Millennials

Generation Y redirects here. For other uses, see years on 11 September 2001. The rst reference to
Generation Y (disambiguation) and Millennials (disam- Generation 9/11 was made in the cover story of the 12
biguation).
November 2001 issue of Newsweek.[17]
In his book The Lucky Few: Between the Greatest Generation and the Baby Boom, author Elwood Carlson called
Millennials the New Boomers (born 1983 to 2001), because of the upswing in births after 1983, nishing with
the political and social challenges that occurred after
the terrorist acts of 11 September 2001, and the persistent economic diculties of the time.[18] Generally
speaking, Millennials are the children of Baby Boomers
or Generation Xers, while a few may have parents from
the Silent Generation.

Millennials (also known as the Millennial Generation[1] or Generation Y) are the demographic cohort following Generation X. There are no precise dates when
the generation starts and ends; most researchers and commentators use birth years ranging from the early 1980s to
the early 2000s.

Terminology

In 2006, Australian McCrindle Research Center, used

1982 to 2000 as birth dates in a document titled Report on the Attitudes and Views of Generations X and
Y on Superannuation.[19][20] Separately, McCrindle has
also dened Generation Y as those born between 1980
to 1994.[21]

Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe wrote about the

Millennials in Generations: The History of Americas Future, 1584 to 2069,[2] and they released an entire book
devoted to them, titled Millennials Rising: The Next Great
Generation.[3] Strauss and Howe are widely credited with
naming the Millennials according to journalist Bruce
Horovitz.[1] In 1987, they coined the term around the
time 1982-born children were entering preschool and the
media were rst identifying their prospective link to the
millennial year 2000.[4] Strauss and Howe use 1982 as
the Millennials starting birth year and 2004 as the last
birth year.[5]

In 2013, a global generational study conducted by

PricewaterhouseCoopers with the University of Southern
California and the London Business School dened Millennials as those born between 1980 and 1995.[22]
In May 2013, a Time magazine cover story identied Millennials as those born from 1980 or 1981 to 2000.[23]
In 2014, the Pew Research Center, an American think
tank organization, dened adult Millennials as those
who were 18 to 33 years old, born 19811996.[24] And
according to them, the youngest Millennials are still in
their teens with no chronological end point set for them
yet.[24]

In August 1993, the phrase Generation Y rst appeared in

an Ad Age editorial to describe those who were aged 11
or younger as well as the teenagers of the upcoming ten
years who were dened as dierent from Generation X.[6]
Since then, the company has sometimes used 1982 as the
starting birth year.[7] According to Horovitz, in 2012, Ad
Age threw in the towel by conceding that Millennials is a
better name than Gen Y,[1] and by 2014, a past director
of data strategy at Ad Age said to NPR the Generation
Y label was a placeholder until we found out more about
them.[8]

Also, in 2014, a comparative study from Dale Carnegie

Training and MSW Research was released which studies
Millennials compared to other generations in the workplace. This study described Millennial birth years between 19801996.[25]
In 2015, the Pew Research Center also conducted research regarding generational identity.[26] It was discovered that Millennials, or members of Generation Y, are
less likely to strongly identify with the generational term
when compared to Generation X or to the baby boomers.
It was also found that Millennials chose most often to dene itself with more negative terms such as self-absorbed,
wasteful or greedy. In this 2015 report, Pew dened Millennials with birth years ranging from 1981 onwards.[26]

Alternative names for this group proposed in the past are:

Generation We,[9] Global Generation, Generation Next [10]
and the Net Generation.[11] Millennials are sometimes also
called Echo Boomers,[12] referring to the generations size
relative to the Baby Boomer generation and due to the
signicant increase in birth rates during the 1980s and
into the 1990s. In the United States, birth rates peaked
in August 1990 [13][14] and a 20th-century trend toward
smaller families in developed countries continued.[15][16]

Newsweek used the term Generation 9/11 to refer to Chinese millennials (more commonly called the
young people who were between the ages of 10 and 20 1980s and 1990s generations there) were examined
1

3 POLITICAL VIEWS

and contrasted with American millennials at a 2015

#MillennialMinds conference in Shanghai organized by
USC U.S.-China Institute (site has video of presentations). Findings included their marriage, childbearing,
and child raising preferences, their life and career
ambitions, and their attitudes towards volunteerism and
activism.[27]
In Canada, the ocial body of Statistics Canada has declared 1992 as the last year of birth for Generation Y.[28]

