Module 7 - Flame Safeguard Principles

POWER PLANT WORKSHOP PLN Puslitbang
Bogor, 5-8 May 2014
Module 7. Flame Safeguard

Principles
Prepared and Presented By :
Youdhiyan Prasetyo
youdhiyan.prasetyo@gmail.com
+62-811886021
Flame Safeguard ?
Consists of a Flame scanning device and Amplifier
system to monitor the Burner flame in a
combustion chamber to assure safe and reliable
operation
FLAME
SCANNER
FLAME
AMP LIFIER
SCANNER
CABLE
CUSTO MER
BM S
INTERFACE
PO WER
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Flame Safeguard - Principles
What is a Burner ?
A device to convert fossil fuel into usable

heat energy
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What is combustion ?
Combustion, or burning, is the combination

of Oxygen with Fuel, resulting in the release
of Heat
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What is a Flame ?
Flame Front
Combustion reaction occurs at a rate

the produces visible radiation, fuel-air
mixture and combustion process.
Flame Envelope
Contour along which the combustion

starts, dividing line between the fuelair mixture and the combustion
process.
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Principles used for Flame Detection
Temperature of gases in the flame

Visible Light radiation
Infrared Light radiation
Ultra-violet Light radiation
Ionized gas molecules in the flame
= Ability to conduct current
Flame Flicker frequency
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Flame Radiation
Detection of flame radiation is the most

widely used method for flame detection
Flames emit radiation along a wide band
of the electromagnetic spectrum, called
the Flame Spectrum
The Flame Spectrum is made up of ultraviolet, visible, and infra-red radiation
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What is Flame Safeguarding System ????
Fireye Flame Detector
Flame Radiation
Detector Signal
Output to BMS
A single input for a BMS!

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Flame Safeguarding Definition

A system which is detects the
presence or absence of a flame in
burner in order to prevent
uncontrolled combustion .
Every Burner
Needs A Detector!!!
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What is the Characteristics of

a Flame ??
Its HOT
It expands the gases
It makes By-Products
There is Ionization in
and around it
It emits radiation
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Visible light
Infrared
Ultraviolet
10
D.Shunn
Types of Radiation in Combustion
UV = least available
(1%) 1st third of flame:
Blue for gas
Visible = 10% of flame
Infrared = 90% of flame
Blue /orange /yellow for gas

Bright yellow for oil.
2/3 of flame = Red

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What is UV and IR signal ?
A bundle of energy focused at a specific wavelength

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12
Relation between Fuels and Radiant Energy

Fuel
Infrared
Visible
UV
Oil (Pressure)
High
High
Medium
Oil (Steam)
High
High
Low
Gas (Air Premix)
Low
Low
High
Gas (No Premix)
Medium
Medium
Medium
Pulverized Coal
High
Medium
Low
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13
Methods of Flame
Detection
Visible Light. . . . . . . . . . . .
Photocells
Infrared (IR) . . . . . . . . . . . Lead
Sulfide (typically) (InGa As)
Ultraviolet (UV) . . . . . . . . . UV
Tube (gas filled) UV Cell (solid
state: Super Blue Silicon)
Flame Rod . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KANTHAL Rod
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14
What is Flame Amplifiers ??

400 Threshold on
Operating Range
300 Pre-Alarm
250 Threshold off
Scanner output
Electrical pulses
Fireye Scanner
Output to System
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15
Conventional Ultraviolet Flame Detectors:

UV Tube ( Optical )
Vacuum Tube Method
Two tungsten or
molybdenum
electrodes in a gasbackfilled quartz
vacuum tube
850 to 950 volts AC
applied from step-up
transformer in the
scanner
Gas Discharge Device

Conducts in presence
of UV radiation
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16
Ultraviolet Flame Detection- UV Tube
Vacuum Tube Method (continued)
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UV radiation passes through the quartz and

strikes the electrodes
A small current flows between electrodes,
ionizing the gas, resulting in characteristic blue
glow
The current flow (or avalanche) will be in small
bursts at a rate from 0 to 2,000 pulses per
second
17
UV Tube Operation
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18
Why you need a Self Checking Scanner ?
An Electro-mechanical shutter means of

blocking the flames radiation to the
detectors sensor.
This blocking action detects and alarms a
faulty sensor.
Undetected faulty sensors can inadvertently
hold in a fuel valve, although a flame is not
present.
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Disadvantages of UV Tube Detectors
Requires high AC Voltage

Limited Life Time
Signal Deteriorates with time
Can fire continuously
Electro-Mechanical Shutter Failures leading to spurious shut
down of Boilers
UV Radiation absorbed by moisture (steam)
Low Discrimination capabilities in a Multi Burner Environment.
Respond to non-flame sources
Spark Ignition
Welding Arcs
Halogen light
X-Ray exposure
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20
10
UV Tube Flame Scanner

