Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A.
B.
C.
D.
Environmental impacts
E.
Stakeholders comments
Annexes
SECTION A.
A.1.
>>
Title : Power generation through MSW at Karimnagar, Andhra Pradesh
Version: 04
Date : 12/12/2011
A.2.
Description of the project activity:
>>
Purpose of the Project Activity
Shalivahana (MSW) Green Energy Ltd. [S(MSW)GEL] intends to establish a 12 MW Power Plant at
Rebladevpally Village near Sultanabad in Karimnagar District, based on Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
generated by processing of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated from various Urban Local Bodies
(ULBs) in Andhra Pradesh with processing plants located in Karimnagar and Nizamabad Districts of
Andhra Pradesh. The MSW would be sourced from districts of Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Adilabad,
Medak.
The main objective of the project is to utilize the potential energy sourced from RDF generation by
processing MSW. To achieve the purpose, the project activity is proposed with a total capacity of 1400
TPD waste processing facilities located at three places, namely Karimnagar, Ramagundam and
Nizamabad and one power generation unit of 12 MW capacity at Rebladevpally village in Karimnagar
district. Further details of these facilities are provided below. Project activity may use other
supplementary fuel such as surplus biomass available in the region (cotton stalks, Rice husk, Juliflora and
Maize cobs) and coal, in emergency and unavoidable situation. However, the same would be as per the
guidelines and within the specified limits of MSW based power generation projects (15% coal or 25%
biomass1 or together to a maximum extent of 25%2).
Based on the total 1400 TPD processing capacity, the total expected incoming MSW to the project
including three processing facilities is 511000 TPA. Based on the characteristics of MSW, the total
amount of RDF and compost production is expected to be approximately 163155 tonnes and 60225
tonnes per annum respectively.
The project activity involves in two phases. The phase wise implementation of the proposed project
activity is given below:
Phase I
1
2
Rated Capacity
Power plant
12 MW
225 TPD
Phase II
RDF processing
and Compost plant
at Nizamabad
Compost plant at
Karimnagar
Rated Capacity
175 TPD RDF &
250 TPD compost
300 TPD
Letter dated 8 November 2010 (Ref: Lr No. 3441/ RES-I/ 2010-3) from Energy Department, Government of
Andhra Pradesh
225 TPD
Compost plant at
Ramagundam
300 TPD
Processing of RDF involves in stages such as tipping, pre-sorting, manual segregation, magnetic
separation, rotary/web screen separation, crushing and shredding, ballistic separation and RDF
generation. In composting, the process involves in windrow processing, coarse segregation, waste curing,
refinement and packing of compost. The power plant uses RDF in the pusher grate boiler to generate the
steam, which will be fed to the matching steam turbine with generator to produce electricity. The
electricity generated will be supplied to the grid system.
The activities of Phase-I have been partially implemented and the power plant commenced its power
generations from April 2010. The organic waste generated at Karimnagar and Ramagundam processing
facilities will be disposed in the landfill/disposal facilities till the composting units will be operational.
Due to delay in financial closure for the activities covered in Phase-II and these activities are likely to be
commissioned in 2012.
Scenario Existing Prior to Start of the Implementation of the Project Activity
In the pre-project scenario, municipal solid waste is disposed in the existing Solid Waste Disposal Site
(SWDS) located in Karimanagr, Ramagundam and Nizamabad. While compaction and levelling3 is
carried out to increase the life of SWDS, there are no measures for Landfill Gas capture/ destruction. (See
Pictures below) The open disposal of waste causes a number of environmental and health hazards, in
addition to unabated release of methane in to the atmosphere, which is one of the prominent green house
gas.
Thus, the common practice scenario in the absence of the project is disposal of waste without any
measures to avoid methane emissions (also the baseline scenario)
Fig: Disposal and compaction of municipal solid waste in the baseline scenario
Project Scenario
In the project scenario, three processing plants will be set up, at Karimnagar, Ramagundam and
Nizamabad for the purpose of RDF generation based on MSW. The RDF generated from these processing
units will be transported to the power plant site located at Rebladevpally near Sultanabad. The capacities
of processing plants are provided below:
S.no
1.
2.
3.
Processing facility
Karimnagar
Ramagundam
Nizamabad
Total
incoming
waste (TPD)
500
500
400
RDF
capacity
(TPD)
225
225
175
Composting
capacity
(TPD)
300
300
250
Processing units will be supplied with required MSW from the surrounding ULBs, where it is refined to
produce RDF fluff and compost. This RDF fluff will be used as fuel to operate the power plant and
compost will be used for soil application as fertilizer. The proposed MSW power plant at Rebladevpally
is expected to be in operation throughout the year. The proposed power plant is equipped with boiler of
pusher grate technology, which has been used for the first time in MSW fired boiler in India4. The organic
matter segregated from these processing units will be composted at respective processing unit sites. The
compost thus produced will be sold as soil conditioner to neighbouring farms.
Electricity generated by the project activity will be sold to a third party. The project has been taken up by
the project proponent to address the critical environmental problem faced in solid waste management by
the state of Andhra Pradesh and particularly Karimnagar, Medak, Adilabad and Nizamabad districts. In
addition the project activity will also address to some extent the acute energy crisis faced by southern
region of India by producing 12 MW of clean electricity that will be supplied to the local region, which is
being fed by southern grid.
Contribution to reduction in GHG emissions by the Proposed Project Activity
The project would achieve significant reduction in Green House Gas emissions due to the following two
components:
Letter from Thermax for using pusher grate technology for the first time in India dated 07 September 2010
Government of India has stipulated following indicators for sustainable development in the interim
approval guidelines 5 for CDM projects.
1. Social well-being
2. Economic well-being
3. Environmental well-being
4. Technological well-being
1.
2.
3.
4.
The plant site is in rural area where unemployment, poverty and other economic backwardness
are prevailing; the project would lead to the development of the region
During civil works, a lot of construction work is to be taken place, which will generate
employment for local people around the plant site
Other than these, there are various kinds of mechanical work, which would generate employment
opportunity on regular and permanent basis
Day to day operations in collection of MSW and segregation of MSW, create the employment
opportunities to the local people/ community.
A power plant based on RDF as fuel, does not affect the ecology, provided a few precautions are
taken in the design of the plant. Project also reduces pollution since it avoids the methane that
would have been generated in solid waste disposal sites due to anaerobic decay of MSW and also
displaces the grid electricity which is a fossil fuel dominated grid 6. All the necessary measures are
planned to be taken in the plants design for minimizing the impact on the ecology of the
environment.
To limit the SPM emission during RDF firing, Electro static precipitator (ESP) has been placed in
design.
The proposed project ensures the resource sustainability by avoiding the pressure on overexploited and precious fossil fuel resources and emerging as alternative and sustainable fuel
source for energy purposes.
Technological well being:
http://www.cdmindia.gov.in/approval_process.php
The technology selected for the proposed project is the best available technology in India. The
project uses a steam turbo generator with matching boiler of pusher type, which is capable of
firing multi fuels. The project activity applied pusher grate technology for the first time in MSW
projects in India, which indicates the contribution of the project activity towards technological
advancement in the sector.
In view of the above, the project participant considers that the project activity profoundly contributes to
the sustainable development.
A.3.
Project participants:
>>
Name of the Party
Private and/or Public entity (ies)
involved ((host) indicates a Project participants
host party)
(as applicable)
India (Host)
A.4.
Private entity:
Shalivahana (MSW) Green Energy
Ltd.
>>
A.4.1.1.
Host Party(ies):
>>
India
A.4.1.2.
>>
State: Andhra Pradesh
A.4.1.3.
Region/State/Province etc.:
City/Town/Community etc.:
>>
District: Karimnagar and Nizamabad
A.4.1.4.
Details of physical location, including information allowing the
unique identification of this project activity (maximum one page):
>>
Project Site
o Processing plants
:
3 units - Karimnagar, Ramagundam and Nizamabad
o Power plant
:
one unit - Rebladevpally
District
:
Karimnagar & Nizamabad
State
:
Andhra Pradesh
Geographical Location
:
Rebladevpally
power
plant,
Karimnagar
and
Ramagundam processing facilities are located in
Latitude
18o 24.769 N
18o 46.000 N
18o 38.610 N
18o 32.702 N
Longitude
79o 08. 632E
79o 26.029 E
78o 04.080 E
79o 21.134 E
Location of Andhra Pradesh state in India; Location of Adilabad, Nizamabad, Medak and Karimnagar
districts inthe state.
Ramagundam
processing unit
Nizamabad
processing unit
Power Plant
Karimnagar
processing unit
Location of processing units and power plant in Nizamabad and Karimnagar districts of Andhra Pradesh
The MSW & RDF characterization has been carried out on 18 August 2008 and the test results are
provided below:
RDF Quality
MSW collected from different sources has different calorific values. However, after drying and separation
of non-combustible fraction, the RDF produced shall have an average Gross Calorific Value of 20002500 kcal / kg. The processing of the MSW at the processing plant will be carried out in such as manner
that the physical and chemical properties of the RDF produced would be homogenous and constant over
time.
Expected RDF characteristics:
Test
Proximate analysis
Total moisture
Ash Content
Unit of measurement
% by mass
% by mass
% by mass
Result obtained
Ultimate analysis
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Oxygen
Chlorine
Gross calorific value
% by mass
% by mass
% by mass
% by mass
% by mass
% by mass
Kcal/kg
25
2.8
0.23
0.53
21
<0.15
2218
25.44
20
Compost Quality
The compost produced will comply with standards of Schedule-IV (MSW Rules 2000), which has been
fixed by the competent national authority to ensure avoidance of any possible adverse impacts expected
as a result of application of compost and is approved as acceptable practice in India.
The plant will take all possible measures to take care of the toxicity problem of the compost being
produced after composting. The following specific measures will be taken:
Waste segregated from RDF processing facility will be properly checked for plastic or heavy metals
before sending it to the compost plant.
Removal of plastic, plastic products as well as glass and heavy metals from the waste, if observed.
Process flow diagram for the Integrated Waste Management System in S(MSW)GEL is presented below:
Physical Separation of
Waste Size > 70 mm
Compost
Rejects
Compost
Rejects
Electricity for
Sale
Sale to
farmers/commercial
units
rpm. Two waste streams are generated from the trommel; Waste having size + 70 mm and Waste having
size -70mm.
Waste passing through the 70 mm sieve is collected through a belt conveyor into a chute. This waste
stream has high organic content, mulch, and green waste, and hence further treated by composting.
CRUSHING AND SHREDDING SYSTEM
The waste arrested in the trommel unit is further passed into a Horizontal Rotary Type Crushing Unit.
The unit is a shredding / crushing mechanism and homogenizes the waste further into size ranging from
25 mm to 45 mm dia. All the three units shall be equipped with crushing and shredding units of 15 TPH
capacities.
BALLISTICS SEPARATOR AND RDF GENERATION
Crushed waste from the Rotary Type Crushing Unit is put into a Ballistic Separator which shall operate at
the capacity of 15TPH. The unit separates heavy material from the crushed MSW with necessary drive.
Waste of +15 mm size is separated off from the system which is collected into a conveyor belt and passes
to the input of Rotary Type Crushing Unit which helps to homogenize waste to the acceptable size. The
light combustible fraction (paper/biomass/textiles etc.) separated from the Ballistic Separator is generally
called Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Fluff. It will have a calorific value in the range of 2000 - 2500 kcal/kg
and 15-20% ash which can be incinerated in a boiler of the Power Plant.
The RDF produced from the processing facilities is transported to the power plant, where it is fed into an
RDF fired pusher grate boiler. The steam generated from the boiler is used in the turbine to convert it into
mechanical energy and the same is converted into electrical energy in the alternator connected to Turbine.
The electricity generated after the auxiliary consumption in the plant premises is exported to the grid
system for further supply to the end users.
The organic material generated from the process is used in the compost facilities, with windrow
technology of aerobic composting. During the aerobic composting process, biodegradable waste matter
degraded into simple organic compounds by certain micro-organisms in the presence of air. Composting
involves, screening, sorting, grinding, blending, mixing and curing. The process of biodegradation is
natural and compost will be produced after the retention period of waste in windrow platforms. The final
compost produced will be used for soil applications to improve the soil fertility.
The project activity expected to operate at a PLF of 80%, with gross energy generation of 84.1 GWh and
net export of 75.69 GWh after meeting the auxiliary consumption of 8.41 GWh (10%) 8 to the nearest
substation of APTRASCO at Suglampally village. The power project has been commissioned on
14/04/2010 and is currently under operation.
Technical Specifications of Power Plant
Boiler
Type
Capacity
Features
Pusher grate
55 TPH, 66 kg/cm2(g), 485 5oC
Single drum, natural circulation, single pass, horizontal
Turbine
Type
Rated capacity
Inlet steam pressure
Inlet steam temperature
Turbine speed
Generator
Rated Capacity
Power Factor
Rated Speed
No technology transfer envisaged in the proposed RDF based power project at Rebladevapally and RDF
preparation facilities at Karimnagar, Ramagundam and Nizamabad as part of project activity.