Traits

Fred Bonner, a Samuel DeWitt Proctor Chair in Education at Rutgers University and author of Diverse Millennial Students in College: Implications for Faculty and Student Aairs, believes that much of the commentary on
the Millennial Generation may be partially accurate, but
overly general and that many of the traits they describe
apply primarily to white, auent teenagers who accomplish great things as they grow up in the suburbs, who confront anxiety when applying to super-selective colleges,
and who multitask with ease as their helicopter parents
hover reassuringly above them. During class discussions,
Bonner listened to black and Hispanic students describe
how some or all of the so-called core traits did not apply
to them. They often said that the special trait, in particular, is unrecognizable. Other socio-economic groups
often do not display the same attributes commonly attributed to Millennials. Its not that many diverse parents
don't want to treat their kids as special, he says, but they
often don't have the social and cultural capital, the time
and resources, to do that.[35]

Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe believe that each

generation has common characteristics that give it a specic character, with four basic generational archetypes,
repeating in a cycle. According to their theory, they
predicted Millennials will become more like the civicminded G.I. Generation with a strong sense of community both local and global.[3]
In 2008, author Ron Alsop called the Millennials Trophy
[36]
Strauss and Howes research has been inuential, but it Kids, a term that reects a trend in competitive sports,
also has critics.[29] Jean Twenge, the author of the 2006 as well as many other aspects of life, where mere particbook Generation Me, considers Millennials, along with ipation is frequently enough for a reward. It has been
[36]
younger members of Generation X, to be part of what she reported that its an issue in corporate environments.
have
calls Generation Me.[30] Twenge attributes Millennials Some employers are concerned that Millennials
[37]
too
great
expectations
from
the
workplace.
Some
with the traits of condence and tolerance, but also identies a sense of entitlement and narcissism based on per- studies predict they will switch jobs frequently, holdjobs than Gen Xers due to their great
sonality surveys that showed increasing narcissism among ing many more
[38]
expectations.
Newer research shows that Millennials
Millennials compared to preceding generations when they
change
jobs
for
the
same reasons as other generations
were teens and in their twenties. She questions the predicnamely,
more
money
and a more innovative work envitions of Strauss and Howe that this generation will come
[31][32]
ronment.
Millennials
look for versatility and exibility
out civic-minded.
in the workplace, and strive for a strong worklife balThe University of Michigan's Monitoring the Future ance in their jobs.[39] Millennials also have similar castudy of high school seniors (conducted continually since reer aspirations to other generations, valuing nancial
1975) and the American Freshman survey, conducted by security and a diverse workplace just as much as their
UCLAs Higher Education Research Institute of new col- older colleagues.[40] Educational sociologist Andy Furlege students since 1966, showed an increase in the pro- long described Millennials as optimistic, engaged, and
portion of students who consider wealth a very impor- team players.[41]
tant attribute, from 45% for Baby Boomers (surveyed between 1967 and 1985) to 70% for Gen Xers, and 75% for In his book, Fast Future, author David Burstein describes
Millennials. The percentage who said it was important to Millennials approach to social change as pragmatic idekeep abreast of political aairs fell, from 50% for Baby alism, a deep desire to make the world a better place
Boomers to 39% for Gen Xers, and 35% for Millennials. combined with an understanding that doing so requires
while working inside and outThe notion of developing a meaningful philosophy of building new institutions[42]
side
existing
institutions.
life decreased the most across generations, from 73% for
Boomers to 45% for Millennials. The willingness to be
involved in an environmental cleanup program dropped
from 33% for Baby Boomers to 21% for Millennials.[33] 3 Political views
In March 2014, the Pew Research Center issued a report about how Millennials in adulthood are detached
from institutions and networked with friends.[24][34] The
report said Millennials are somewhat more upbeat than
older adults about Americas future, with 49% of Millennials saying the countrys best years are ahead though
they're the rst in the modern era to have higher levels of
student loan debt and unemployment.

