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Abstract:
The advancement and prosperity of a country are, in part, determined by the number of
entrepreneurs in that country. Entrepreneurs can help a countrys economy by opening
numerous job opportunities. In this respect, higher education institutions are expected to
create a great number of entrepreneurs. One of the core components in a higher education
activity is a course. Thus, a course should be better designed in such a way that can raise
students motivation to get involved in entrepreneurial activities. This paper describes the
application of an entrepreneurship-based course design in Human Resource Planning and
Development (HRPD) course during the even semester of academic year 2014/2015 at
Narotama University Surabaya. The most important part of that design is the main
assignment that instructs the students to establish their own small business plans which cover
vision, mission, and strategy for at least the next five years. After that, they must establish a
detailed enough plan to conduct various human resource management activities directed to
get qualified employees who can support the business in implementing its strategy. Finally,
this paper also discusses the effectiveness of the HRPD course design in enhancing the
students entrepreneurial motivation.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Higher Education, Course Design, Human Resource
Management, Students Entrepreneurial Motivation.
Introduction
Entrepreneurship is a key for the prosperity of a country. Experts agree that
entrepreneurship is one of the most powerful engines for economic growth (Kuratko, 2005 in
Gedeon, 2014). This is because entrepreneurs open large number of new businesses that
provide jobs for more labors, which in turn reduce the level of unemployment. Entrepreneurs
also tend to be innovative in their business operation. For instance, they often use technology
that can enhance production process efficiency, so that increase the competitive advantage of
their countries. In general, it can be said that entrepreneurship knowledge is a critical factor
to attain success (Welsh & Dragusin, 2013).
However, data show that in 2013 entrepreneur rate in Indonesia is only 1.56% of total
population. This figure is below those in Malaysia and Singapore where entrepreneurship rate
reach 5% and 7% respectively. Moreover, in developed countries, such as Japan and the
United States, entrepreneurship rate can reach quite impressive figure of 10% and 12%
respectively. Many researches suggest that the ideal number of entrepreneur in a developing
country like Indonesia is at least 2% of its population (Santoso, 2014).
Therefore, creating as many as possible entrepreneurs is a strategic activity that urgently
should be done by governments. Higher education institutions, as government partners in
education sector, have strategic role in assisting that process of entrepreneurship creation.
University students are excellent human resources expected to become intellectual force in
advancing a country in many aspects such as economy, technology, or culture. For that
reason, after graduating in the future, they are expected to have knowledge, skill, and
motivation needed to establish a business (Welsh & Dragusin, 2013).
One of the core elements in learning activity at university is lecturing activity. This
activity is organized in the form of courses that can be taken by students every semester. In
this respect, entrepreneur creation function must be integrated into lecturing activities which
are manifested in the design of each course.
This article reports the findings of a case study about the learning process and outcomes
of Human Resource Planning and Development (HRPD) course during the even semester of
academic year 2014/2015 at Narotama University Surabaya. The semester started from
March 2015 and ended in early July 2015. In that semester, the HRPD course applied an
entrepreneurship-based course design, even though it is not a subject that is directly related to
business matter.
Research Method
This study is qualitative in its approach. It used a case study method as its strategy of
inquiry, where the researcher deeply explores a program, event, activity, process, or one or
more individuals. Case is bounded based on time and activity, and the researcher gathers
detailed information using multiple data collecting procedures during a sustained time period
(Stake, 1995 in Creswell, 2009).
In this case study, one of the researchers is also the lecturer of HRPD course, so that
gaining wide enough access to explore vast array of data related to the implementation of
HRPD course, such as course design, teaching materials, students characteristics, students
performances, and students attitudes toward the course.
Active participants of HRPD course in even semester 2014-2015 is 11 (eleven)
students. From that number, 5 (five) of them are involved as respondents for this study.
Among those respondents, 3 (three) students gave answers interactively in several sessions of
in-depth interview arranged by the researchers, and the other 2 (two) responded by filling in
an open-ended questionnaire distributed via e-mail. Those in-depth interviews and openended questionnaires were used to explore as deeply as possible data about the learning
process in HRPD course as well as conditions felt or experienced by students after
completing the course. The data collection activity has been conducted in September and
October 2015, about two months after the course finished.
The expected outcome of this study is a comprehensive description about the
implementation of HRPD course, which integrates some entrepreneurship principles into its
design, and its effectiveness in raising entrepreneurial motivation among students.
Entrepreneurship Concepts
Entrepreneur is a person who exploits opportunity, often by recombining available
resources, and in the other hand also bears uncertainty in the execution (Gmsay, 2014).
According to Eze and Nwali (2012) entrepreneurship activities are generally viewed as
having advantages because show certain attributes as follows:
relied on his creative ideas. This means that an entrepreneur is a dreamer who acts, not
someone who only dreams but never acts, nor someone who realizes others dream without
having his own dream.
