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ii. IBM added extension connector with 36 pins to the existing 8-bit connecter,that made 16-bit
ISA slot compatible with 8-bit ISA slot.
iii. The extra 36 pins along with 62 8-bit ISA pins makes total of 98 contacts in 16-bit ISA bus.
In addition, two of the pins in the 8-bit portion of the connector were changed. These two
minor changes did not alter the function of 8-bit cards.
iv. The 16-bit version used in the AT ran at 6MHz and then 8MHz.Later,for backward
compatibility the whole industry agreed on an 8.33MHz maximum standard speed. ISA data
transfers require anywhere from two to eight cycles. Therefore, the theoretical maximum data
rate of the ISA bus is about 8MBps, as the following formula shows:
8.33MHz 2 bytes (16 bits) [db] 2 cycles per transfer = 8.33MBps
v. The dimensions of a typical AT expansion board are as follows:
4.8'' (121.92mm) high
13.13'' (333.5mm) long
0.5'' (12.7mm) wide
ii. Hence , Intel released the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus specification in June
1992 as version 1.0 and since then has undergone several upgrades. Table below shows the
various releases of PCI:
PCI Specifications
PCI Specification Released
Major Change
PCI 1.0
June 1992
Original 32/64-bit specification
PCI 2.0
April 1993
Defined connectors and expansion boards
PCI 2.1
June 1995
66MHz operation, transaction ordering,
latency changes
PCI 2.2
Jan. 1999
Power management, mechanical clarifications
Mini-PCI
Nov. 1999
Small form factor boards, addendum to 2.2
PCI 2.3
March 2002
3.3V signaling, low-profile add-in cards
iii. Information typically is transferred across the PCI bus at 33MHz and 32 bits at a time. The
bandwidth is 133MBps, as the following formula shows:
33.33MHz 4 bytes (32 bits) = 133MBps
PCI bus Types
PCI Bus Type
PCI
PCI 66MHz
PCI 64-bit
PCI 66MHz/64-bit
Bus
Width(Bits)
32
32
64
64
Bus
Speed(MHz)
33
66
33
66
Data Cycles
per Clock
1
1
1
1
Bandwidth(MBps)
133
266
266
533
iv. Another important feature of PCI is the fact that it was the model for the Intel PnP
specification.Therefore, PCI cards do not have jumpers and switches and are instead
configured through software.
v.Aiding performance is the fact that the PCI bus can operate concurrently with the processor
bus ; it does not supplant it. The CPU can be processing data in an external cache while the
PCI bus is busy transferring information between other parts of the systema major design
benefit of the PCI bus.
vi. The extended version of PCI called PCI-X is 64-bit wide bus and operates at 133MHz
providing throughput from 533MBps to 4266MBps depending on the clock. The 3rd
generation development of PCI i.e. PCI-Express provides even more throughput than both PCI
and PCI-Express ranging from 250MBps to 10GBps.
Bus
Width(Bits)
64
64
64
64
Bus
Speed(MHz)
66
133
133
133
Data Cycles
per Clock
1
1
2
4
Bandwidth(MBps)
533
1066
2132
4266
PCI-Express
i. Peripheral Component Interconnect-Express (PCI-Express) is a 3rd generation development of
PCI bus. It is a very fast serial bus design that is backward-compatible with current PCI
parallel bus software drivers and controls. PCI-Express is a differential signaling bus that can
be generated by either the North Bridge or South Bridge.
ii. The speed of PCI-Express is described in terms of lanes. Each bidirectional dual-simplex
lane provides a 2.5 Gbps transfer rate in each direction.Thus, the singal lane PCI-Express slot
(known as x1) runs at 2.5 Gbps in each direction . Some system support PCIExpress x4 slot, which provides 10 Gbps in each direction. PCI-Express video
cards generally use the x16 slot , which provides 40Gbps in each direction .
iii. PCI-Express uses an IBM-designed 8-bit-to-10-bit encoding scheme, which allows for selfclocked signals that will easily allow future increases in frequency. This will also help in
increasing the throughout of the bus.
iv. PCI-Express bus will eventually replace the existing PCI buses from motherboards and also
the existing Intel hub architecture, HyperTransport, and similar high-speed interfaces
between motherboard chipset components. Additionally, it will replace video interfaces such
as AGP.
v. The below table explains the different types of PCI-Express bus
PCI-Express Bus Types
PCI Bus Type
Bus
Width(Bits)
PCI-Express
1
PCI-Express
16
PCI-Express
32
Bus
Speed(MHz)
2500
2500
2500
Data Cycles
per Clock
0.8
0.8
0.8
Bandwidth(MBps)
250
4000
8000