According to The Economist, surveys of political attitudes among Millennials in the United Kingdom suggest increasingly liberal attitudes with regard to social
and cultural issues, as well as higher overall support for
classical liberal economic policies than preceding generations. They are more likely to support same-sex marriage
and the legalization of marijuana.[43]

3
The Economist parallels this with Millennials in the
United States, whose attitudes are more supportive of
social liberal policies and same-sex marriage relative to
other demographics, though less supportive of abortion
than Gen X were in the early 1990s.[43] They are
also more likely to oppose animal testing for medical
purposes.[44]
A poll for Reason magazine suggested that millennials
were social liberals and scal centrists, and the magazine
predicted that millennials would become more conservative on scal issues once they started paying taxes.[45]

Demographics in the United

States

William Strauss and Neil Howe projected in their 1991

book Generations that the U.S. Millennial population
would be 76 million.[46] Later Neil Howe revised the
number to over 95 million people (in the U.S.). As of
2012, it was estimated that there were approximately 80
million U.S. Millennials.[47] The estimated number of the
U.S. Millennials in 2015 is 83.1 million people.[48]

countries particularly hard hit following the nancial crisis of 20072008 to designate young people with limited employment and career prospects.[62] These groups
can be considered to be more or less synonymous with
Millennials, or at least major sub-groups in those countries. The Generation of 700 is a term popularized
by the Greek mass media and refers to educated Greek
twixters of urban centers who generally fail to establish a career. In Greece, young adults are being excluded from the labor market and some leave their
country of origin to look for better options. They're
being marginalized and face uncertain working conditions in jobs that are unrelated to their educational background, and receive the minimum allowable base salary
of 700. This generation evolved in circumstances leading to the Greek debt crisis and some participated in the
20102011 Greek protests.[63] In Spain, they're referred
to as the mileurista (for 1,000),[64] in France The Precarious Generation,[65] " and as in Spain, Italy also has the
milleurista"; generation of 1,000 euros.[62]

Generation Flux is a neologism and psychographic (not

demographic) designation coined by Fast Company for
American employees who need to make several changes
in career throughout their working lives due to the chaotic
nature of the job market following the Great Recession. Societal change has been accelerated by the use
of social media, smartphones, mobile computing, and
5 Economic prospects
other new technologies.[66] Those in Generation Flux
have birth-years in the ranges of both Generation X
Economic prospects for some Millennials have declined and Millennials. Generation Sell was used by author
largely due to the Great Recession in the late 2000s.[49][50] William Deresiewicz to describe Millennials interest in
Several governments have instituted major youth em- small businesses.[67]
ployment schemes out of fear of social unrest due to
the dramatically increased rates of youth unemploy- To address these new challenges, many large rms are
ment.[51] In Europe, youth unemployment levels were currently studying the social and behaviorial patterns of
very high (56% in Spain,[52] 44% in Italy,[53] 35% in the Millennials and are trying to devise programs that deBaltic states, 19.1% in Britain[54] and more than 20% crease intergenerational estrangement, and increase relain many more). In 2009, leading commentators began tionships of reciprocal understanding between older emto worry about the long term social and economic ef- ployees and Millennials, while at the same time makfects of the unemployment.[55] Unemployment levels in ing Millennials more comfortable. The UKs Institute
other areas of the world were also high, with the youth of Leadership & Management researched the gap in ununemployment rate in the U.S. reaching a record 19.1% derstanding between Millennial recruits and their man[68]
in July 2010 since the statistic started being gathered in agers in collaboration with Ashridge Business School.
1948.[56] In Canada, unemployment among youths in July The ndings included high expectations for advance2009 was 15.9%, the highest it had been in 11 years.[57] ment, salary and for a coaching relationship with their
Underemployment is also a major factor. In the U.S. the manager, and suggested that organizations will need to
economic diculties have led to dramatic increases in adapt to accommodate and make the best use of Milyouth poverty, unemployment, and the numbers of young lennials. In an example of a company trying to do just
people living with their parents.[58] In April 2012, it was this, Goldman Sachs conducted training programs that
reported that half of all new college graduates in the US used actors to portray Millennials who assertively sought
were still either unemployed or underemployed.[59] It has more feedback, responsibility, and involvement in debeen argued that this unemployment rate and poor eco- cision making. After the performance, employees disdebated the generational dierences they saw
nomic situation has given Millennials a rallying call with cussed and [36]
[60]
played
out.
the 2011 Occupy Wall Street movement. However, according to Christine Kelly, Occupy is not a youth move- According to a Bloomberg L.P. article, Millennials have
ment and has participants that vary from the very young beneted the least from the economic recovery following
to very old.[61]
the Great Recession, as average incomes for this generation
have fallen at twice the general adult populations
A variety of names have emerged in dierent European