A.4.4. Estimated amount of emission reductions over the chosen crediting period:
>>
The Crediting Period of a CDM project is the period for which the CDM Project can generate emission
reductions are furnished below:
Years
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Total estimated reductions
(tCO2 e)
Total number of crediting years
Annual average of the estimated
reductions over the crediting period
(tCO2 e)
promoters. The project activity has not availed any concessions, grants or subsidies from any govt
agencies/institutes.
SECTION B. Application of a baseline and monitoring methodology
B.1.
Title and reference of the approved baseline and monitoring methodology applied to the
project activity:
>>
AM0025 Avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste treatment processes
Version 12, EB 55.
Reference used in conjunction with the methodology:
Tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality (version 05.2)
Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system (version 02.2.0)
Emissions from solid waste disposal sites (version 06.0.0)
AMS-I.D, Grid connected renewable electricity generation
Version 17, EB 61
B.2.
Justification of the choice of the methodology and why it is applicable to the project
activity:
>>
The project activity meets all the applicability guidelines as set out in AM0025 version 12. They are:
S.No
1.
Applicability justification
The project activity involves the fresh waste
treatment9 option (a) composting process in
aerobic conditions and (d) the mechanical
process to produce refuse- derived fuel (RDF)
which is used as a fuel to generate electricity in
the power plant. The project activity uses only
fresh waste, as the waste collected from ULBs
will be directly supplied to the RDF processing
facilities. The project has the facilities, such as,
weighbridge and recording systems, to monitor
the quantity of incoming fresh waste on daily
basis. The project facilities will not accept or
process any waste which is not considered as
fresh waste.
Detailed Project Report, Chapter 5, section 5.4, Page 26 and Standard Operating Procedure dated December 2010
10
S.No
2.
3.
Applicability justification
production of RDF is supplied from the same
ULB regions for the entire project life time and
there is no chemical or thermal treatment of
RDF, hence the physical and chemical
characteristics of RDF is not expected to
change. The properties of the same thus are
considered homogeneous and constant over
time since it will be sourced from same
municipalities over the project lifetime. The
incoming MSW at the facilities will be
processed using manual segregation, magnetic
separation, size reduction, shredding and
crushing activities. As a result, RDF produced
from the processing units, which carry out the
processing operations with the same machinery
and under similar controlled processing
conditions would result in similar physical and
chemical properties of RDF, which will be
homogeneous and constant over time. In the
absence of the project activity, the fresh waste
would have been disposed off in a landfill11.
11
12
13
S.No
Applicability justification
the waste processing units and the RDF from
direct exposure to sunlight and rain. This
would avoid possibility of RDF being degraded
due to direct exposure to climatic conditions.
Also, the RDF at the processing units will be
used on first come first serve basis,
continuously during operations, which ensures
storage of RDF only for short period of time
on-site. As a result, possibility of anaerobic
conditions is avoided. In addition, the height of
RDF stored at the power plant storage yard will
be restricted to below 5m. All the proposed
measures described above will ensure that RDF
processed is not subjected to anaerobic
conditions.
In the proposed project activity, the RDF
generated will be used as a fuel for power
generation and not disposed off in a landfill14.
The RDF production is carried out to ensure
continuous supply of sustainable fuel to the
RDF based power project. The RDF is crucial
for the operation of power project and
continuous monitoring of RDF production,
transport and consumption will be carried out
as part of project operation to ensure that the
RDF generated is completely used for power
generation and not disposed in landfill. RDF
related records are maintained at each of the
processing plants and power plant. The
quantity of RDF generated at processing units
and transported (to power plant) will be
recorded on day to day basis. At the same time,
the quantity of RDF received at power plant
will be recorded continuously including the
details of the processing unit from which the
RDF is received. At power plant, records of
daily RDF consumed/fed into the boiler will
also be maintained. This mechanism will
clearly track the RDF generation and
consumption details and can be used to cross
check that the RDF generated is properly used
for power generation and not disposed in
landfill.
Thus this condition is not applicable to the
project activity.
14
S.No
Applicability justification
15
http://www.nls.ac.in/CEERA/ceerafeb04/html/documents/Muncipalsoildwaste.htm
S.No
10
11
12
16
Applicability justification
continuation of current practice of disposing
the waste in a disposal sites. In the project
case, the same is managed by Municipal
Administration & Urban Development
(MA&UD) with controlled placement of waste
and compaction and leveling being carried
out16. In addition, no single municipality or
local body has complied with the guidelines
stipulated by MSW Rules, 2000 in the
country17. Hence the rules are systematically
not enforced and the non-compliance with the
rules is widespread in the country.
The compliance rate of Indian MSW Rules,
2000 is below 50%. Based on the Annual
Report of CPCB, 2008-09, compliance rate to
MSW Rules works out as 0.81%18. The report
was analysed for the compliance rate based of
number of ULBs which are 100% complying
to MSW Rules. The basis for 100%
compliance was presence of MSW processing
site and landfill in the ULB. The number of
ULBs complying to rules in India is 24. This
was then divided by the total number of ULBs
(which is 2960) to arrive at the compliance rate
of 0.81%. However, gradual improvement in
MSW management system is expected over the
time. Hence a conservative value of 10% is
taken for ex-ante estimations of emission
reductions.
Local regulations neither constrain the
establishment of RDF production plants nor the
use of RDF as fuel or raw material for power
generation. Project proponent has obtained
necessary clearances from the Government of
Andhra Pradesh/India19 for the same,
confirming no such constrains in the country
exists:
The project involves mechanical treatment of
waste to produce RDF20. There are no onsite
17
Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management in metro cities, state capitals, class I cities, and
class II towns in India: An insight, 1 July 2008. http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/cups65.htm;
18
19
20
S.No
13
14
15
S.No
Applicability justification
The summary of gases and sources included in the project boundary, and justification/ explanation where
gases and sources are not included is listed below:
Source
Baseline
Emissions
From
decomposition of
waste at the
landfill site
Emissions from
electricity
consumption
Gas
CH4
Included
N2O
Excluded
CO2
Excluded
CO2
CH4
N2O
Included
Excluded
Excluded
Excluded
CO2
Emission from
thermal energy
generation
CH4
N2O
Project Activity
Emissions from
on-site electricity
use
Emissions from
thermal energy
generation
Excluded
Excluded
CO2
Included
CH4
Excluded
N2O
Excluded
CO2
CH4
Included
Excluded
N2O
Excluded
CO2
Excluded
CH4
Excluded
Justification/Explanation
The major source of emissions in the baseline.
N2O emissions are small compared to CH4
emissions from landfills. Exclusion of this gas is
conservative.
CO2 emissions from the decomposition of organic
waste are not accounted.
Electricity may be consumed from the grid.
Excluded for simplification. This is Conservative.
Excluded for simplification. This is Conservative.
There is no thermal energy generation in the
project activity.
There is no thermal energy generation in the
project activity.
There is no thermal energy generation in the
project activity.
May be an important emission source.
Excluded for simplification. This emission source
is assumed to be very small.
Excluded for simplification. This emission source
is assumed to be very small.
May be an important emission source.
Excluded for simplification. This emission source
is assumed to be very small.
Excluded for simplification. This emission source
is assumed to be very small.
There is no thermal energy generation involved in
the project activity
There is no thermal energy generation involved in
the project activity
Direct emissions
from the waste
treatment
processes
Emissions from
waste water
treatment
N2O
Excluded
N2O
Included
CO2
Included
CH4
Included
CO2
Excluded
CH4
Excluded
N2O
Excluded
Project boundary encompasses the physical and geographical site of the renewable generation source.
This includes the MSW processing units, Composting units, fuel handling systems, Boiler, Steam turbine,
Alternator and Southern Grid. The proposed project activity evacuates the power to the Southern Grid.
Therefore, all the power plants contributing electricity to the Southern Grid are taken in the connected
(project) electricity system for the purpose of baseline estimation.
Therefore, in the proposed project, the project boundary consists of the waste processing facilities
adjacent to existing disposal sites (of ULBs) located at Karimnagar, Nizamabad and Ramagundam, power
plant located at Rebladevapally. In the absence of the project activity, the waste was being disposed in the
existing disposal site located at Karimnagar, Nizamabad and Ramagundam in a controlled manner. In the
disposal site, compaction and leveling of MSW is being carried out21. However, there was no methane
capturing involved at the site.
21
Detailed Project Report, Chapter 3, section 3.2, Page 18, also confirmed by MA&UD letter
B.4.
Description of how the baseline scenario is identified and description of the identified
baseline scenario:
>>
The baseline scenario is defined as the most likely scenario in the absence of the proposed CDM project
activity. As per approved methodology, AM0025 version 12, the following alternatives for the
disposal/treatment of the fresh waste in the absence of the project activity are examined for the baseline:
M1. The project activity (i.e. composting, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and RDF processing/thermal
treatment without incineration of organic waste or incineration of waste) not implemented as a CDM
project;
Based on the above alternative, the possible sub alternatives are considered below for evaluation:
M1.a. The project activity bio-methanation (anaerobic digestion) not implemented as a CDM project;
M1.b. The project activity waste gasification not implemented as a CDM project;
M1.c. The project activity composting and RDF processing not implemented as a CDM project;
M2. Disposal of the waste at landfill where landfill gas is flared
M3. Disposal of the waste on a landfill without the capture of landfill gas
In project scenario electricity generated will be exported to southern grid and no heat generation is
envisaged for this project activity hence credible alternatives are also determined for:
Power generation in the absence of the project activity;
For power generation, the realistic and credible alternative(s) may include, inter alia:
P1. Power generated from by-product of one of the options of waste treatment as listed in M1 above, not
undertaken as a CDM project activity.
P2. Existing or Construction of a new on-site or off-site fossil fuel fired cogeneration plant.
P3. Existing or Construction of a new on-site or off-site renewable based cogeneration plant.
P4. Existing or Construction of a new on-site or off-site fossil fuel fired captive power plant.
P5. Existing or Construction of a new on-site or off-site renewable based captive power plant.
P6. Existing and/or new grid-connected power plants.
National and/or sectoral policies and regulation in the baseline:
The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 rules has direct influence on the
project baseline scenario. The Ministry of Environment and Forest notified Municipal Solid Waste
Management and Handling) Rules 2000 on 25th September 200022 after widely circulating the draft rules
in 1999 inviting objections and suggestions if any and made it mandatory for all municipal authorities in
the country, irrespective of their size and population, to implement the rules.
In spite of the regulation being notified for many years, there is wide spread non compliance of the
municipal bodies with the rules all over India. The non compliance is evidenced from various report and
22
http://envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/mswmhr.html
publications. One such report is titled Assessment of status of MSW waste management in metro cities
and state management in metro cities and state capitals23. The report has been provided to DoE for
verification. Hence the rules are systematically not enforced and the non-compliance with the rules is
widespread in the country.
Scenario
Remarks
23
http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/cups65.htm
24
http://mnre.gov.in/nmp/technology-we.pdf
M2
M3
http://envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/mswmhr.html
P1. Power generated from by-product of one of the options of waste treatment not undertaken as a CDM
project activity.
This alternative is the project activity without CDM incentive and has been discussed in details in Section
B.5 of PDD.
P2. Existing or Construction of a new on-site or off-site fossil fuel fired cogeneration plant.
P3. Existing or Construction of a new on-site or off-site renewable based cogeneration plant.
The Alternatives P2 and P3 are not considered, as there is no heat/steam generation under the project
activity. Thus cogeneration is not required and hence P2 and P3 are excluded.
P4. Existing or Construction of a new on-site or off-site fossil fuel fired captive power plant.
P5. Existing or Construction of a new on-site or off-site renewable based captive power plant.
P4 and P5 are not realistic alternatives to the project activity, as the project activity is implemented to
generate and export the electricity to grid. The project is an Independent Power Plant (IPP) and will not
supply electricity to any facility/factory of the project participants. Since, there is no on-site demand for
captive power, there is no requirement to setup on-site fossil fuel fired or renewable based captive power
plant. Thus, P4 & P5 are not considered as realistic alternatives to the proposed project activity.
P6. Existing and/or new grid-connected power plants.
The objective of power plant is to generate and export the electricity to the grid system (further to third
party). In the absence of the project activity; the equivalent amount of electricity would have been met by
the existing/new grid connected power plant. Therefore, P6 is considered as the most realistic and
credible baseline alternative.
Analysis of Heat generation baseline alternatives
The project activity does not involve in heat generation and/or supply of the same in any form, thus no
plausible scenarios are identified for heat generation.
Conclusion
Thus as discussed in details in section B.5 of PDD, in the absence of the Project activity, the most likely
baseline scenario is:
M3- Disposal of the waste on a landfill (SWDS) without the capture of landfill gas.
P6 - Existing and/or new grid-connected power plants.
Among the above two alternatives, M3 does not involve any investment as a project and is continuation
of current practice. There is no investment required (except land cost, which is generally owned by
municipal authorities or provided by govt) for the alternative, this scenario in India has been wide spread
and practiced.
The alternative P6 is generation of power at grid connected power plants. However, the projects in the
grid system are mix of various sources of energy and are dominated by conventional power generation
and is business as usual scenario, without any prohibitive barriers for operations.
