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Culture Documents
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WEIRS
Classification of Weirs:
Design of Weirs:
Hydraulic Design
Structural Design
Floor Design
Detailed Drawings
Solved Example
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Reducing the hydraulic slope (gradient) in a canal (if canal water slope is
greater than the allowable water slope)
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ac = L * Slope (before)
ab = L * Slope (after)
rise (R) = ac ab
= L {Slope (before) slope (after)}
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b) Submerged Weir
Q H, h1, h2
Design of Weirs
Design of Weirs is divided to 3 parts:
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minimum Heading Up
A Weir
or
A Regulator
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Weirs:
Regulators:
2 Submerged Weir
Q = 2/3 Cd B (2g) 0.5 h21.5 + Cd B h1 (2*g*h2) 0.5
3 BroadCrested Weir
Q = 1.71 Cd B H 1.5
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Q = 2.05 B H 1.5
II Structural Design
Scour may be defined as deepening and widening of water channel under the
influence of the flowing water with high velocities.
The scour continues until the energy of the flowing water reaches the normal
channel energy.
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Definitions
Percolation is the flow of water under the ground surface due to an applied
differential head
Undermining (Piping) is to carry away (wash) soil particles with flowing water
below the ground surface causing collapse or failure of the above structure
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Vcritical = Qcritical / A
vcr
k = vcr L / Hcr
Soil
Clean gravel
Clean sand
Fine sand + silt
Clay
L = K Hcr / vcr
= Qcr L / A Hcr
K (cm / min)
5000 50
50 0.05
0.05 0.00005
< 0.00005
Type of flow
Turbulent
Turbulent or laminar
Laminar
Always laminar
Ability of fluid to move in the soil under certain head (dimensions of velocity)
v=ki
i=H/L
v porosity + arrangement of grains
water head will force (push) the water to percolate through the soil voids
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if water velocity at D.S. end is not safe (> v critical) then undermining occurs,
i.e. water at exit will carry away soil particles
v = k I (Darcy,s law)
= k dP / dl = k H / L
is unknown
e = voids ratio
e = vv/ vs
e = (1 vs) / vs = (1 / vs) 1
Or 1+e = 1 / vs
or
vs = 1 / (1+e)
Upward force = H * A
Downward force =
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(net weight)
= sp. Gr. Wt. Of soil under water
=(
-1) A L / (1+e)
for stability: H. A. = (
H / L = icr = (
-1) A L / (1 + e)
- 1) / (1 + e)
can be determined
L = H / icr
Or L = H / icr (F.S.)
Soil
Fine gravel
Coarse sand
Fine sand
Silt & clay
icr
0.25 0.20
0.20 0.17
0.17 0.14
0.14 0.12
F.S.
4 5
56
67
78
(percolation length).
Bligh supposed that the dissipation of head per unit length of creep is constant
throughout the seepage path.
CB = Bligh coefficient of percolation
C B = V/K
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L` = 2 t + L
If L` > LB (Design is safe, no possibility of undermining)
If L` < LB (Design is unsafe, undermining occurs, leads to failure)
L` = L + 2 t + 2 S1 + 2 S2
L`
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L` = 1/3 L + 2 t + 2 S1 + 2 S2
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d1 + d2
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(1)
H = USLWL DSLWL
(2)
(3)
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t1 = 0.5 1.0 m
t2 is taken 2.0 m
t3 = t2 / 2
assumed
or
t2 = 0.8 (H)0.5
1m
(3-8) m
Hs = USHWL DSBL Yc
= Scour head; Yc = critical depth
&
q=Q/B
L` = l1 + l2 + ls + 2 t2
LB = CB . H
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HD
h2 = H t1/CB l1 / CB
t2 = t / (m) * Factor of safety
t2 = F.S. [ h2 / (m)] m.; m = 2.2 t/m3
t2 = 1.3. [ h2 / (m)]
then t3 = t2/2
1 m.
t3 = F.S. [ h3 / (m)] m
thickness t3
L3 = CB * h3 = x + t3
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The aprons are of plain concrete blocks of about 1.5 * 1 * 0.75 m deep
For small structure blocks of about 1 * 0.75 * 0.5 m deep may be used
The blocks are placed in rows with (70 100) mm open joints filled with broken
stone.
An inverted filter of well graded gravel and sand is placed under the blocks in order
to prevent the loss of soil through the joints
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EXAMPLE
A canal (A) is divided into two branches (i & ii).The discharge of branch (i)=2Q of
branch (ii) at all times. Two weirs have to be constructed at the entrance of each canal
.
105 cum/sec .
45
cum/sec .
1/3
16
solution
QA = Qi + Qii
&
Qi =
2 Qii
QA = 2 Qii + Qii
At flood
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QA
= 105
3 Qii
Qii = 35 m3/s
& Qi = 70 m3/s
At summer
QA
= 45
3 Qii
Qii = 15 m3/s
& Qi = 30 m3/s
For branch ( i )
= (2 B H11.5) / (2 B H21.5)
Qmax /Qmin
&
.7
= H12/H22
= (70/30)2/3
H1 = 1.76 H2
(1)
(2)
= .7
H2 = .92 m
H1 = 1.62 m
h1/H1 = 1/3
h1 = 1.62/3
( 10.46 )
B = 17 m
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Qmin = 30 = 2 B (.92)1.5
B = 17 m
B = 17 m
Length of weir (ii)
Qmax = 35 = 2 B (1.62)1.5
B = 8.5 m
Qmin = 15 = 2 B (.92)1.5
B = 8.5 m
B = 8.5 m
h2/H2 = 1/3
& h2 = .92/3 =
.3
= 1.08
= 3.7
take
LB = CB * HD
HD = 3.7 m
= 16 * 3.7 = 59.2
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Assume L1 =
6m
L2 = 6 m
LS = CS (HS).5
CS = .6 CB
&
HS = 4.37
&
LS = 20 m
Assume t2 = 2 m
L\ = 6 + 6 + 20 + 2 * 2 = 36
L\ < LB
= 3.1 m
t3 = t2/2
> 1
= 1.6 m
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h3 = 1.47
&
X =
11.92 m
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