total drop and are likely to be on a path toward lower incomes for at least another decade. Three and a half years
after the worst recession since the Great Depression, the
earnings and employment gap between those in the under35 population and their parents and grandparents threatens to unravel the American dream of each generation
doing better than the last. The nations younger workers
have beneted least from an economic recovery that has
been the most uneven in recent history.[69]
USA Today reported in 2014 that Millennials were entering the workplace in the face of demographic change and
an increasingly multi-generational workplace.[70] Even
though research has shown that Millennials are joining
the workforce during a tough economic time they still
have remained optimistic, as shown when about nine out
of ten Millennials surveyed by the Pew Research Center
said that they currently have enough money or that they
will eventually reach their long-term nancial goals.[71]

5.1

Peter Pan generation

American sociologist Kathleen Shaputis labeled Millennials as the boomerang generation or Peter Pan generation, because of the members perceived tendency for delaying some rites of passage into adulthood for longer periods than most generations before them. These labels
were also a reference to a trend toward members living with their parents for longer periods than previous
generations.[72]
According to Kimberly Palmer, High housing prices, the
rising cost of higher education, and the relative auence
of the older generation are among the factors driving the
trend.[73] However, other explanations are seen as contributing. Questions regarding a clear denition of what it
means to be an adult also impacts a debate about delayed
transitions into adulthood and the emergence of a new life
stage, Emerging Adulthood. For instance, a 2012 study
by professors at Brigham Young University found that
college students are more likely to dene adult based on
certain personal abilities and characteristics rather than
more traditional rite of passage events.[74] Larry Nelson, one of the three marriage, family, and human development professors to perform the study, also noted that
In prior generations, you get married and you start a career and you do that immediately. What young people
today are seeing is that approach has led to divorces, to
people unhappy with their careers The majority want
to get married [] they just want to do it right the rst
time, the same thing with their careers.[74]
The economy has had a dampening eect on Millennials ability to date and get married. In 2012, the average
American couple spent an average of over $27,000 on
their wedding.[75] A 2013 joint study by sociologists at
the University of Virginia and Harvard University found
that the decline and disappearance of stable full-time jobs
with health insurance and pensions for people who lack

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

a college degree has had profound eects on workingclass Americans, who now are less likely to marry and
have children within marriage than those with college
degrees.[76]

6 Religion
In the United States, Millennials are the least likely to
be religious.[77] There is a trend towards irreligion that
has been increasing since the 1940s.[78] 29 percent of
Americans born between 1983 and 1994 are irreligious,
as opposed to 21 percent born between 1963 and 1981,
15 percent born between 1948 and 1962 and only 7 percent born before 1948.[79] A 2005 study looked at 1,385
people aged 18 to 25 and found that more than half of
those in the study said that they pray regularly before a
meal. One-third said that they discussed religion with
friends, attended religious services, and read religious
material weekly. Twenty-three percent of those studied
did not identify themselves as religious practitioners.[80]
A Pew Research Center study on Millennials shows that
of those between 1829 years old, only 3% of these
emerging adults self-identied as atheists and only 4%
self-identied as agnostics. Overall, 25% of Millennials are Nones and 75% are religiously aliated.[81]
Over half of Millennials polled in the United Kingdom
in 2013 said they had 'no religion nor attended a place of
worship', other than for a wedding or a funeral. 25% said
they 'believe in a God', while 19% believed in a 'spiritual
greater power' and 38% said they did not believe in God
nor any other 'greater spiritual power'. The poll also found
41% thought religion is 'the cause of evil' in the world
more often than good.[82]

7 Digital technology
In their 2007 book, authors Junco and Mastrodicasa expanded on the work of William Strauss and Neil Howe to
include research-based information about the personality
proles of Millennials, especially as it relates to higher
education. They conducted a large-sample (7,705) research study of college students. They found that Next
Generation college students, born between 19831992,
were frequently in touch with their parents and they used
technology at higher rates than people from other generations. In their survey, they found that 97% of these
students owned a computer, 94% owned a mobile phone,
and 56% owned an MP3 player. They also found that
students spoke with their parents an average of 1.5 times
a day about a wide range of topics. Other ndings in
the Junco and Mastrodicasa survey revealed 76% of students used instant messaging, 92% of those reported
multitasking while instant messaging, 40% of them used
television to get most of their news, and 34% of students surveyed used the Internet as their primary news