Step 2: Identify the fuel for the baseline choice of energy source taking into account the national
and/or sectoral policies as applicable.
The baseline fuels identified are fossil fuels (coal, gas and diesel), which contribute to more than 50% of
the Southern grid installed capacity and energy generation26. The availability of these baseline fuels are
abundant in the country, based on the fuel reserve estimates and various publications27. Hence, there is
abundant availability of baseline fuel and no supply constraint in the country exists.
B.5.
Description of how the anthropogenic emissions of GHG by sources are reduced below
those that would have occurred in the absence of the registered CDM project activity (assessment
and demonstration of additionality):
>>
According to the approved methodology AM0025, version 12, the proposed project activity uses Step 1,
Step 2, Step 3 and Step 4 of the Tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality, version 06,
approved by EB to determine the additionality.
Step 1 - Identification of alternatives to the project activity consistent with current laws and
regulations.
While identifying the alternatives to the project activity, AM0025, Version 12 directs to use Step 1 of
latest additionality tool. The methodology states that relevant policies and regulations related to the
management of landfill sites should be taken into account. Such policies or regulations may include
mandatory landfill gas capture or destruction requirements because of safety issues or local environmental
regulations. Other policies could include local policies promoting productive use of landfill gas such as
those for the production of renewable energy, or those that promote the processing of solid waste.
Sub-step 1a. Define alternatives to the project activity
According to methodology, alternatives for the disposal/treatment of the fresh waste in the absence of the
project activity, i.e. the scenario relevant for estimating baseline methane emissions, to be analysed
should include inter alia:
Scenario No.
M1
Scenario
The
project
activity
i.e.
composting and RDF production,
not implemented as a CDM project
Remarks
This alternative in the absence of CDM revenues is
not feasible. This option is costly as it provides low
return on investment and moreover there is no
organized market for compost and investment on
26
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executive_rep/may11/8.pdf
27
http://www.coal.nic.in/reserve2.htm;
http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=333749
http://www.powermin.nic.in/whats_new/pdf/Coal_As_Fuel.pps;
http://www.commodityonline.com/news/Indias-Natural-Gas-reserves-to-last-for-29-years-12554-3-1.html
M2
M3
If energy is exported to a grid and/or to a nearby industry, or used on-site realistic and credible
alternatives should also be separately determined for:
Power generation in the absence of the project activity;
Heat generation in the absence of the project activity.
Project activity involves power generation from the RDF produced which will be exported to Southern
grid. For power generation, AM0025 states that the realistic and credible alternative(s) may include, inter
alia:
P1: Power generated from by-product of one of the options of waste treatment not undertaken as a
CDM project activity;
Scenario P1 may be a considerable alternative to the project activity, however, as demonstrated in the step
2 such activity without CDM revenue is not financially viable and the same is demonstrated below.
P2: Existing or construction of a new on-site or off-site fossil fuel fired cogeneration plant;Since there is no onsite requirement of steam, no onsite fossil fuel fired cogeneration plant will be set up.
Hence no fossil fuel fired cogeneration facility will be set up onsite/offsite. Hence, P2 can neither be
considered a viable alternative nor a baseline scenario.
P3: Existing or construction of a new on-site or off-site renewable based cogeneration plant;
Since there is no onsite requirement of steam, no renewable based cogeneration plant will be set up.
Hence no cogeneration facility will be set up onsite/offsite. Thus, P3 is neither a viable alternative nor a
baseline scenario.
P4: Existing or construction of a new on-site or off-site fossil fuel fired captive power plant;
The project activity is implemented to generate power and export the same to grid. The project is an
Independent Power Plant and will not supply electricity to any facility of the project participants. Since
there is no on-site demand for captive power, there is no requirement to setup on-site fossil fuel fired
captive power plant. Thus, P4 is neither considered a viable alternative nor a baseline scenario.
28
P5: Existing or construction of a new on-site or off-site renewable based captive power plant;
Section 2, pg.no.17, Funding for LFGE projects, Turning a Liability into an Asset: Landfill Methane Utilisation
Potential in India; http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/India_methane.pdf. The table clearly shows that
the landfill recovery projects have only two sources of revenues sale of electricity (based on gas) and CDM
revenues. Hence, a typical landfill gas captured and flared is nothing but similar investment, with no revenues (as
gas is flared), which is clearly not viable.
The project activity is the project activity is implemented to generate power and export the same to grid.
The project is an Independent Power Plant and will not supply electricity to any facility of the project
participants. Since there is no on-site demand for captive power, there is no requirement to setup on-site
renewable based captive power plant. Hence, P5 is neither considered a viable alternative nor a baseline.
P6: Existing and/or new grid connected power plants
P6 is a credible alternative since in the absence of the project activity would, the equivalent amount of
electricity would have been generated by existing and/ or new grid connected power plants and the grid is
a mix of various sources of energy with fossil fuel as one of the major source of energy. This is the
business-as-usual scenario and a credible alternative.
In summary, scenarios P2, P3, P4 and P5 are not considered creditable alternatives to the project activity
and hence eliminated from further consideration.
Outcome of Step 1a: The various realistic and credible alternative scenario(s) to the project activity have
been identified and provided below:
M3- Disposal of the waste on a landfill (SWDS) without the capture of landfill gas.
P6 - Existing and/or new grid-connected power plants.
M1- The project activity i.e. composting and RDF production, not implemented as a CDM project
P1- Power generated from by-product of one of the options of waste treatment not undertaken as a
CDM project activity
29
30
http://envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/mswmhr.html
Sunil Kumar ,Bhattacharyya J.K. , Vaidya A.N., Tapan Chakrabarti , Sukumar Devotta , Akolkar A.B. ,
Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management in metro cities, state capitals, class I cities, and class
II towns in India: An insight, pg 3
has been allocated by government as an integrated project including both processing and
power plant. Moreover there is no demand for RDF in the nearby areas.
M3+P1: This is not a possible combination since it would mean disposal of waste in the solid
waste disposal site without any RDF production and thus no raw material for the RDF power
plant
Step 2: Identify the fuel for the baseline choice of energy source taking into account the national
and/or sectoral policies as applicable
The baseline fuels identified are fossil fuels (coal, gas and diesel), which contribute to more than 50% of
the southern grid installed capacity and energy generation31. The availability of these baseline fuels are
abundant in the country, based on the fuel reserve estimates and various publications32. Hence, there is
abundant availability of baseline fuel and no supply constraint in the country exists.
Step 3: The methodology states that Step 2 and/or Step 3 of the latest approved version of the Tool
for demonstration and assessment of additionality shall be used to asses which of these alternatives
should be excluded from further consideration.
Step 2 (Investment analysis) of the latest approved version of the Tool for demonstration and assessment
of additionality has been used.
Step 2- Investment analysis
Sub-step 2a: Determine appropriate analysis method
According to the Tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality (version 05.2) there are
three options for the execution of the investment analysis.
Option I: Simple cost analysis (the CDM project activity generates no financial or economic benefits
other than CDM related income)
Option II: Investment comparison analysis (the relevant financial indicator (IRR, NPV) is determined
and compared, or
Option III: Benchmark analysis (the relevant financial indicator is compared to a benchmark)
The project will generate revenues from selling compost and power generated from RDF to the third party
and also from credits of emissions reduction, therefore Option I is not applicable. Option II also does not
apply since there is no comparable investment alternative available to the project proponent. The most
appropriate financial analysis method is therefore option III: the benchmark analysis.
The project promoter has thus chosen to apply Option- III of benchmark analysis.
31
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executive_rep/may11/8.pdf
32
http://www.coal.nic.in/reserve2.htm;
http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=333749
http://www.powermin.nic.in/whats_new/pdf/Coal_As_Fuel.pps;
http://www.commodityonline.com/news/Indias-Natural-Gas-reserves-to-last-for-29-years-12554-3-1.html
33
http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=12003 or
http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/T1101_STST1118.pdf
34
Tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality, Version 5.2. Annex: Guidance on the Assessment of
Investment Analysis Version 02. Point no 1 & 2 of the guidance refers to general introduction.
35
36
http://cercind.gov.in/13042007/Terms_and_conditions_of_tariff.pdf
Direct Tax Ready Reckoner by Dr. Vinod K Singhania
Particulars
Total Capacity
Units
kW
Investment analysis
Values
Basis
12000
DPR & Permission letter from state
Nodal Agency (NEDCAP)
80
DPR & APERC norms. Further the
Particulars
Units
Tariff Rate
Rs. /kWh
CER Rate
Euro/tCO2
Rs.
Rs. In
million
Equity
Rs. in
million
Loan
Rs. In
million
Interest on Term
Loan
Repayment period of
loan
Moratorium period
Income Tax
MAT
%
Quarters
Quarters
%
%
Investment analysis
Values
Basis
considered value is inline with the
Equipment supplier vide letter dated
16 March 2011. Thus the considered
value is meeting the requirement of
Anne 11 of EB 48
3.61
DPR for Phase I prepared by APTDC
and PPA
12
http://www.carbonyatra.com/news_d
etail.php?id=991
65
RBI Rate Archive
1261
DPR wherein the project cost
estimated based on the Schedule of
rates and quotations by third party
project consultant and Interest during
construction
315.3
DPR based on the Schedule of rates
and quotations plus Interest during
Construction
945.8
DPR based on the Schedule of rates
and quotations plus Interest during
Construction
10.50
As per ILFS sanction 15 October
2008
40
As per ILFS sanction 15 October
2008
8
33.99
Section 143, Income Tax Act 1961
16.995
Income tax rules
Parameters
Total
297.6
324.1
0.00
42.00
51.90
0.00
16.1
33.00
68.00
33.00
0.00
634.40
130.00
626.40
130.00
1261.00
Rate of Return
10.5 %
6.09 %
18.62 %
The financial analysis conducted during inception of project as per the DPR prepared by APTDC (A
Government of Andhra Pradesh venture) has been presented to DOE. The financial analysis shows that
even during inception project IRR without CDM was 9.75% i.e. below the benchmark rate of 10.5%. Only
with CDM revenue was the project able to achieve a reasonable return of 14.9%.
Though the project has not been implemented as per the configuration specified in the DPR, the DPR
clearly proves that CDM benefit was critical even during the inception of the project.
As shown above, the project IRR is much below the benchmark expected and only with CDM revenues the
project will achieve the required benchmark. Thus, successful CDM registration of this project activity is
imperative to make it financially attractive.
Sub-step 2d. Sensitivity analysis
The purpose of sensitivity analysis is to examine whether the conclusion regarding the financial viability
of the proposed project is sound and tenable with those reasonable variations in the assumptions. The
investment analysis provides a valid argument in favor of additionality only if it consistently supports (for
realistic range of assumptions) the conclusion that the project activity is unlikely to be the most financially
attractive or is likely to be financially attractive.
Thus, a sensitivity analysis was also applied to the IRR calculations to measure the impact, positive or
negative, of changes in the indicated parameters. The project proponent has chosen various factors as
critical to the operations of the project in accordance with Guidance on the Assessment of Investment
Analysis (Version- 02, paragraph- 16), which states that only variables, including the initial investment
cost, that constitute more than 20% of either total project costs or total project revenues should be
subjected to reasonable variation.
These factors were subjected to 10% variation on either side, to ascertain the impact on the profitability
and hence, the IRR of the project. The results of the sensitivity analysis are as presented below:
Sensitivity parameter
Cost of RDF Plant
Cost of Compost Plant
Cost of Power Plant
PLF
Electricity Revenue
Compost Revenue
O&M Compost
O&M RDF
O&M Power plant
Total Project Cost
Total O&M Cost
Total Revenue
Thus, the sensitivity analysis for the project clearly reveals that even with subjecting the key parameters
to significant changes, the project IRR does not cross benchmark rate. The parameter variations, at which
IRR crossing the benchmark rate is provided below.
Sensitivity parameter
Cost of RDF Plant
Cost of Compost Plant
Cost of Power Plant
PLF
Electricity Revenue
Compost Revenue
O&M Compost
O&M RDF
O&M Power plant
Total Project Cost
Total O&M Cost
Total Revenue
The project activity crosses the benchmark in the above scenarios. However, the same is considered not
possible for the following reasons:
Cost of RDF Plants - The possibility of reduction in cost of RDF plants by -115% is not realistic since
more than 100% reduction means cost is zero and no RDF plant is constructed which is not possible.
Cost of Compost Plants - The possibility of reduction in cost of compost plants by -105% is not realistic
since more than 100% reduction means cost is zero and no compost plant is constructed which is not
possible.
Cost of Power Plant - The possibility of reduction in cost of power plant by -93% is not realistic since
more than 90% reduction means almost negligible cost and no power plant is constructed which is not
possible.
