SOLUTIONS TO ENG 219 QUESTIONS

WEEK 1

1. Biomaterials is any material of natural or synthetic origin that comes in contact with tissue, blood
or biological fluids, and intended for applications to a living organism without adversely
affecting the living organism and its components.
2. Areas of sciences involved in biomaterials technology
Cell molecular biology
medicine and surgery
Material science
anatomy
Dentistry geology
physics
physiology and biochemistry
mathematics
pathology
chemistry

Biomaterials Materials
Biology

Biomaterials
Technology
Materials
Technology
Biotechnology

Materials
mechanical Technology
chemical
electrical
mettalurgical
polymer engineering
Figure 1: area of sciences involved in biomaterials technology
WEEK 2.
2.a Quantized Angular momentum
a. L= nh/2π = mvr=3.166x10-34kgm2/s
b. R=nh/2πmv= 1.16x10-12m
c. Wavelengths:
i. λ1 = 972.6Å
ii. λ2 = 4862.7Å
iii. λ3 = 18787.9Å
- 1.51ev N=3

-3.4ev N=2

N=1
-13.6ev
Figure 2: Hydrogen energy diagram.
3.a. λ = 0.693/ T1/2 = 0.693/225 = 3.08x10-3 per day (day-1) = 266.112 sec-13.b A=Nλ curies = 30 x 266.112/93.7 x 10 10 =
2.16 107 curie
3.c N = Noe-λt = 27 x 2.718-3.08 x 10-3 x 500 = 5.79 atoms

WEEK 3
2. a. coordinate or dative covalent bonds: This is when one atoms or ions involved in the covalent or ionic
bond respectively donates the electron (unshaded or lone pair of electrons) to be shared forming an electron
pair bond. An example of coordinate covalent bond is in ammonia (NH3).
b. Metallic bonds are pictured as bonds between two electropositive atoms. In this bond, positive ions are
closely packed in a defined symmetrical arrangement with an electron cloud between these positive ions in
such a manner that the valence electrons are now completely delocalized.
c. Cooling curves of metals:
This is a graphical representation of the temperature at which a metal melts or solidifies with respect to time.
Different metals have different cooling curves. Pure metals have identical curves as shown in figure 3
below. At Tm, melting point, the metal exists in both the solid and liquid phase. For impure metals, and
metals with alloy, the melting point temperature is not fixed, it varies due to the impurities or added alloy.
Figure 4 is a diagrammatic representation.
Temp

Temp

Tm T1

Liquid
Liquid & T2
solid

Solid

Time Time
Figure3: pure metal cooling curve figure4: impure metal cooling curve

3. structures of crystals.

1. triclinic: a≠b≠c

2. monoclinic: a≠b≠c

3. orthorhombic: a≠b≠c, α=β=γ=90

4. rhombohedral: a=b=c, α=β=γ≠90

5. tetragonal: a=b≠c, α=β=γ=90

6. hexagonal: a=b≠c, α=β=90, γ=120

7. cubic: a=b=c, α=β=γ

WEEK 4.

1a. carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The structural compositions are monosaccharides
(glucose, fructose) and disaccharides (maltose)

1b. The two broad type of cell are Eukaryotic cells and Prokaryotic cells.

Functions of Eukaryotic cell: The presence of a nucleus makes eukaryotic cells store and transform genetic
information to the next generation of cells.

Functions of Prokaryotic cells: Prokaryotes are usually bacteria, and bacteria have many functions. They can invade
other creatures and multiply, causing diseases. They can be beneficial, living mutually with other creatures, like the
bacteria in a cows stomach that help digest. They can also be manipulated by genetic research, to create compounds
like insulin for human use. They can do lots of things.

1c.

Systems Tissue and organ with their functions

Circulatory Composed of heart, blood vessels and blood and function in transport of blood
throughout the body’s tissues.
Respiratory Composed of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs and function in
 exchange of CO2 and O2 and in regulation of hydrogen-ion concentration.
Digestive Composed of mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, intestine, salivary glands,
pancreas, liver and gall bladder and function in digestion and absorption of organic
nutrients, salts and water.
Urinary Composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra and function in regulation of
plasma composition through excretion of salts, water and organic wastes.
Musculoskeletal Composed of cartilage, bones, ligaments, tendons, joints and skeletal muscle and
function in support, protection and movement of the body, and in production of blood
cells.
Immune Composed of white blood cells, lymph vessels and nodes, spleen thymus and other
lymphoid tissues and function in defense against foreign invaders, return of
extracellular fluid to blood and formation of white blood cells.
Nervous Composed of brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, ganglia and special sense organs
and function in regulation and coordination of many activities in the body, detection of
changes in the external and internal environments, states of consciousness, learning
and cognition.
Endocrine Composed of all glands secreting hormones including pancreas, testes, ovaries,
hypothalamus, kidneys, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, intestinal, thymus,
heart and pineal glands and function in regulation and coordination of many activities
in the body.
Reproductive Composed of penis, testes and associated ducts and glands in the male, ovaries, uterus,
uterine tubes, vagina and mammary glands in the female and function in production of
sperm, transfer of sperm to female in the male and production of eggs, provision of a
nutritive environment for the developing embryo and foetus and nutrition of the infant
in the female.
Integumentary Composed of skin and function in protection against injury and dehydration, defense
system against foreign invaders and regulation of temperature.