Entrepreneurship Education
Many studies show strong relationship between education sector and the emergence of
entrepreneurs. For instance, one study finds that the role of resources and other support
mechanism in educational environment positively have impact on students perception of
entrepreneurship as career choice (Johannisson, 1991 and Autio et al., 1997, in Fayolle et al.,
2006).
Recently, the idea about entrepreneurship-oriented university has risen. More familiarly
called entrepreneurial university, such university is a natural incubator which tries to
provide supportive environment where university members can explore, evaluate, and use
ideas that can be transformed into various entrepreneurship-oriented social and economic
initiatives (Guerrero et al., 2012).
Narotama University is a higher education institution that is very concerned with
entrepreneurship development. Narotama Universitys mission statement sounds to present a
valid contribution in the development of science and technology for the sake of society
welfare through education activities, research, and community service by means of
communication and information technology. It is very clear that the mission contains a
strong will to participate in the efforts to improve the wealth of society. Then, the will is
translated by the Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB) as one of its educational
objectives aims to produce graduates who have ability to become an entrepreneur in real
economy sector (small and medium enterprises). For that reason, the management of FEB
always encourages lecturers to incorporate entrepreneurial elements into their course designs,
especially ones related to small and medium enterprises (SMEs).
There are three phases of entrepreneurial career: first, potential entrepreneur, which
comprises those who have entrepreneurial intention; second, early-stages entrepreneurial
activity, which comprises nascent and new entrepreneurs; third, established entrepreneurs
(Xavier et al., 2012 dalam Croitoru, 2013). Using this concept, the learning outcome of an
entrepreneurship-based course design in Narotama University is more focused on the effort to
increase students entrepreneurial intention
However, this case study uses students entrepreneurial motivation concept rather than
students entrepreneurial intention concept. This is because the concept of entrepreneurial
motivation is regarded as more comprehensive, covering various factors inducing individual
purpose of such arrangement is to raise students entrepreneurial motivation, even though not
necessarily start early in their career. To accomplish the learning objective, a combination of
tutorial, exercise, design project, and discussion was used as the learning method. Next
paragraphs briefly explain the design project instructions as one of the important parts of
HRPD course.
In HRPD course, the students were asked to initially make a plan to establish a small
business. Then, based on that plan, they were asked to design an HR planning and
development scheme that appropriate enough for supporting the strategy implementation. The
focus on small business was determined based on the premise that small business can provide
conducive environment for entrepreneurship and innovation, which not always has to rely on
know-how and resources control like the characteristics of a large scale production, but needs
commitment and close cooperation among organization members (Sahut & Peris-Ortiz,
2014).
The students must at first determine the business field they would focus on. In this case,
it also includes goods or services that would be produced and offered to consumers. They
must also explain the initial condition of the business, potential competitors, and strategy and
innovation for coping with competition. Moreover, they must also determine profiles of the
market segments they target.
After that, they must formulate vision and mission statements for the business. The
mission statement needs to explain business process and HR management policy that are in
line with the competitive strategy and innovation. Next, the implementation of that mission
needs to be concreted in the form of objectives to be achieved in the next five years. Here,
they must also set target for the realization of the planned business innovation. The
realization must be manifested in product features and physical appearance of the business,
along with its expansion profile in the future.
Next, the student must formulate strategies to achieve the vision, mission, and
objectives. In this part, they also have to formulate strategies or special agenda to face the era
of ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). Included here is the connection between strategy
and innovation which already formulated before and the predicted business environment
changes in the AEC era.
After the strategy has been formulated completely and detailed enough, the students
were instructed to plan HR needs for their small business. Here, they must specify various
aspects such as organization functions needed and the number and qualification of employee
required for each function. Further, they must specify various aspects concerning HR
development processes, such as job analysis, recruitment and selection, training and
development, performance evaluation, and compensation.
In addition to the above project instructions about small business plan and HR planning
and development design, in mid-term and final-term examination sessions, there are several
additional assignments must be done by the students in order to enrich the project in progress.
For example, the students must give a description of the use of HR information system and
the utilization of change management techniques to cope with global environment dynamics.
Finding and Discussion
This section describes important and relevant findings of this case study. Two important
themes that can be identified from the findings are competencies gained by the students and
their motivation to start entrepreneurial activity.
According to the students, after completing HRPD course they gained competencies in
the following matters:
All student respondents said that after completing this course they felt a strong intention
to become an entrepreneur. That semester, one of them actually had already been running
family businesses in building materials trading and printing. At the end of the course, he had
more enthusiasm in starting new business. He manifested that enthusiasm by setting up a
small restaurant as the first business owned by himself, not his family. He said that he did so
to attain self-actualization and made his family proud that he finally can be independently do
business. The other student had once been an entrepreneur, but for a certain reason had to
quit. After completing HRPD course, he raised up and had an intention to start a business
again. Now, he already runs a small restaurant also.
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