PLF The PLF of the project has been determined by EPC contractor based on the plant design and
specifications. The project activity considered the maximum PLF achievable as 80%. As per APERC
tariff order 2004 & 2009, the threshold PLF achievable for biomass project is taken at 80%. Biomass fuel,
being superior and having high calorific value (also permitted as supplementary fuel) than RDF, the
threshold limit for biomass project is still considered as 80% only. Hence, consideration of 80% PLF for
RDF based power project is reasonable. Moreover, in a similar plant in India in the same state SESL 6
MW Municipal Solid Waste Based Power Project at Vijayawada & Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 37 (also
registered CDM Project) 4 year average PLF is 28%. Maximum PLF was achieved in 2004 as 47.71%
after which the PLF has shown a decreasing trend. The best PLF of the plant was witnessed in January
2005 with a PLF of 91%. However in the year 2005, the PLF was only 42%. Expecting a average PLF in
excess of 91% for a period of 20 years is not a realistic.
37
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/SGS-UKL1171644490.79/view
Sales income Electricity The electricity tariff considered for the project is based on the PPA entered
with the purchasers. However, the escalation in the tariff considered for the project from third year
onwards is 5%, which is conservative, even as per the escalations considered by the APERC. The
maximum escalation observed for MSW based power projects in the state since 2004 was only 5% 38 and
hence, the same is realistic. The increase in sales income or tariff by 14%, is hence, not a possible
scenario.
Sales income compost In case of sales income, the situation and barriers faced by Indian MSW based
compost units in the past is worth noting. Most of the MSW based compost units in India have faced
severe barriers in acceptability of waste based compost and hence, marketing and sale of the same is
found to be difficult. As a result, many of the compost units have been shutdown 39. Under these
experiences and circumstances, successful marketing and sale of total compost produced to the
farmers/users is a challenge. Moreover the yield of compost has been taken as 20% which is conservative
considering the existing similar plants40 have reported a yield of 9% and 14%. Hence, increase in the
compost price and production by 28% is not expected.
O&M Cost: Compost The O&M considered for the project activity is based on the minimum
requirements for running smooth operations for the composting facilities. 35% decrease in O&M Cost
would mean substantial underutilisation in capacity which would affect composting revenue and hence
not a reasonable option for PP.
O&M Cost: RDF Processing facilities The O&M considered for the project activity is based on the
minimum requirements for running smooth operations for the RDF processing facilities. 35% decrease in
O&M Cost would mean substantial underutilisation in capacity which would affect supply of RDF to
power plant thereby effecting the performance of power plant as well and hence not a reasonable option
for PP.
O&M Cost: Power Plant The O&M considered for the project activity is based on the minimum
requirements for running smooth operations for the power plant. 51% decrease in O&M Cost would mean
substantial underutilisation in capacity which would affect revenue from sale of electricity and hence not
a reasonable option for PP.
Total Project Cost: the total project cost has been worked out based on the requirements for setting up a
integrated MSW processing facility and a RDF based power plant. Decrease in project cost for all the
facilities (RDF Processing, composting and power plant) by 27% simultaneously is not a realistic scenario
since the infrastructure would not be complete and thus project will not be able to operate.
Total O&M Cost: total O&M cost comprises of O&M for RDF all processing plants, composting plants
and power plant. The project remains additional upto 11% decrease in total O&M cost. However, such a
increase is not possible since simultaneous decrease in all the parameters in O&M like fuel cost, power
cost, packaging, manpower cost, plant repair and maintenance for all the plants and power plant is not
38
39
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/RWTUV1239793328.54/view
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/RWTUV1238763879.05/view
realistic. Moreover, such decrease in all parameters together would mean that project is not operating
properly and thus would also have a negative impact on project revenue stream.
Total revenues: total revenue includes revenue from electricity sale, compost sale and ash sale. The
project crosses benchmark after 9% increase in all the revenue streams together, however such a increase
is not possible since the revenue has been worked out based on best plant operation conditions and further
increase in revenue in all streams together would mean increase in O&M cost as well for composting
facilities, RDF processing facilities and power plant which means that the revenue stream contains three
sources of revenue viz electricity revenue, compost revenue and revenue from sale of ash. Simultaneous
increase would mean overutilization of the project and thus increase in operation and maintenance cost as
well. Thus this scenario is not a realistic one.
In conclusion, the above description clearly demonstrates that the possibility of such extreme variations in
the key parameters is unlikely and hence, the project sensitivity analysis is robust and clearly
demonstrates project additionality.
Therefore, the project activity is clearly additional and is not a businessasusual scenario. The project
can become financially attractive only with the CDM benefit.
Hence project activity (M1+P1) cannot be a baseline scenario.
There are only two MSW to power projects which are operational in India as listed in Appendix 1.
However both the projects have applied for CDM benefits and thus not considered in common practice
analysis.
In accordance with Appendix 1; the total number of waste processing plants in India in the capacity range
of 700-2100 is 341. However, only two of them are integrated facilities which have already applied for
CDM benefits as shown in Appendix 1. Thus Nall = 1
Step 3: Within plants identified in Step 2, identify those that apply technologies different that the
technology applied in the proposed project activity. Note their number Ndiff
The total number of waste processing plants in India in the capacity range of 700-2100 is 3, however only
two are integrated facilities similar to the project activity which have also applied for CDM benefits. Thus
Ndiff = 1
Step 4: Calculate factor F=1-Ndiff/Nall representing the share of plants using technology similar to the
technology used in the proposed project activity in all plants that deliver the same output or capacity as
the proposed project activity.
F=1-Ndiff/Nall
=1- 1/1
=0
The proposed project activity is a common practice within a sector in the applicable geographical area if
the factor F is greater than 0.2 and Nall-Ndiff is greater than 3.
Since the factor F is 0 and Nall-Ndiff is also less than 3, hence the proposed project activity is not a Common
Practice.
From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the proposed project activity is not common practice and
faces prohibitive barrier. Hence the project passed step 4.
CDM prior consideration:
As per Guidelines on the demonstration and assessment of prior consideration of the CDM42
A. Project activities with a starting date on or after 02 August 2008, the project participant must
inform a Host Party DNA and the UNFCCC secretariat in writing of the commencement of the
project activity and of their intention to seek CDM status. Such notification must be made within
six months of the project activity start date.
B. For project with start date prior to 2nd August 2008, the project participant must indicate, by
41
http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/Sustainable%20Solid%20Waste%20Management%20in%20India_
Final.pdf
42
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Guidclarif/reg/reg_guid04.pdf
means of reliable evidence, that continuing and real actions were taken to secure CDM status for
the project in parallel with its implementation. Evidence to support this should include, inter alia,
contracts with consultants for CDM/PDD/methodology services, Emission Reduction Purchase
Agreements or other documentation related to the sale of the potential CERs (including
correspondence with multilateral financial institutions or carbon funds), evidence of agreements or
negotiations with a DOE for validation services, submission of a new methodology to the CDM
Executive Board, publication in newspaper, interviews with DNA, earlier correspondence on the
project with the DNA or the UNFCCC secretariat.
The guidance further states that in validating proposed CDM project activities where:
i.
ii.
iii.
There is less than 2 years of a gap between the documented evidence the DOE shall conclude that
continuing and real actions were taken to secure CDM status for the project activity;
the gap between documented evidence is greater than 2 years and less than 3 years, the DOE may
validate that continuing and real actions were taken to secure CDM status for the project activity
and shall justify any positive or negative validation opinion based on the context of the evidence
and information assessed;
the gap between documented evidence is greater than 3 years, the DOE shall conclude that
continuing and real actions were not taken to secure CDM status for the project activity.
Date
20/06/2008
11/07/2008
12/09/2008
17/11/2008
03/01/2009
11/03/2009
02/05/2009
19/06/2009
21/08/2009
The project activity with a start date 11 July 2008 fulfills condition B as the project has seriously
considered CDM in the project decisions and is the key factor in investment decisions. As mentioned
above, the project proponent has been taking continuous measures to achieve CDM registration of the
project including submitting a prior consideration form to UNFCCC within a time frame of 6 months from
the start date of project activity and the chronology of real actions have been provided clearly evidencing
the same in the above table.
The project activity was initially envisaged as a 10 MW project and obtained clearances for the same
capacity only. Though, the project envisaged initially as 10 MW, the financial feasibility of the project
was clearly uncertain and the project proponent has seriously considered CDM, in order to proceed with
the project. However, considering the high risk involved and low returns from the project activity and
marginal difference in the cost of equipment for 10 MW and 12 MW, the project proponent has decided
to take the project as 12 MW during conceptualization stage. Since then, the PP has initiated the
necessary actions to obtain license and approvals for the 12 MW project. Envisaging the sanction of 12
MW license, the project proponent has designed the project facility accordingly. However, the initial
investment decisions of the project have not considered the composting activities as part of the project.
After realizing that the significant CDM revenue from the project activity is through treatment of organic
waste (apart from RDF production and power generation), which is critical to ensure project viability, the
project proponents have changed the complete design of the project to integrated solid waste management
facility, including composting units. A board decision has been taken to proceed with the same and ensure
project financial viability in 17/01/2011. As the complete design of the project has been changed, the
latest investment decision of the project proponent is more relevant in the project context. Though, the
power plant has obtained loan and has been commissioned, the project activity is still under
implementation, divided in phase wise manner (provided under investment analysis). The integrated
treatment facility with all the components proposed under the project, with actual cost of the phase I and
proposed cost of phase II, forms the basis for the investment decision for the complete project and is
crucial in project implementation. During the preparation of the DPR for the integrated facility, phase I
and II costs are considered and financial viability has been assessed, which still indicates the CDM
revenues are vital in project viability. Hence, The Phase I & II together form the integrated facility for
MSW waste management and power generation.
In line with the expectations, the project has obtained necessary, G.Os, licenses and approvals for
enhancement of power plant capacity to 12 MW as listed below:
Proceedings of Non-conventional Energy Development Corporation of A.P Ltd. (NEDCAP) dated 25
January 2011 on enhancement of capacity from 10 to 12 MW
Agreement dated 1 February 2011 between NEDCAP and Shalivahana.
Chief Electrical Inspector Approval dated 1 March 2011
Consent for Establishment from PCB for 12 MW dated 7 July 2011
and is under process for implementation of composting facilities. The CDM activities have been inline
and continuous actions are ensured to achieve the registration of the project. Supporting documents for
the above decisions and chronology are provided to DoE.
Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that the project activity considered here is additional and
would not have occurred without CDM revenues.
B.6.
Emission reductions:
( 1)
Where:
PEy
PEelec,y
PEfuel, on-site,y
PEc,y
PEa,y
PEg,y
PEr,y
PEi,y
PEw,y
PEco-firing,y
The project activity involves composting & RDF processing along with generation of electricity from
RDF produced. However, the project may also include biomass and coal consumption in case of
emergency. Therefore the above equation becomes:
PEy
PEy
PEelec,y
PEfuel, on-site,y
PEc,y
PEr,y
PEco-firing,y
(2)
CEFelec
EGPJ,FF,y * CEFelec
(3)
Is the amount of electricity generated in an on-site fossil fuel fired power plant or
consumed from the grid as a result of the project activity, measured using an electricity
meters (MWh) at each of the processing facility separately
Is the carbon emissions factor for electricity consumed in the project activity
(tCO2e/MWh)
fuels need to be added into incinerator etc.). Emissions are calculated from the quantity of fuel used and
the specific CO2-emission factor of the fuel, as follows:
PEfuel,on-site,y
Where:
PEfuel,on-site,y
Fcons,y
NCVfuel
EFfuel
(4)
= Is the CO2 emissions due to on-site fuel (diesel) combustion in year y (tCO2)
= Is the fuel consumption on site in year y (liters or kg)
= Is the net caloric value of the fuel (MJ/l or MJ/kg)
= Is the CO2 emissions factor of the fuel (tCO2/MJ)
As per methodology project participants may use IPCC default values for the net calorific values and CO 2
emission factors used for ex-ante estimation of emission reductions, as there are no country specific or
local values available. However, the same will be monitored ex-post and used in emission reduction
estimates.
Emissions from composting (PEc,y)
PEc,y
Where:
PEc,N2O,y
PEc,CH4,y
PEc,N2O,y + PEc,CH4,y
(5)
N2O emissions
The N2O emissions from composting are calculated as follows 43:
PEc,N2O,y =
(6)
Where:
PEc,N2O,y
Mcompost,y
EFc,N2O
GWPN2O
Based on these values, default emission factor of 0.043 kg N2O per tonne of compost for EFc,N2O is used.
CH4 emissions
During the composting process, pockets of anaerobic conditions isolated areas in the composting heap
where oxygen concentrations are so low that the biodegradation process turns anaerobic may occur. The
emission behaviour of such pockets is comparable to the anaerobic situation in a landfill. This is a
potential emission source for methane similar to anaerobic conditions which occur in unmanaged
landfills. Through pre-determined sampling procedures, the percentage of waste that degrades under
43
Assuming 650 kg dry matter per ton of compost and 42 mg N2O-N, and given the molecular relation of 44/28 for
N2O-N, an emission factor of 0.043 kg N2O / tonne compost results.
anaerobic conditions can be determined. Using this percentage, project methane emissions from
composting is calculated as follows:
PEc,CH4,y =
Where:
PEc,CH4,y
Sa,y
MBcompost,y
MBcompost,y * Sa,y
(7)
Is the project methane emissions due to anaerobic conditions in the composting process
in year y (tCO2e)
Is the share of waste that degrades under anaerobic conditions in the composting plant
during the year y (%)
Is the quantity of methane that would be produced in the landfill in the absence of the
composting activity in year y (tCO2). MBcompost,y is estimated by multiplying MBy
estimated from equation 23 of the methodology by the fraction of waste diverted, from
the landfill to the composting activity (fc) relative to the total waste diverted from the
landfill to all project activities.