5
source.[83][84]
Gen Xers and Millennials were the rst to grow up with
computers in their homes. In a 1999 speech at the New
York Institute of Technology, Microsoft Chairman and
CEO Bill Gates encouraged Americas teachers to use
technology to serve the needs of the rst generation of
kids to grow up with the Internet.[85] Many Millennials
enjoy a 250+-channel home cable TV universe. One of
the more popular forms of media use by Millienials is social networking. In 2010, research was published in the
Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research which claimed
that students who used social media and decided to quit
showed the same withdrawal symptoms of a drug addict who quit their stimulant.[86] Marc Prensky coined the
term digital native to describe K through college students in 2001, explaining they represent the rst generations to grow up with this new technology. [87] Millennials are identied as digital natives by the Pew Research Center which conducted a survey titled Millennials
in Adulthood.[34] Millennials use social networking sites,
such as Facebook, to create a dierent sense of belonging, make acquaintances, and to remain connected with
friends.[88]

Cultural identity

Strauss & Howe's book titled Millennials Rising: The

Next Great Generation describes the Millennial generation as civic-minded, rejecting the attitudes of the Baby
Boomers and Generation X.[89]
Since the 2000 U.S. Census, which allowed people to select more than one racial group, Millennials in abundance have asserted the ideal that all their heritages should
be respected, counted, and acknowledged.[90][91]
A 2013 poll in the United Kingdom found that Generation Y was more open-minded than their parents on controversial topics.[82][92] Of those surveyed, nearly 65%
supported same-sex marriage.
A 2013 Pew Research Poll concluded that 84% of Millennials, born since 1980 and then between the ages of 18
and 32, favor legalizing the use of marijuana.[93]
Millennials came of age in a time where the entertainment
industry began to be aected by the Internet.[94][95][96]

Additionally, Millennials are also more open to change

than older generations. According to the Pew Research
Center that did a survey in 2008, Millennials are the
most likely of any generation to self-identify as liberals
and are also more supportive of progressive domestic social agenda than older generations. Finally, Millennials
are the least overtly religious than the older generations.
About one in four Millennials are unaliated with any
religion, which is much more than the older generations
when they were the ages of Millennials.[71]

9 See also
List of generations
Demographics of the United States
Generation gap
Youth bulge

10 References
[1] Horovitz, Bruce (4 May 2012). After Gen X, Millennials, what should next generation be?". USA Today. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
[2] Generations: The History of Americas Future, 1584 to
2069. Harper Perennial. 1991. p. 335
[3] William Strauss, Neil Howe (2000). Millennials Rising:
The Next Great Generation. Cartoons by R.J. Matson.
New York, NY: Vintage Original. p. 370. ISBN 0-37570719-0. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
[4] William Strauss, Neil Howe (2000). Millennials Rising:
The Next Great Generation. Cartoons by R.J. Matson.
New York, NY: Vintage Original. p. 370. ISBN 0-37570719-0. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
[5] Horovitz, Bruce (5 May 2012). After Gen X, Millennials, what should next generation be?". USA Today. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
[6] Generation Y Ad Age 30 August 1993. p. 16.
[7] Francese, Peter (1 September 2003). Trend Ticker:
Ahead of the Next Wave. AdvertisingAge. Retrieved
31 March 2011. Todays 21-year-olds, who were born in
1982 and are part of the leading edge of Generation Y,
are among the most-studied group of young adults ever.

On top of Millennials being the most ethnically and

racially diverse compared to the generations older than
they are, they are also on pace to be the most educated.
As of 2008, 39.6% of Millennials between the ages of [8] Samantha Raphelson (6 October 2014). From GIs To
Gen Z (Or Is It iGen?): How Generations Get Nick1824 were enrolled in college, which was an American
names. NPR. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
record. Along with being educated, Millennials are also
very upbeat. As stated above in the economic prospects
[9] GENERATION WE. How Millennial Youth Are Taking
section, about 9 out of 10 Millennials feel as though they
Over America And Changing Our World Forever
have enough money or that they will reach their long-term
nancial goals, even during the tough economic times, [10] The Online NewsHour: Generation Next. PBS. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
and they are more optimistic about the future of the U.S.