WEEK 5

3a. Ka = [H+] [CH3COO-]/[CH3COOH]

3b. 1 mole of sodium ethanoate, CH3COONa = 12 + (1 x 3) + 12 + 16 + 16 + 23 = 82g

6.56 g sodium ethanoate = 6.56 / 82 = 0.08 mole
[H+] = Ka x [acid]/[salt]
Ka = [H+][salt]/[acid]

[H+] = 4.6 x 10-6 mol dm-3

[salt] = 0.08mole

[acid] = 0.04 mol dm-3

Ka = (4.6 x 10-6 x 0.08) / 0.04 = 9.2 x 10-6 mol dm-3

pH = - log [H+] = - log (9.2 x 10-6 ) = 5.036

main structure composition of nucleic acid is DNA and RNA

4a. Homeostasis is the body's ability to regulate its internal physiology to maintain stability in response to
fluctuations in the outside environment. This term is used to describe the various physiologic arrangements
of the body which serve to restore the normal state, once it has been disturbed.
4b. Biocompatibility can be defined as the property of a material that permits it to form a contact with the
body cells, tissues or organs without inducing adverse reactions. It is the ability of a material/device to
perform with appropriate host response in a specific application. The property of biocompatibility is related
to the behaviour of biomaterials in general.
4c. Corrosion is the chemical property of a material characterized by the breaking down of essential
properties in the material due to chemical reaction with its surroundings. e.g. electrochemical corrosion of
iron. Corrosion affects metallic materials, and produces oxides and/or salts of the metal. a major requirement
of a biomaterial must be corrosion resistance, which is the ability of a material withstand corrosive in the
presence of tissue fluids of the body.

WEEK 6

1a. density is the ratio of the volume of a particle to its mass.

1b.

Osmosis Diffusion
Takes place across a semi-permeable membrane Does not take place across a semi-permeable
membrane
It is not as a result of kinetic energy of the It is as a result of varied kinetic energy of the
molecules molecules.
1c. Viscoelastic materials are materials that behave like a viscous material and as well as an elastic material.
They resist shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied as well as strain with stress and
quickly return to original state once the stress is removed. The figure below is a representation of
viscoelastic materials

figure 6a. Elastic material; figure 6b. viscoelastic material.

2a. Viscosity is the resistance to flow of a fluid (liquid or gas).

2b. units of
i. Force: Newton (N)
ii. Extension: Metre (m)
iii. Elastic constant: no unit
iv. Length: Metre (m)
v. Stress: Newton per Metre Square (N/m2)
vi. Strain: no unit
vii. Toughness: Joules Per cubic Metre (J/m3)
viii. Resilience: Newton per Metre Square (N/m2)
2c. comparism of stress and strain
Stress is a measure of the intensity of the total internal forces acting withi n a body across imaginary internal
surfaces, as a reaction to external applied forces. S.I unit of stress = N/m2 while strain is a deformation of a
body. Strain has no unit. Stress is applied to give strain.
3a. Adsorption is the process by which fluid (liquid or gas) attaches firmly to surface by attachment of
molecules to surface of a solid or liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic film (adsorbate).
 Maximum Stress Breaking Point

Elastic Limit

Stress Yield Point

B1
ttle
Br i

B2 Material Failure
ile
ct
Du

Toughness

Strain
i. Hooke’s law: F = - k x
ii. Toughness:

Where

 ε is strain
 εf is the strain upon failure
 σ is stress

iii. Resilience: , where σ is yield stress, E is Young's modulus, and ε

is strain.
iv. Slope: Stress/ Strain
4a. a colloidal state is a state at which a substance exist in more than one phase. A colloid is used to mean a
substance that consist of two or more phases, with the units of at least one of the phases having a particular size
slightly greater than simple molecular size.
4b.
• Ductility and Malleability
• Ductility property describes extent to which materials can be deformed plastically without fracture.
• It refers to a material’s ability to deform under tensile stress.
• Ductile materials are characterized by their ability to be stretched into a wire.
• Malleability, a similar concept to ductility, is a material's ability to deform under compressive stress.
• Malleable materials are characterized by their ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling.
4c. melting and freezing point.
•Melting point (MP) of a material is the temp at which the solid material melts to become a liquid.
• Freezing point (FP) is the temp at which a material in its liquid state solidifies to become a solid.