Where:
BECH4,SWDS,y = Is the methane generation from the landfill in the absence of the project activity at year y
that is methane emissions avoided during the year y from preventing waste disposal at the
solid waste disposal site during the period from the start of the project activity to the end
of the year y (tCO2e) as calculated in the .Tool to determine methane emissions avoided
from disposal of waste at a solid waste disposal site. The tool estimates methane
generation adjusted for, using adjustment factor (f), any landfill gas in the baseline that
would have been captured and destroyed to comply with relevant regulations or
contractual requirements, or to address safety and odor concerns. As this is already
accounted for in equation 19, in this methodology, .f. in the tool shall be assigned a value
0.
Calculation of Sa,y
To determine the oxygen content during the process, oxygen content will be measured according to a
predetermined sampling scheme and frequency. The percentage of the measurements that show oxygen
content below 10% is presumed to be equal to the share of waste that degrades under anaerobic conditions
(i.e. that degrades as if it were landfilled); hence the emissions caused by this share are calculated as
project emissions ex-post on an annual basis (Eq. 7 of AM0025, version 12):
S a,y
Where:
SOD,y
Stotal,y
S OD,y / Stotal,y
(8)
Is the number of samples per year with an oxygen deficiency (i.e. oxygen content below
10%)
Is the total number of samples taken per year, where S total,y should be chosen in a manner
that ensures the estimation of Sa,y with 20% uncertainty at a 95% confidence level
The produced compost would be used as soil conditioner. The soil application would be monitored as per
the provisions of the monitoring methodology to ensure that it is not eventually disposed of in landfills.
PEr,f,y + PE r,s,y
(9)
= Is the fossil-based waste CO2 emissions from RDF combustion in year y (tCO2e)
= Is the N2O and CH4 emissions from the final stacks from RDF combustion in year y
(tCO2e)
(10)
Where:
PEr,f,y
Ai
CCWi
FCFi
EF
44/12
Emissions from RDF combustion were estimated from given option; option 2 was chosen and given
below:
(11)
Where:
Qbiomass,y
EFN2O
EFCH4
GWPN2O
GWPCH4
Default emission factor are chosen from section 5.4.2 and 5.4.3 of chapter 5, volume 5 of IPCC 2006
guidelines
Emissions from thermal energy generation/electricity generation (from on-site fossil fuel consumption
44
Where:
PEco-firing,y
Fcofiring,y
NCVfossilfuel
EFfossilfuel
Baseline emissions
To calculate the baseline emissions project participants shall use the following equation:
BEy
Where:
BEy
MBy
(12)
MDreg,y
BEEN,y
MBy * AF
Where:
AF
(13)
In cases where regulatory or contractual requirements do not specify MD reg,y, an Adjustment Factor (AF)
shall be used and justified, taking into account the project context.
The parameter AF is estimated as follows:
In cases where a specific system for collection and destruction of methane is mandated by
regulatory or contractual requirements, the ration between the destruction efficiency of that
system and the destruction efficiency of the system used in the project activity is used.
In cases where a specific percentage of the generated amount of methane to be collected and
destroyed is specified in the contract or mandated by the regulation, this percentage divided by an
assumed efficiency for the collection and destruction system used in the project activity is used.
The Adjustment Factor shall be revised at the start of each new crediting period taking into account the
amount of GHG flaring that occurs as part of common industry practice and/or regulation at that point in
future.
None of the above case applies for this project activity, hence Adjustment Factor is considered as zero,
resulting in MD reg, y = 0. Thus equation 13 becomes
BEy
MBy + BEEN, y
(14)
Rate of compliance
In cases where there are regulations that mandate the use of one of the project activity treatment options
and which is not being enforced, the baseline scenario is identified as a gradual improvement of waste
management practices to the acceptable technical options expected over a period of time to comply with
the MSW Management Rules. The adjusted baseline emissions (BEy,a) are calculated as follows:
(15)
Where:
BEy
= Is the CO2-equivalent emissions as determined from equation (15)
RATECompliance,y = Is the state-level compliance rate of the MSW Management Rules in that year y. The
compliance rate shall be lower than 50%; if it exceeds 50% the project activity shall
receive no further credit
The compliance ratio RATECompliancey shall be monitored ex post based on the official reports from Central
pollution control board (CPCB), Andhra Pradesh pollution control board (APPCBs) or credible
publications by institutes in India.
Based on the CPCB Annual Report, 2008-09 published in March 2010, compliance rate to MSW rules is
0.81%45. However gradual improvement in MSW management systems is expected in the future. Still
complete compliance to MSW Rules 2000 remains a distant dream. There is no official data available
about the status of compliance to MSW Rules in the country, thus in absence of the same, a conservative
value of 10% is assumed for ex-ante estimations. However, this parameter would be monitored for expost and updated each year to calculate emission reductions.
Methane generation from the landfill in the absence of the project activity (MBy)
The amount of methane that is generated each year (MBy) is calculated as per the latest version of the
approved Tool to determine Emissions from solid waste disposal sites. The tool can be used to
determine emissions for the following types of applications:
45
Application A: The CDM project activity mitigates methane emissions from a specific existing
SWDS.
CPCB Annual Report, 2008-09
Application B: The CDM project activity avoids or involves the disposal of waste at a SWDS
Since the project activity falls under Application A, procedures given in tool for Application A have been
followed.
BECH4,SWDS,y
(16)
Where:
BECH4,SWDS,y = Is the methane generation from the landfill in the absence of the project activity at year y,
calculated as per the Tool to determine methane emissions avoided from disposal of
waste at a solid waste disposal site. The tool estimates methane generation adjusted for,
using adjustment factor (f) any landfill gas in the baseline that would have been captured
and destroyed to comply with relevant regulations or contractual requirements, or to
address safety and odour concerns. As this is already accounted for in equation 10, f in
the tool shall be assigned a value 0.
The amount of methane that is generated each year (BECH4,SWDS,y, tCO2e) is calculated for each year with
the recommended multi-phase model, the First Order Decay (FOD) model. The amount of methane
produced in the year y is calculated as follows:
BECH4,SWDS,y
=
(17)
The amount of organic waste prevented from disposal in the SWDS (Wj,x) in a particular year is
substituted by Aj,x. Where different waste types j are prevented from disposal, the amount of different
waste types (Aj,x) is determined through sampling and the mean is calculated from the samples, as
follows:
Thus,
Aj,x
(18)
Where:
Aj,x
Wx
pn,j,x
z
Amount of organic waste type j prevented from disposal in the SWDS in year x
(tonnes/year), this value to be used to substitute variable Wj,x in the Tool to determine
methane emissions avoided from disposal of waste at a solid waste disposal site.
Total amount of waste prevented from disposal in year x (tonnes)
Weight fraction of the waste type j in the sample n collected during the year x
Number of samples collected during year x
Application A
Application B
Humid/wet conditions
0.75
0.85
Dry conditions
0.75
0.80
Option 2: Determine y based on specific situation of the project activity: Undertake an uncertainty
analysis for the specific situation of the proposed project activity.
Option 1 has been selected for the project activity.
Determining the amounts of waste types j disposed in the SWDS (Wj,x or Wj,i)
Where different waste types j are disposed or prevented from disposal in the SWDS (for example, in the
case of MSW), it is necessary to determine the amount of different waste types (W j,x or Wj,i). In the case
that only one type of waste is disposed (for example, in the case of a residual waste), then Wj,x = Wx and
Wj,i = Wi and the following procedures do not need to be applied (e.g. waste sampling is not required)
Application B
Determine the amount of different waste types through sampling and calculate the mean from the samples
using following equation to determine the value of Wj,x for the yearly model as follows:
(19)
Where:
Wj,x
Amount of solid waste type j disposed or prevented from disposal in the SWDS in
the year x (t)
Wx
=
Total amount of solid waste disposed or prevented from disposal in the SWDS in
year x (t)
pn,j,x
=
Average fraction of the waste type j in the waste in year x (weight fraction)
j
=
Types of solid waste
x
= Years in the time period for which waste is disposed at the SWDS, extending from the first
year in the time period (x = 1) to year y (x = y)
The fraction of the waste type j in the waste for the year x are calculated according to following equation
as follows:
(20)
Where:
pj,x
= Average fraction of the waste type j in the waste in year x (weight fraction)
pn,j,x
= Fraction of the waste type j in the sample n collected during the year x (weight fraction)
zx
= Number of samples collected during the year x
n
= Samples collected in year x
j
= Types of solid waste
x
= Years in the time period for which waste is disposed at the SWDS, extending from the first
year in the time period (x = 1) to year y (x = y)
Application B
In the case that the tool is applied to MSW, then project participants may choose to either apply a default
value (DOCf,y = DOCf,default) or to determine DOCf,y or DOCf,m based on measurements of the biochemical
methane potential of the MSW
PP has selected to apply the default value given in the tool.
Application B
In case of a water table above the bottom of the SWDS (for example, due to using waste to fill inland
water bodies, such as ponds, rivers or wetlands), the MCF should be determined as follows:
In other situations, the MCF should be selected as a default value (MCF y = MCFdefault).
Since the water table is not above the SWDS in any of the SWDS included in the project activity, MCF
would be applied as MCFdefault.
BEthermal,y
Since no thermal energy production is involved, baseline emissions from it (BE thermal,y), are not considered
thus reducing the reaction to
(20)
Where:
BEelec,y =
Is the baseline emissions from electricity generated utilizing the RDF in the project
activity and exported to the grid or displacing onsite/offsite fossil fuel captive power plant
(tCO2e)
(21)
Where:
EGd,y = Is the amount of electricity generated utilizing the RDF in the project activity and exported to the
grid during the year y (MWh)
CEFd = Is the carbon emissions factor for the displaced electricity source in the project scenario
(tCO2/MWh)
Determination of CEFd
In case the generated electricity from the RDF displaces electricity that would have been generated by
other power plants in the grid in the baseline, CEFd has been calculated according to the Tool to
calculate the emission factor for an electricity system. Published data from CEA 46 version 6 is used to
arrive at this conservative value.
Calculation of Baseline Emission Factor
As per approved methodology AM0025, the baseline emission factor for a grid system has to be
calculated as per Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system
According to the latest version of Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system, version
02.2.1, project proponent shall apply the following six steps;
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Central Electricity Authority (CEA) (which is an official source of Ministry of Power, Government of
India) have worked out baseline emission factors for two grids in India and made them publicly available
in the form of CO2 Baseline Database dated March 2011, version 6 at
http://www.cea.nic.in/planning/c%20and%20e/government%20of%20india%20website.htm
The emission factor of the grid for the ex-ante approach is calculated in the following manner:
Step 1: Identify the relevant electricity system
The Indian electricity system is divided into two power grids, viz; North- East- West- North-East
(NEWNE) and Southern grid.
Geographical scope of the two electricity grids 47
Northern
Chandigarh
Delhi
Haryana
Himachal
Pradesh
Jammu &
Kashmir
Punjab
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
46
47
NEWNE Grid
Eastern
Western
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand
Gujarat
Orissa
Daman & Diu
West Bengal
Dadar & Nagar
Sikkim
Haveli
AndamanMadhya Pradesh
Nicobar
Maharashtra
Goa
North-Eastern
Arunachal
Pradesh
Assam
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Tripura
Southern Grid
Southern
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Pondicherry
Lakshadweep
http://www.cea.nic.in/planning/c%20and%20e/Government%20of%20India%20website.htm
http://www.cea.nic.in/planning/c%20and%20e/government%20of%20india%20website.htm
Uttarakhand
The project activity thus falls under the Southern regional grid. The baseline emission factor (including
Imports) of Southern grid published by CEA is considered for calculation of emission reductions due to
displacement of electricity in accordance with the baseline methodology of Tool to calculate the
emission factor for an electricity system.
Step 2: Choose whether to include off-grid power plants in the project electricity system
According to the tool, the following two options are available to calculate the operating margin and build
margin emission factor:
Option I: Only grid power plants are included in the calculation
Option II: Both grid power plants and off-grid power plants are included in the calculation
In the host country, the electricity grid being considered, i.e. Southern grid, is both reliable and stable.
Hence the off-grid power generation is not significant. Therefore the project proponent has considered
Option I for calculation of operating margin and build margin emission factor.
Simple OM, or
Simple adjusted OM, or
Dispatch data analysis OM, or
Average OM.
As observed in the CEA database, Version 6, less than 20% of grid energy is provided by the low cost/
must-run power sources (hydro/ nuclear power)48, hence project proponent has chosen to calculate Simple
OM. For the simple OM, the simple adjusted OM and the average OM, the emissions factor can be
calculated using either of the two following data vintages:
Ex ante option: If the ex-ante option is chosen, the emission factor is determined once at the
validation stage, thus no monitoring and recalculation of the emissions factor during the
crediting period is required. For grid power plants, use a 3-year generation-weighted average,
based on the most recent data available at the time of submission of the CDM-PDD to the
DOE for validation.