Disadvantages
Low Discrimination
Capabilities
Precautions / UV Blockers
Water vapor (FGR)

Atomizing steam
Unburned fuel
Some process gases (H2S, NH3)
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Today's conditions present a challenge , a good scanner must

not only able to detect the absence or presence of targeted
flame BUT also Flame DISCRIMINATION .
What is Flame Discrimination ???
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11
Flame Discrimination Defined

Background Flame
Target Flame
Field of
View
Detector
DISCRIMINATION :
The ability to distinguish the target flame from all

other flames in the furnace and the Background
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Conventional Discrimination
Methods
1. Scanner mounting and aiming

2. Controlling the optical field of view
3. Adjustments within the scanner
4. Adjustments within the amplifier
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12
Discrimination Methods
1. Scanner mounting and aiming
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Scanner Mounting and Aiming
Flame must be in front of the Scanner
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26
13
Scanner Mounting and Aiming
Target flame must fill the scanners field of

view
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2. Controlling the optical field of view
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Installing orifices (field stops) or extending

scanner sight pipe
28
14
3. Adjustments within the scanner
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UV tube position
Scanner GAIN
Flame flicker target frequency
29
4. Adjustments within the amplifier
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Adjustable sensitivity (fixed flame relay threshold)

Adjustable flame relay threshold (fixed sensitivity)
30
15
Optical Flame Scanners -
Discrimination capabilities Flicker Flame
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31
What is Flame Flicker ?
A Flame is a combination of small controlled explosions

when Fuel and Air Mixes.
The PULSATING behaviour of the explosions is Flame
Flicker
Each Fuel, in combination with a Burner design has its
own Bandwidth of Flicker Frequency
The Flicker Frequencies in Flames can be found from
5 Hz to well over 200 Hz
The heavier the fuel, the lower the Flicker Frequency
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16
Flame Flicker Frequency :

Characteristics
The Flicker Frequency varies with different

regions of the Flame .
Theoretically, the first 1/3 of the Flame
produces the highest Flicker Frequencies (at
likely the lowest Amplitude)
The final 2/3 of the Flame produces the
Lowest Flicker Frequencies (and the highest
Amplitude)
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33
Flicker Frequency
Line of Sight
High AmplitudeLow Frequency
Background
40 Hz
Target
Flame
Low AmplitudeHigh Frequency
Flickering
Flame
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Flame Signal
40 Hz
120 Hz
Flicker
Frequency
34
17
Bandpass Filters
Background Signal
Target Flame Signal
Bandpass Filter
FFT
Allows you to tune into the frequency of the flame
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35
5/5/2014
36
18

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POWER PLANT WORKSHOP PLN Puslitbang

Bogor, 5-8 May 2014

Module 7. Flame Safeguard

Flame Safeguard - Principles

A device to convert fossil fuel into usable

Flame Safeguard - Principles

Combustion, or burning, is the combination

Flame Safeguard - Principles

Combustion reaction occurs at a rate

Contour along which the combustion

Flame Safeguard - Principles

Principles used for Flame Detection

Temperature of gases in the flame

Flame Safeguard - Principles

Detection of flame radiation is the most

Flame Safeguard - Principles

What is Flame Safeguarding System ????

Fireye Flame Detector

A single input for a BMS!

Flame Safeguard - Principles

Flame Safeguarding Definition

Flame Safeguard - Principles

What is the Characteristics of

Flame Safeguard - Principles

Types of Radiation in Combustion

Visible = 10% of flame

Infrared = 90% of flame

Blue /orange /yellow for gas

2/3 of flame = Red

Flame Safeguard - Principles

What is UV and IR signal ?

A bundle of energy focused at a specific wavelength

Flame Safeguard - Principles

Relation between Fuels and Radiant Energy

Gas (Air Premix)

Gas (No Premix)

Flame Safeguard - Principles

Flame Safeguard - Principles

What is Flame Amplifiers ??

Flame Safeguard - Principles

Conventional Ultraviolet Flame Detectors:

Vacuum Tube Method

Gas Discharge Device

Flame Safeguard - Principles

Ultraviolet Flame Detection- UV Tube

Vacuum Tube Method (continued)

UV radiation passes through the quartz and

Flame Safeguard - Principles

Why you need a Self Checking Scanner ?

An Electro-mechanical shutter means of

Flame Safeguard - Principles

Disadvantages of UV Tube Detectors

Requires high AC Voltage

Flame Safeguard - Principles

UV Tube Flame Scanner

Water vapor (FGR)

Flame Safeguard - Principles

Today's conditions present a challenge , a good scanner must

What is Flame Discrimination ???

Flame Safeguard - Principles

Flame Discrimination Defined

The ability to distinguish the target flame from all

Flame Safeguard - Principles

1. Scanner mounting and aiming