[11] Shapira, Ian (6 July 2008). What Comes Next After

Generation X?". The Washington Post. pp. C01. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
[12] Armour, Stephanie (6 November 2008). Generation Y:
They've arrived at work with a new attitude. USA Today.
Retrieved 27 November 2009.
[13] Advance Report of Final Natality Statistics, 1990,
Monthly Vital Statistics Report, 25 February 1993
[14] Font size Print E-mail Share Page 1 of 2 By Rebecca Leung (4 September 2005). The Echo Boomers 60 Minutes. CBS News. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
[15] Baby Boom A History of the Baby Boom. Geography.about.com. 9 August 1948. Retrieved 24 August
2010.
[16] Rosenthal, Elisabeth (4 September 2006). European
Unions Plunging Birthrates Spread Eastward. The New
York Times. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
[17] Kalb, Claudia (September 2009). Generation 9/11.
Newsweek. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
[18] Carlson, Elwood (30 June 2008). The Lucky Few:
Between the Greatest Generation and the Baby Boom.
Springer. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-4020-8540-6.

10

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[28] The Generation Z eect. The Globe and Mail.

[29] Hoover, Eric (11 October 2009). The Millennial Muddle: How stereotyping students became a thriving industry
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[30] Twenge, Ph.D., Jean (2006). Generation Me. New York,
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[31] Twenge, Jean M (6 March 2007). Generation me: Why
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[34] Millennials in Adulthood. Pew Research Centers Social
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[21] Generations Dened. Mark McCrindle

[35] Hoover, Eric (11 October 2009). The Millennial Muddle: How stereotyping students became a thriving industry
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slap the Millennial label on white, auent teenagers who
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who confront anxiety when applying to super-selective
colleges, and who multitask with ease as their helicopter
parents hover reassuringly above them. The label tends
not to appear in renderings of teenagers who happen to be
minorities or people who can't o have very few or never
have won any educational skills; Nor often refer to students from big cities or small towns that are nothing like
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[22] PwC; University of Southern California and the London

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[24] Millennials in Adulthood Detached from Institutions,

Networked with Friends
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[38] Kunreuther, Frances; Kim, Helen & Rodriguez, Robby

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[40] Myths, exaggerations and uncomfortable truths The real
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[41] Furlong, Andy. (2013) Youth Studies: An Introduction.
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[42] Burstein, David (2013). Fast Future: How the Millennial

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[65] Emma Dayson (5 May 2014). La gnration Y existe-telle vraiment ?". Midiformations Actualits.
[66] Saan, Robert (9 January 2012). This Is Generation
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[49] How We Survive: The Recession Generation Making

Contact, produced by National Radio Project. 23 November 2010.

[69] Smith, Elliot Blair. American Dream Fades for Generation Y Professionals. Bloomberg L.P. 20 December 2012

[50] Yen, Hope (22 September 2011). Census: Recession

Turning Young Adults Into Lost Generation. Hungton
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[70] Armour, Stephanie (8 November 2005). Generation Y:

They've arrived at work with a new attitude. USA Today.
Retrieved 8 May 2014.

[51] Jobless Youth: Will Europes Gen Y Be Lost?". Der

Spiegel. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

[71] Millennials: Condent. Connected. Open to Change.

Pew Research Center. Retrieved 6 October 2015.

[52] Stephen Burgen. Spain youth unemployment reaches

record 56.1%". The Guardian.

[72] Shaputis, Kathleen. The Crowded Nest Syndrome: Surviving the Return of Adult Children. Clutter Fairy Publishing,
2004. Print. ISBN 978-0-9726727-0-2

[53] Disoccupazione giovanile, nuovo record: al 44,2%. In

Italia senza lavoro il 12,7%
[54] Travis, Alan (12 August 2009). Youth unemployment
gures raise spectre of Thatchers Britain. The Guardian
(London). Retrieved 3 May 2010.

[73] Palmer, Kimberly. The New Parent Trap: More

Boomers Help Adult Kids out Financially."". U.S. News &
World Report. 12 December 2007. Retrieved 24 August
2010.