Ex post option: If the ex-post option is chosen, the emission factor is determined for the year
in which the project activity displaces grid electricity, requiring the emissions factor to be
updated annually during monitoring. If the data required calculating the emission factor for
year y is usually only available later than six months after the end of year y, alternatively the
48
http://www.cea.nic.in/planning/c%20and%20e/government%20of%20india%20website.htm
emission factor of the previous year y-1 may be used. If the data is usually only available 18
months after the end of year y, the emission factor of the year preceding the previous year y2 may be used. The same data vintage (y, y-1 or y-2) should be used throughout all crediting
periods.
The project proponent has chosen an ex-post approach for the calculation using data calculated by Central
Electricity Authority (CEA) in their CO2 baseline database Version 6.0, March 2011.
Step 4: Calculation of the Operating Margin emission factor (EFOM,y)
Simple OM method
The simple OM emission factor is calculated as the generation-weighted average CO2 emissions per unit
net electricity generation (tCO2/MWh) of all generating power plants serving the system, not including
low-cost/must-run power plants/units.
The simple OM may be calculated:
Option A: Based on the net electricity generation and a CO 2 emission factor of each power
unit; or
Option B: Based on the total net electricity generation of all power plants serving the system
and the fuel types and total fuel consumption of the project electricity system.
Option B can only be used if:
Where:
EFgrid,OM simple, y
FCi,y
NCVi,y
EFco2,i,y
EGy
i
y
The operating margin emission factor has been calculated using CEA database49:
Simple Operating Margin
(tCO2/MWh) (incl. Imports)
Southern region grid
2009-10
0.9415
Step 5 Identify the group of power units to be included in the build margin (BM)
As per the tool, the sample group of power units m used to calculate the build margin consists of either:
(a) The set of five power units that have been built most recently, or
(b) The set of power capacity additions in the electricity system that comprise 20% of the system
generation (in MWh) and that have been built most recently
Project participants should use the set of power units that comprises the larger annual generation.
Accordingly, the CEA database calculates the build margin consists of the power plant capacity additions
in the electricity system that comprise 20% of the system generation (in MWh) and that have been built
most recently as this sample group comprises larger annual generation than the generation of the sample
group m consisting of the five power plants that have been built most recently.
In terms of vintage of data, project participants can choose between one of the following two options:
Option 1: For the first crediting period, calculate the build margin emission factor ex ante
based on the most recent information available on units already built for sample group m at
the time of CDM-PDD submission to the DOE for validation. For the second crediting
period, the build margin emission factor should be updated based on the most recent
information available on units already built at the time of submission of the request for
renewal of the crediting period to the DOE. For the third crediting period, the build margin
emission factor calculated for the second crediting period should be used. This option does
not require monitoring the emission factor during the crediting period.
Option 2: For the first crediting period, the build margin emission factor shall be updated
annually, ex post, including those units built up to the year of registration of the project
activity or, if information up to the year of registration is not yet available, including those
units built up to the latest year for which information is available. For the second crediting
period, the build margin emissions factor shall be calculated ex ante, as described in Option 1
49
http://www.cea.nic.in/planning/c%20and%20e/government%20of%20india%20website.htm
above. For the third crediting period, the build margin emission factor calculated for the
second crediting period should be used.
Option 1 is chosen to calculate the build margin emission factor for the project activity. BM is calculated
ex-ante based on the most recent information available at the time of submission of PDD and is fixed for
the entire crediting period.
Step 6: Calculation of the Build Margin Emission Factor EFBM,y
The Build margin emission factor has been calculated ex-ante based on the most recent information
available on plants already built for sample group m at the time of PDD submission. The sample group m
consists of the power plant capacity additions in the electricity system that comprise 20% of the system
generation (in MWh) and that have been built most recently as this sample group comprises larger annual
generation than the generation of the sample group m consisting of the five power plants that have been
built most recently.
The value for BM is taken from Central Electricity Authority (CEA) CO 2 baseline database Version 6.0,
March 201150
Build Margin (tCO2/MWh)
Southern region grid
2009-10
0.7634
Grid
Southern region grid
50
Simple
Operating
Margin
(tCO2/MWh)
0.9415
Build Margin
(tCO2/MWh)
0.7634
Combined
Margin
(tCO2/MWh)
0.8525
http://www.cea.nic.in/planning/c%20and%20e/government%20of%20india%20website.htm
In the event supplementary fuel (biomass) is used, the baseline emissions would be calculated for the
same using AMS-I.D, version 17 as follows:
(22)
Where:
BEy:
EGBL, y:
EF CO2, grid, y:
Where:
Lt,y
Lr,y
(23)
Li,y
Ls,y
Since the project activity does not include the use of MSW incinerator, the above equation becomes:
Ly
(24)
http://www.cea.nic.in/planning/c%20and%20e/Government%20of%20India%20website.htm
CDM-PDD: an overview of collection points from where the waste will be collected, their approximate
distance (in km) to the treatment facility, existing landfills and their approximate distance (in km) to the
nearest end-user.
The project activity has three processing facilities proposed with RDF and compost production and one
power plant generating electricity based on RDF combustion. As the waste collection from the municipal
areas is not under the control of project participants, same is not considered. The distance from each of
the processing facilities to the power plant, where RDF is used is provided below:
The emissions are calculated from the quantity of fuel (diesel) used and the specific CO 2 emission factor
of the fuel (diesel):
(25)
Where:
NOvehicles,i,y
DTi,y
VF cons,I
NCVfuel
Dfuel
EFfuel
Emissions from residual waste from processing/combustion of RDF and compost in case it is
disposed of in landfills (Lr,y)
Since the waste will be separated in first stage for composting and RDF, the emissions from residual
waste from combustion of RDF in this case would be considered. In case the RDF residue waste or
Compost is delivered to a landfill, CH4 emissions are estimated through the following equation using
estimated weights of each waste type (Aci,x).
Lr,y
BECH4,SWDS,y
(26)
BECH4,SWDS,y can be determined using equation 15 where estimated weights of each waste type (A,i,x)
would be considered instead of variable Wj,x.
While calculating the ex-ante emissions for this project activity, the compost delivered to the landfill is
considered as zero. Also for ex-ante estimations, the residual waste is taken as 100% inerts. Hence L r,y =0.
The value of Lr,y will be monitored ex-post and used in determination of the emissions during the
monitoring period using the above equation.
Off-site Emissions from end use of the RDF/stabilized biomass (Ls.y)
There is no production or usage of stabilized biomass in the project activity. The project envisages the
complete use of the RDF generated from the processing facilities. In case, during the monitoring period,
any such off-site usage observed, leakage emissions will be accounted for as follows:
Quantities of different types of waste input (Aj,x) to the RDF/biomass processing should be adjusted by an
annual adjustment factor SAy as follows:
As,j,x
SAy * Aj,x
(27)
SAy
{Rn/Rt}
(28)
Where:
SAy
Rn
Rt
For ex-ante estimations for this project activity, the weight of RDF sold offsite is considered as zero.
Hence Ls,y =0. The value of L s,y will be calculated during determination of the ex-post emissions using the
above equation.
Emission Reductions
To calculate the emission reductions the project participant shall apply the following equation:
ERy
Where:
ERy
BEy
PEy
Ly
BEy PEy Ly
(29)
If the sum of PE y and Ly is smaller than 1% of BE y in the first full operation year of a crediting period, the
project participants may assume a fixed percentage of 1% for PE y and Ly combined for the remaining
years of the crediting period.
B.6.2. Data and parameters that are available at validation:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
Value applied:
Justification of the choice
of data or description of
measurement methods
and procedures actually
applied :
Any comment:
EFc,N2O
tN2O/tonne of compost
Emission factor for N2O emissions from the composting process
Approved baseline methodology AM0025, version 12
0.000043
Default value of 0.043 kg-N2O/ t-compost is taken after Schenk et al,
1997 as given in approved methodology AM0025, version 12.
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
MCFdefault
Unitless
Methane conversion factor
Emissions from solid waste disposal sites, Version 06.0.0 which is
based on IPCC 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories, volume 5, Table 3.1, p. 3.14
0.8
As stated in the DPR, the waste disposed at the Karimnagar, Nizamabad
and Ramagundam site was a controlled placement of waste with
compaction and levelling being done and was managed by the Municipal
Administration & Urban Department (MA&UD), thus a value of 1 is
applicable. However as detailed in DPR, height of waste deposited at the
disposal sites is more than 5 m, thus to be conservative, a value of 0.8 is
chosen.
The value considered based on the guidance provided in the Emissions
from solid waste disposal sites
Value applied:
Justification of the choice
of data or description of
measurement methods
and procedures actually
applied :
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
Value applied:
Justification of the choice
of data or description of
measurement methods
Unitless
Model corrections factor to account for model uncertainties
Emissions from solid waste disposal site, Version 06.0.0
0.8 (for Nizamabad)
0.85 (for Karimnagar and Ramagundam)
As per value proposed in Emissions from solid waste disposal siteversion 06.0.0
Application A
Application B
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
Value applied:
Justification of the choice
of data or description of
measurement methods
and procedures actually
applied :
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
Value applied:
Justification of the choice
of data or description of
measurement methods
and procedures actually
applied :
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
Humid/wet
conditions
0.75
0.85
Dry conditions
0.75
0.80
OX
Unitless
Oxidation factor (reflecting the amount of methane from SWDS that is
oxidized in the soil or other material covering the waste)
Based on an extensive review of published literature on this subject,
including the IPCC 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
0.1
When methane passes through the top-layer, part of it is oxidized by
methanotrophic bacteria to produce CO2. The oxidation factor represents
the proportion of methane that is oxidized to CO 2 This should be
distinguished from the methane correction factor (MCF) which is to
account for the situation that ambient air might intrude into the SWDS
and prevent methane from being formed in the upper layer of SWDS
-
DOCf,default
weight fraction
Default value for fraction of degradable organic carbon (DOC) in MSW
that decomposes in the SWDS
Emissions from solid waste disposal site, Version 06.0.0 which is
based on IPCC 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories.
0.5
IPCC 2006 default value as proposed by the tool is applied.
Value applied:
Waste Type j
Wood and wood products, A
Pulp, paper and cardboard, B
Food, food waste, beverages and tobacco, C
DOCj (%)
43%
40%
15%
Textiles, D
Garden, yard and park waste, E
Justification of the choice
of data or description of
measurement methods
and procedures actually
applied :
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
24%
20%
Wet waste values of DOCj are applied for the project. The value
considered based on the guidance provided in the Emissions from solid
waste disposal sites.
kj
Unitless
Decay rate for the waste type j
Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal Sites version 06.0.0 which is
based on IPCC 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories, Volume 5, Table 3.3.
Value applied:
Type of Waste, j
kj
Wet
(MAP>100
0 m)
0.035
0.070
Dry
(MAP<100
0 m)
0.025
0.040
0.400
0.070
0.085
0.045
0.170
0
0.065
0
The values are considered based on long term Climatological tables (30
yrs average), published by India Meteorological Department (IMD)
which gives that Mean Annual Temperature more than 20C and rainfall
of more than 1000mm for Karimnagar district and Mean Annual
Temperature more than 20C and rainfall of less than 1000mm for
Nizamabad district.
This can be further corroborated from latest data. The rainfall for the
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
Value applied:
Justification of the choice
of data or description of
measurement methods
and procedures actually
applied :
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value applied:
Justification of the choice
of data or description of
measurement methods
and procedures actually
applied :
Any comment:
F
Unitless
Fraction of methane in the SWDS gas (volume fraction)
Tool to determine methane emissions avoided from disposal of waste at
a Solid Waste Disposal Site, Version 05.1.0 which is based on IPCC
2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
0.5
The factor reflects the fact that some degradable organic carbon does not
degrade, or degrades very slowly, under anaerobic conditions in the solid
waste disposal site. A default value of 0.5 is recommended by IPCC
The value considered based on the guidance provided in the Tool to
determine methane emissions avoided from disposal of waste at a solid
waste disposal site.
f
%
Fraction of methane captured at the SWDS and flared, combusted or
used in another manner
Approved Methodology AM0025 Version 12
0
As per the approved methodology, AM0025 Version 12, f in the tool
shall be assigned a value 0. As it is already accounted for in the
methodology as Adjustment Factor and hence the parameter f has been
fixed ex-ante.
No comments.
