political
change,
oil
Sultan Qaboos
took overHM Sultan Quaboos started to use the oil money to rapidly develop
INFRASTRUCTURE
EDUCATION AND HEALTH
the country. Starting with building
up schools and hospitals in the 80s. This health
and educational
SOCIAL WELFARE
programs were succeeded by investments in infrastructure at large scale. Now the development is focusing on the social welfare, generating jobs and attracting foreign investments.
It seems that Oman is in a rush to build a base for an unknown future. So far the direction is only
1975
1965
1985
1995
2005
pointing up, but the machinery is slowly running out of oil. Oman has a serious problem in finding an
alternative source of money, so far diversification from oil is only the export of gas.
IV /112
DRAFT
IV/113
ETH Studio Basel
Fabricating Oman
Sources
Books
Internet
Muscat: Sultanat Oman, Fred Scholz, 1990
http://maps.google.com
http://www.bing.com/maps
http://www.peie.om/
http://www.mocioman.gov.om/default.aspx?lang=en-US
http://www.taminat.com/english/index.jsp
http://www.omanpwp.com/Documents.aspx#46opwp
http://www.owatco.com/mainsite/
http://www.omangrid.com/
http://atlas.media.mit.edu
Laws
Ministry of the Manpower
http://www.manpower.gov.om/en/Law_home.asp
Maps
Muscat: Sultanat Oman, Fred Scholz, 1990
The Oil & Gas Year S. 72 ff.
Appendix
image credits
acknowlegments
All graphics and photos by Leon Faust, Benedikt Zweifel

and students of ETH Studio Basel FS13, except where
noted.
Persons
P. 26,29,30,33,34,36,39,40,43
http://www.bing.com/maps
Peter Hamel
Hussain Yousuf Al-Bulushi
Mohd Yaqoob
Anikumar R. Pillai
Sophie Loschert
Institutions
GUtech, Muscat
Interviews
Students
Hussain Yousuf Al-Bulushi, Supreme Council for Planing
Sami Al Habsi
Safaa Al Shukairy
Fatma Al Harrasi
Hawa Al Harrasi
Yomna Mohamed
Meriam Osman
Peter Hamel, Shaleem Petroleum

Mark Hobbs, General Manager, Shaleem Petroleum
Mohd Yaqoob, HRD Manager, Areej Vegetables
Ali Mohammed Al-Raiisi, Deputy General Manager,
Al Ghubrah Power and Desalination
Mesh Chandra Shee, Production Controller,
Al Kamil Power Station
Mohammed Salim Al-Harthy, CEO,
OPAL Oman Society for Petroleum Services
Ahmed al Bathi, Nephew, Lightning Star Ghala
Thomas Gandler, Commercial Director, Strabag
Anikumar R. Pillai, Sr. Manager Operations Roads &
Bridges Unit, Galfar
Christof Nottbeck, General Manager, Europoles
Wolfgang Persterer, Production Manager, Europoles
Yasir Said Tabook, Head of Customer Care, PEIE Rusayl
DRAFT
IV /114
IV/115
ETH Studio Basel

Fabricating Omang

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iv.

ETH Studio Basel

Prof. Roger Diener, Prof. Marcel Meili

Diversification and foreign

Oman Cement: Large Scale Local Operator

Movement of goods And people

ETH Studio Basel

Prof. Roger Diener, Prof. Marcel Meili

ETH Studio Basel

ETH Studio Basel

ETH Studio Basel

1982 Near Nizwa

2013 Muscat Expressway

ETH Studio Basel

Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said

Policy and Economy

ETH Studio Basel

Oil and Gas

ETH Studio Basel

1.2 Million Employees

23.4 Billion USD GDP

1.2 Million Employees

Economic Power versus Work Force

Major Power Plant

23.4 Billion USD GDP

Oil and Gas Infrastructure

ETH Studio Basel

Dependency on Global Economy

Oil Reserves for 15 Years

Oman Society for Petroleum Services

Shaleem Petroelum Company SAOC

ETH Studio Basel

Energy and Water

ETH Studio Basel

PDO Power System

PDO Power System

Omans Energy Infrastructure

Energy 100% from Fossile Fuel

Energy Production/ Consumption

Production/ Consumption of Gas

Over the last 30 years the energy production tripled but

Natural Gas Reserves for 30 Years

Omans Five Major Power Plants

867 Trillion Btu

Energy Consumption by Sector

Primary Energy Consumption

The industry sector makes almost halfpart of the energy

Three-fourths of the energy consumed relys on natural gas.

Barka Power Plant

ETH Studio Basel

Typical Gas Fired Power Plant

Al Ghubrah Desalination Plant

The Al Kamil Power Plant is located nearby Sur in the

The Al Ghubrah Desalination and Power Plant is a hybrid

From the Gasfield to the Factory

From the Sea to the Factory

The electricity in Oman is produced locally. The gas is

Desalinated water is beeing produced mainly by the three

Todays Road Infrastructure

ETH Studio Basel

Port of Sultan Qaboos Port of Sultan Qaboos

Through the Mountains and over the

Bausher - Amerat Road

ETH Studio Basel