[55] Annie Lowrey (13 July 2009). Europes New Lost Generation. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

[74] Brittani Lusk (5 December 2007). Study Finds Kids

Take Longer to Reach Adulthood. Provo Daily Herald.
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[56] Employment and Unemployment Among Youth Summary (Press release). U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
27 August 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

[75] Average cost of U.S. wedding hits $27,021. Reuters.

23 March 2012.

[57] Youth unemployment highest in 11 years: StatsCan.

CBC.ca. 10 July 2009. Archived from the original on
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[76] Love and work don't always work for working class in
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[58] Thompson, Derek. Are todays Youth Really a Lost Generation?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 23 September 2011.

[77] Twenge, Jean M. The Least Religious Generation. San

Diego State University. Retrieved 24 June 2015.

[59] Altavena, Lily (27 April 2012). One in Two New College Graduates is Jobless or Unemployed. The New York
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[78] ""Nones on the Rise. Pew Research. 9 October 2012.

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[60] Serchuk, Dave. Move over Boomers!". Forbes. Retrieved 7 November 2011.

[79] Poll: One In Five Americans Aren't Religious A Huge

Spike. TPM.

[61] Generation Threat: Why the Youth of America Are Occupying the Nation. Logos Journal.

[80] Generation Y embraces choice, redenes religion.

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[62] Itano, Nicole (14 May 2009). In Greece, education isn't

the answer. Global Post. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[81] Religion Among the Millennials. Pew Research Center.

Retrieved 24 February 2015.

11 FURTHER READING

[82] YouGov / The Sun Youth Survey Results (PDF). Retrieved 26 July 2013.
[83] Junco, Reynol; Mastrodicasa, Jeanna (2007). Connecting
to the Net.Generation: What Higher Education Professionals Need to Know About Todays Students. National Association of Student Personnel Administrators. ISBN 0931654-48-3. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
[84] Berk, Ronald A. (2009). How Do You Leverage the
Latest Technologies, including Web 2.0 Tools, in Your
Classroom?" (PDF). International Journal of Technology
in Teaching and Learning 6 (1): 4. Retrieved 2 September
2010.
[85] The Challenge and Promise of Generation I"" (Press release). Microsoft. 28 October 1999. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
[86] Cabral, J. (2010). Is Generation Y Addicted to Social
Media. The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in
Communication, 2(1), 513.
[87] Prensky, Marc. Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants
(PDF). MCB University Press. Retrieved 6 November
2013.
[88] Woodman, Dan (2015). Youth and Generation. London:
Sage Publications Ltd. p. 132. ISBN 9781446259054.
[89] Howe, Neil, Strauss, William Millennials Rising: The Next
Great Generation, p. 352.
[90] The President, the Census and the Multiracial Community"". Retrieved 31 March 2011.
[91] Espinoza, Chip (10 July 2012). Millennials: The Most
Diverse Generation. CNN News Room. Retrieved 8
May 2014.
[92] Phillips, Martin. Futures bright: Young Brits upbeat
over working lives. The Sun (London). Retrieved 26 July
2013.
[93] Majority Now Supports Legalizing Marijuana. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 4 April 2013.
[94] Anderson, Kurt (5 August 2009). Pop Culture in the Age
of Obama. New York Times. Retrieved 29 November
2012.
[95] The Sound of a Generation. NPR. 5 June 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
[96] Gundersen, Edna (30 December 2009). The decade in
music: Sales slide, pirates, digital rise. USA Today. Retrieved 23 December 2011.

11

Further reading

Espinoza, Chip; Mick Ukleja, Craig Rusch (2010).

Managing the Millennials: Discover the Core Competencies for Managing Todays Workforce. Hoboken,
NJ: Wiley. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-470-56393-9.

Espinoza, Chip (2012). Millennial Integration:

Challenges Millennials Face in the Workplace and
What They Can Do About Them. Yellow Springs.
OH: Antioch University and OhioLINK. p. 151.
Gardner, Stephanie F. (15 August 2006).
Preparing for the Nexters. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 70 (4): 87.
doi:10.5688/aj700487. PMC 1636975. PMID
17136206. born between 1983 and 1994
Furlong, Andy.Youth Studies: An Introduction. New
York, NY: Routlege, 2013.
DeChane, Darrin J. (2014). How to Explain the
Millennial Generation? Understand the Context.
Student Pulse 6 (03): 16.
IBV Millennial Study 2015: IBM Myths, exaggerations and uncomfortable truths Link label

12
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10

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