Parameter
Values
Unit
Reference
Remarks
MBy
(Compliance
adjusted)
EGd,y
1804848
75.69
CEFd
852.5
BEEN,y
645230
t CO2 e
Meth equation
no. 24 in B.6.1
Electricity
Consumption (in kW)
Electricity Consumption
(in MWh) based on 16
hours operation and 365
days working)
437.5
2555
Source
437.5
2555
437.5
2555
55.2
322.36
55.2
322.36
55.2
322.36
1478.1
8632.1
Parameter
Description
Unit
Value
applied
Source
EG PJ,FF,y
MWh
8632.1
DPR
52
CEFCO2, grid
t CO2 / MWh
PE elec, y
t CO2
0.8525
CEA
Database
7359
Calculated
Description
Unit
Value
applied
Source
Fcons, y (L)
Litres
1523400
DPR
Kg/L
0.845
Society of
Indian
automobile
manufacturers
(SIAM)53
Calculated
Ddiesel
FCons, y (t)
1287
NCVfuel
TJ / Gg
43.3
EFfuel
Kg/TJ
74800
PE fuel, onsite, y
t CO2
4170
IPCC 2006
guidelines
IPCC 2006
guidelines
Calculated
Source
tonnes/annum
60225
DPR
kg N2O/ tonne
0.043
EF c,N2O
tonne N2O/
tonne
GWP N2O
t CO2e/ tN2O
310
PE c,N2O,y
t CO2e
803
Parameter
Description
GWP CH4
Parameter
Description
Mcompost, y
EF c,N2O
53
www.siamindia.com/scripts/Diesel.aspx
Unit
Default value
taken from
methodology
Default value
taken from
methodology
IPCC Default
value
0.000043
Unit
t CO2e/ tCH4
Calculated
Value
applied
Source
21
IPCC Default
value
S a,y
MB compost,y
PE c,CH4,y
PE c,y
Assumed for
ex-ante
estimation
Calculated as
per
methodology
tCH4
4310
t CO2e
t CO2e
803
Calculated
Fraction of
carbon content
in the waste
type I (CCWi)
Fraction of
fossil
carbon in
waste type I
(FCFi)
Combustion
efficiency for
waste type I
(Efi)
Fossil based
waste CO2
emission (ton
CO2 e/year)
Paper/cardboard
10220
0.46
0.01
172
Textiles
42413
0.50
0.20
15551
0.38
0.00
Wood
20440
0.50
0.00
71285
0.49
0.00
0.70
0.10
11242
0.67
0.20
5524
Plastics
7660
0.75
1.00
21065
0.03
1.00
Waste type i
Food Waste
Nappies
Description
Total quantity of RDF combusted
42326
Unit
Value
applied
Ton
163265
kg/Gg waste
gm/t waste
6
50.00
Constant
1.12
Constant
1.12
kg/Gg waste
6.72
gm/t waste
56.00
GWP of N2O
310.00
GWP of CH4
21.00
ton CO2
3496
Parameter
Description
Unit
Fco-firing,y
Coal consumption
tonnes
8163
NCVco-firing
TJ/Gg
25.8
EFco-firing
tCO2/TJ
96.1
PE co-firing,y
t CO2e
20240
PEy
t CO2e
783940
DT i,y
Description
Quantity of RDF
Transported
Average truck capacity
for RDF transportation
Number of vehicles for
transport
Average additional
distance travelled by
vehicle I compared to
baseline
Unit
Karimnagar
Ramagundam
Nizamabad
TPD
160
160
128
tonnes/
truck
10
10
10
16
16
13
30
35
125
km
Ddiesel
NCV fuel
EF fuel
Lt,y,RDF
km
350400
408800
1186250
Kg/Ltr.
0.845
0.845
0.845
km/Ltr.
Ltrs.
TJ / Gg
4.50
77867
43.3
4.50
90844
43.3
4.50
263611
43.3
Kg/TJ
74800
74800
74800
t CO2
213
249
721
B. Compost Transportation:
TPD
Value
applied
165
tonnes/truck
10
number/day
17
Km
200
Km
2482000
kg/Ltr.
0.845
Vehicle Efficiency
km/Ltr.
4.50
Ltrs.
TJ/Gg
551556
43.3
Kg/TJ
t CO2
74800
1510
Parameter
Description
Mcompost,y
CTcompost,y
NO
Unit
vehicles,compost,y
DT i,y
Ddiesel
NCV fuel
EF fuel
Lt,y,compost
C. Ash Transportation
Description
Unit
Mash
TPD
Value
applied
89
CTash,y
tonnes/truck
10
number/day
Parameter
NO
vehicles,ash,y
DT i,y
Ddiesel
NCVfuel
EFfuel
Lt,y,ash
Km
40
Km
262800
kg/Ltr.
0.845
Vehicle Efficiency
km/Ltr.
4.50
Ltrs.
TJ/Gg
Kg/TJ
t CO2
58400
43.3
74800
160
Description
Quantity of Biomass Transported
Average truck capacity for RDF
transportation
TPD
Value
applied
112
tonnes/truck
10
Unit
12.00
vehicles,fuel,y
DT i,y
Ddiesel
NCV fuel
EF fuel
Lt,y,biomass
Km
50
Km
438000
Kg/Ltr.
km/Ltr.
Ltrs.
TJ/Gg
Kg/TJ
0.845
4.50
97333.33
43.3
74800
t CO2
266
Parameter
Ac,i,x
CTres,y
NO
Description
Quantity of Residual Waste
Transported
Average truck capacity for residual
waste transportation
Unit
Value
applied
TPD
tonnes/truck
10
0.00
vehicles,fuel,y
DT i,y
Km
baseline
To and Fro Distance covered in a
Year
Km
Ddiesel
Kg/Ltr.
0.845
NCV fuel
EF fuel
Vehicle Efficiency
Total Fuel Consumption
Calorific value of fuel
Emission Factor of the fuel
Emission from incremental
transportation of Residual waste
km/Ltr.
Ltrs.
TJ / Gg
Kg/TJ
4.50
0.00
43.3
74800
t CO2
Unit
Value
applied
TPD
1400
tonnes/truck
10
Lt,y,residualwaste
Description
Quantity of waste processed
Wx
CTwaste,y
NO
140.00
vehicles,waste,y
DT i,y
Km
Km
Ddiesel
Kg/Ltr
0.845
NCV fuel
EF fuel
Vehicle Efficiency
Total Fuel Consumption
Calorific value of fuel
Emission Factor of the fuel
Emission from incremental
transportation of incoming waste
km/Ltr
Ltrs
TJ / Gg
Kg/TJ
4.50
0
43.3
74800
t CO2
t CO2
3119
Lt,y,waste
Ly
Biomass type
Biomass
Generation
Region
Consumption
Expected plant
consumption in
case of
emergency
Total Local
consumption
including
Project Activity
% of surplus
biomass on
local
consumption
incl. PA
MT
609653
29149
91335
41207
MT
119486
2050
40390
3530
MT
4079
2039
2039
2039
MT
123565
4089
42429
5569
%
393
613
115
640
Values
2269584
Unit
t CO2
Reference
Meth equation
no. 20 in B.6.1
PE y
783940
t CO2
Equation 1 of
B.6.1
Ly
31190
t CO2
Meth equation
no. 29
ER y
1454454
t CO2 e
Meth equation
no. 37 of B.6.1
B.6.4
Remarks
The value given is
cumulative value for the
entire 10 year crediting
period
The value given is
cumulative value for the
entire 10 year crediting
period
The value given is
cumulative value for the
entire 10 year crediting
period
The value given is
cumulative value for the
entire 10 year crediting
period
Year
Baseline
emissions
(tCO2e)
Project
emissions
(tCO2e)
Leakage
emissions
(tCO2e)
Emission
reductions
(tCO2e)
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
119617
160368
191123
214845
233559
248655
261097
271554
280499
288267
78394
78394
78394
78394
78394
78394
78394
78394
78394
78394
3119
3119
3119
3119
3119
3119
3119
3119
3119
3119
38104
78855
109610
133332
152046
167142
179584
190041
198986
206754
Total
B.7.
2269584
783940
31190
1454454
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
EG PJ,FF,y
MWh
Amount of electricity consumed from the grid as a result of the
project activity
Tri-vector meter readings at Process Units
8632
This data is taken from publicly available CEA CO2 baseline database
version 06 This is the most authentic source for India
For ex-post monitoring:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose
of
calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5:
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to
be applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose
of
calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC
applied:
procedures
to
AMSW
tonnes/year
Amount of MSW fed into the RDF combustor
Plant Records
163265
Accuracy: 10 kg
Monitoring frequency: Continuous
Recording frequency: Daily
be The weighbridge will be calibrated as per Weights & measurement Act
by Weight & Measurement Controller Department of Andhra Pradesh.
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5
Calibration : annually
Uncertainty level: low
Pn,i,y
%
Weight fraction of the waste type i in the sample collected during the
year y
Plant records, sampling /sorting / weighing
Waste type
Paper
Plastic
Wood
Garden Yard Park Waste
Food Waste
Textile
Rubber
Percentage
2.00%
1.50%
4.00%
18.60%
54.30%
8.30%
2.20%
Inert
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to
be applied:
9.10%
FCFi
Fraction
Fraction of fossil carbon in total carbon of waste type i
Laboratory measurements (IPCC for ex-ante estimations); Table 2.4,
Volume 5, Chapter 2
Waste type i
Paper/cardboard
Textiles
Food Waste
Wood
Garden and park waste
Nappies
Rubber and leather
Plastics
other, inert waste
FCFi
values
0.01
0.2
0
0
0
0.1
0.2
1
1
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
MBy
t CH4
Methane produced in the landfill in the absence of the project activity
in year y.
Calculated as per the Tool to determine methane emissions avoided
from dumping waste at a solid waste disposal site.
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
EGd,y
MWh
Amount of electricity generated by the project activity during the
year y
Source of data to be used:
Tri-vector meter readings recorded by Grid officials
Value of data applied for the 75690
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5:
Export & Import readings will be measured continuously using
Description of measurement
calibrated meters (Main meter and Check meter) installed at grid
methods and procedures to be
interface by grid officials, recorded monthly and aggregated annually.
applied:
Accuracy of Tri-vector meters : 0.2 class
QA/QC procedures to
be applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
QA/QC procedures to
be applied:
Any comment:
CEFd
tCO2MWh
Emission factor of displaced electricity by the project activity
Publicly available official data given by Central Authority of India
(CEA) as per Tool to calculate emission factor for an electricity
system.
Combined Margin : 0.8525 for Southern grid
RATE Compliance y
%
Rate of Compliance
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India/ Municipal bodies
or any authentic sources
Value of data applied for the 10
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5:
Description of measurement
According to CPCB Annual Report published in March 2010 2008methods and procedures to be
09, the compliance rate is 0.81%54. However gradual improvement in
applied:
MSW management systems is expected in the future. Still complete
compliance to MSW Rules 2000 remains a distant dream. Thus a
conservative value of 10% is assumed for ex-ante estimations.
However, this parameter would be monitored for ex-post calculations
and updated. If this parameter is monitored and published by
authentic source in the country, the same will be taken, without any
further study/assessment.
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
54
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5:
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
NO vehicles,i,y
Number
Number of Vehicles to transport RDF/ compost/ inert per year.
Counting
71
QA/QC procedures to
be applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
DTi,y
km
Average additional distance travelled by vehicle type i compared to
the baseline in year y.
Source of data to be used:
Plant records.
Value of data applied for the 50 km for waste Transport (from ULBs to Processing Plant)
purpose of calculating expected 60 km for RDF Transport (from Karimnagar - Power plant)
emission reductions in section 70 km for RDF transport (from Ramagundam - Power plant)
B.5:
250 km for RDF transport (from Nizamabad Power plant)
400 km for Compost transport - The project proponent envisages the
sale of compost with in 200 km radius from the project site and
hence, return trip distance of 400 km considered.
Similarly for ash, 40 km distance for disposal/end use envisaged and
hence, return trip distance of 80 km for Ash transport considered.
For residual waste (inerts) transportation, it has been considered as 0
km since the landfills are located adjacent to the respective
processing plants.
Description of measurement
The distance travelled by each truck for transporting RDF, compost,
methods and procedures to be
residual waste, incoming waste and ash will be recorded from the log
applied:
book of each vehicle, and will be recorded in a consolidated record
maintenance book. The values will be cross checked against the
official records and maps of the govt agencies or online sources.
Monitoring frequency: Continuous
QA/QC procedures to
be applied:
Any comment:
The distance has been measured using available maps and other
online reliable sources.
Data will be archived till 2 years after the end of crediting period
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5:
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to
be applied:
VFcons
Litre/km
Vehicle fuel consumption in liters per kilometre for vehicle type i.
Plant records
0.22 (for the purpose of ex-ante estimations, values of Road
transport service efficiency study55 for India have been considered)
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5:
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to
be applied:
55
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/PublicationsandReports/20747263/Final_versio
n03NOV2005.pdf
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5:
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to
be applied:
Any comment:
--
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5:
W,x
Tonnes/year
Total amount of waste prevented from disposal in year x (tons)
Plant Records, weighbridge
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
Karimnagar
Ramagundam
Nizamabad
Total
TPD
500
TPD
500
TPD
400
TPD
1400
TPA
511000
The amount of fresh waste carried in each and every truck, being
brought to the respective processing plants and selected for further
processing is weighed, using electronic weighbridge. Records are
maintained electronically.
Monitoring frequency: Continuous with Annual aggregation
Weighbridge calibration to be done as per manufacturers
specification.
QA/QC procedures to
be applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Ac,i,x
Tonnes/year
Amount of residual waste type ci from processing/combustion of
RDF (Tonnes/year)
Plant Records, weighbridge
0 (for ex-ante)
QA/QC procedures to
be applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Rt
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
tonne/year
Total weight of RDF produced (t/yr)
Project participants
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
The ex-ante value has been taken as zero. For ex-post calculation of
emission reductions, actual values will be used. Sale invoices shall
be kept at the project site.
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
S a,y
%
Share of waste that degrades under anaerobic conditions in the
composting plant during year y
Plant Records
0
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
S OD,y
Unitless
Number of samples with oxygen deficiency (i.e., oxygen content
below 10 %)
Oxygen measurement device
0 (For ex-ante calculations)
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
S total, y
Number
Number of samples
Oxygen measurement device
24 (for each batch of compost windrows from formation of windrow
to completion of compost process)
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
Z
Unitless
Number of samples collected during the year y
Project Participant
1248
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
Sale invoices of the RDF, if any would be kept at the project site.
They would contain customer contact details, physical location of
delivery, type, amount (in tons) and purpose of RDF purchase (use
as fuel etc.)
Monitoring Frequency: continuously
Recording frequency: monthly
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
The quantity of compost sold from each of the processing units will
be monitored at the weighbridge and recorded.
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
EFN2O
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5
gN2O/tonne waste
Aggregate N2O emission factor for waste combustion in RDF boiler
Vol.5, Chapter 5, Table 5.6, IPCC 2006
68.5
IPCC Default value is 50 g N2O/tonne waste. Considering
conservativeness factor of 1.37 as per methodology, the net value
comes out to be 68.5 g N2O/tone or 0.0685 KgN2O/tonne waste.
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5
EFCH4
KgCH4/Gg waste
Aggregate CH4 emission factor for waste combustion in RDF boiler
Vol.5, Chapter 5, Table 5.3, IPCC 2006
8.22
IPCC Default value is 6 Kg CH4/Gg waste. Considering
conservativeness factor of 1.37 as per methodology, the net value
comes out to be 8.22 Kg CH4/Gg waste
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
GWPN2O
Number
Global warming potential of N2O
UNFCCC published values
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
GWPCH4
Number
310
Description:
Source of data used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
Fco-firing
tonnes/year
Amount of coal/fossil fuel fed into the RDF combustor in the year y
Plant Records
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
21
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
NCVfossil fuel
MJ/Gg
Net calorific value of fuel
IPCC default value
In the absence of project specific data and region specific data, IPCC
2006 default value has been taken. Moreover, IPCC 2006 default
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
EFfuel
tCO2/TJ
Emission factor of the fuel (diesel)
IPCC default values
74.8 IPCC default values vide Page No. 16 of 2006 IPCC Guidelines
for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories vide web link
http://www.ipccnggip.
iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_Volume2/V2_2_Ch2_Stationary_Com
bustion.pdf
In the absence of project specific data and region specific data, IPCC
2006 default value has been taken. The source of data would be as
per latest guidelines. IPCC default values are conservative.
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating expected
emission reductions in section
B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data used:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
Volume 2
99.7
In the absence of project specific data and region specific data, IPCC
2006 default value has been taken. The source of data would be as per
latest guidelines. IPCC default values are conservative.
Monitoring frequency: Annual
IPCC values applied. Hence, no QA/QC required.
Dfuel
kg/L
Density of diesel
Society of Indian automobile manufacturers (SIAM)
www.siamindia.com/scripts/Diesel.aspx or any other latest publicly
available information available
0.845
CEFd
tCO2/MWh
Carbon emissions factor for the displaced electricity source
Publicly available data as published Central Electric Authority (CEA)
of India
0.8525
This data is taken from publicly available CEA CO2 baseline database
version 06, March 2011. This is the most authentic source for India
For ex-post monitoring:
Data would be sourced from latest publicly available data as
published by Central Electric Authority (CEA) of India
Monitoring Frequency: Annual
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
--
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
--
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
In the absence of project specific data and region specific data, IPCC
2006 default value has been taken. Moreover, IPCC 2006 default
value is a conservative selection since the amount of emissions
resulting from onsite use of biomass is relatively low.
Monitoring frequency: Annual
IPCC values applied. Hence, no QA/QC required.
-
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
NCVRDF
kcal/kg
Net Calorific value of RDF
Laboratory test records
Ex-post monitoring values would be used
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to be used:
Value of data applied for the
purpose of calculating
expected emission reductions
in section B.5
Description of measurement
methods and procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures to be
applied:
Any comment:
Statistically significant
team, will be formed who will be assigned responsibility of monitoring of different parameters and record
keeping. On daily basis, the monitoring reports will be checked and forwarded to management level.
All the parameters mentioned in the monitoring plan have been monitoring in the plant. The entire
process of monitoring has been streamlined and will be made available in the required format during the
verification process and for subsequent useful purposes. The Fuel Consumption data, etc are being
maintained in different formats.
1
Boiler
Turbine
Generator
RDF handling equipments
Cooling tower
Condenser
Control Panel Maintenance
Rotary screen trammels/vibro screens
Magnetic separator
Crushing and shredding system
Conveyor system
Windrow systems
Waste curing and coarse segregation systems
Management Services
a) Data logging in for power generation
b) Preparation and submission of monthly performance report in agreed format.
c) Taking monthly meter reading of power generated by the RDF based power plant.
Technical Services
a) Visual inspection of the power plant and accessories
b) Technical assistance including checking of various technical, safety and operational
parameters of the equipment, trouble shooting and relevant technical services.
Project Monitoring
a) Amount of electricity generated by the project activity (EGd,y) which is the difference of
measured export and import readings recorded at grid interface.
b) Carbon emissions factor for the displaced electricity source (CEFd)
c) Quantity of MSW at each processing plants
d) Amount of electricity consumed from the grid (EG PJ,FF,y) at each processing plants
e) Carbon emissions factor for electricity generation in the Project activity (CEFelec)
f) On-site diesel consumptions at each processing plants as well as power plant (Fcons,y)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
r)
s)
t)
u)
v)
w)
x)
y)
z)
aa)
General Manager is responsible for review the monthly reports submitted by Manager
(Operations) and prepare a quarterly report on operational conditions of plant and also compiling
the data on electricity export to the grid system on a quarterly basis for submission to the
Director. The responsibility of GM also includes suggesting and modifying the structure of
monitoring reports on consultation with Director and data recording formats as and when
required.
He would also coordinate to obtain audit reports as per the monitoring plan from Internal
auditors.
Power Plant
Manager (Operations)
Manager (Operations) is responsible for the electricity generations of the project. He would check
and sign the daily plant operation reports regularly and report to the General Manager for any
abnormality. Based on the daily reports, the monthly reports will be generated and submitted to
the GM for verification and emission reduction calculations.
The periodical tests of the monitoring equipments would be looked after by him as per the
monitoring plan. The responsibility of storage and archiving of information in good condition
also lies with the Manager (Operations).
Shift in-charge
Shift in-charge will monitor the plant parameters including the monitoring parameters as
described in the PDD. He will collect the data recorded in log sheets of respective sections and
prepare the consolidated report on electricity generation, export to grid, fuel consumption, plant
shut down time, etc. for every shift. These reports would be submitted to the Manager
(Operations) for review.
Plant operators
Plant operators are responsible for proper operation of the mechanical equipment and reporting
daily data of steam generated, steam fed to turbine, parameters of steam and flow meter reading
of the power plant and record meter readings of monitoring parameters as well as process
parameters in plant log sheets.
MSW Process Plants
Plant in-charge
Shift in-charge will monitor the plant parameters including the monitoring parameters as
described in the PDD. He will collect the data recorded in log sheets of respective sections and
prepare the consolidated reports daily. These reports would be submitted to the Power Plant
Manager for review.
The periodical tests of the monitoring equipments would be looked after by him as per the
monitoring plan.
Plant operators
Plant operators are responsible for proper operation of the mechanical equipment and reporting
daily data of the MSW & Compost process units and record of monitoring parameters as well as
process parameters in plant log sheets.
Emergency Preparations
Emergency preparedness is an important part of S(MSW)GELs operation of power plant. The
plant will be designed and constructed for safe, reliable operation with safety systems and highly
qualified employees. S(MSW)GEL has prepared a disaster management plan for the plant which
includes the fire safety, electrical safety etc provisions. A regular awareness is created for the
different safety procedures.
Training procedures
Engineers/ technicians recruited will have experience of working in the similar fields. Equipment
suppliers will depute their commissioning engineers to train the engineers/ technicians and
supporting operating manuals will be provided by them.
Formation of CDM Team:
A CDM project team would be constituted with participation from relevant departments. People
would betrained on CDM concept and monitoring plan. This team will be responsible for data
collection andarchiving. This team will meet periodically to review CDM project activity check
data collected, emissions reduced etc. On a weekly basis, the monitoring reports are checked and
discussed by the seniors CDM team members/managers. In case of any irregularity observed by
any of the CDM team member, it is informed to the concerned person for necessary actions. On
monthly basis, these reports are forwarded to the management level.
Plant Head: Overall responsibility of compliance with the CDM monitoring plan.
Department Head: Responsibility for completeness of data, reliability of data (calibration of
meters), and monthly report generation
Shift In-charge: Responsibility of daily report generation
B.8.
Date of completion of the application of the baseline study and monitoring methodology and
the name of the responsible person(s)/entity(ies):
>>
Date of completion of baseline: 12/12/2011
>>
Not applicable
C.2.1.2.
>>
Not applicable
C.2.2. Fixed crediting period:
C.2.2.1.
Starting date:
>>
01/04/2012 or from the date of registration of project activity with UNFCCC, whichever is later.
C.2.2.2.
>>
10 years and 0 months
Length:
D.1.
Documentation on the analysis of the environmental impacts, including transboundary
impacts:
>>
The project being a municipal solid waste based power project, it does not fall under the purview of the
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) notification of the Ministry of Environment and Forest,
Government of India. As per the Government of India notification dated June 13, 2002 based on
environment protection rule, 1986, public hearing and EIA is required for those industries/projects which
are listed in the predefined list of Ministry of Environment and Forest. Thermal power projects with
investment of less than Rs. 100 crore have been excluded from the list. Hence, it is not required by the
host party. As per the latest MoEF office memorandum dated 11 November 2009 56, the Power plants up
to 15 MW capacity based on biomass and non hazardous municipal wastes to be exempted from EIA,
under clause no. 7.3, (i), pg.no.2 and Plants/units based on non hazardous municipal solid wastes to be
exempted from EIA under clause no. 7.4, (iii), pg.no.2. Hence, the project does not required to carry out
any EIA study nor public hearing.
The project activity is permitted to consume coal to an extent of 15% of the annual fuel consumption as
supplementary fuel per the guidelines of MoEF. The consent for operation obtained, the project activity is
permitted to use RDF and biomass to an extent of 273 and 75 TPD respectively. Over and above all
applicable environmental clearances such as consent to operate and consent to establish has been acquired
by the project plant. The project plant will ensure that all environmental pollution parameter will be kept
well under the limit, otherwise the consent to operate will be withdrawn by state pollution control board.
The pollution control board authority will be taking periodical test as required by governing laws.
The project activity proposes the following environmental management measure:
Power plant:
The environmental impact of the proposed power plan covering the following aspects is briefly described
below.
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Noise Pollution
56
http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/OM%2011-11-2009.pdf
Precipitator (ESP) will remove most of the fly ash from the flue gas; thereby limiting the quantity of fly
ash emitted to atmosphere and will be designed such that the outlet dust concentration meets the Pollution
Control Board stipulations of 100 mg/Nm3. Since the temperature in the furnace of the steam generator is
very less, NOx formation will be restricted and no additional equipment for NOx control will be required.
Similarly it may be pointed that generation of dioxins will be restricted, and no additional air pollution
equipment will be required for its control.
Dust Control Measures During Fuel Handling, Preparation and Feeding
Whereever applicable dust hoods with dust separation units would be provided to arrest the dust.
The proposed air pollution control equipment would be installed prior to commissioning the
plant.
Stack emissions for SPM, SO2 &NOx will be monitored regularly to meet the statutory regularly
to meet the statutory requirements.
All the internal roads will be asphalted to reduce the fugitive dust due to truck movement.
Green belt will be provided around the plant area and along the internal roads.
Neutralization plant
Lime would be used in the proposed Neutralization plant. The effluent would be neutralized by the
addition of either acid or alkali to achieve the required pH before disposing off to the nearest disposal
point.
The characteristics of the treated effluent would be kept well below the Pollution Control Boards
Standards for on land irrigation. Hence there will not be any adverse impact on ground water / surface
water.
The following precautions would also is observed:
The quantity of effluent would be minimized through reuse to the maximum possible extent
The neutralization tank would be constructed before commissioning of the main plant is taken up
for maintenance.
The neutralization units shall be taken up for maintenance, wherever the main plant is taken up
for maintenance.
The bed ash will be collected using a submerged bed ash conveyor, which will lead to bed ash silo. Bed
ash silo will be constructed of MS. The bottom of the ash silo will be provided with a slide gate suitable
for discharge into trolleys/trucks.
The ash collected from the three sections of the ESP shall be led to a screw conveyor and carried to a
discharge point at about 2 m elevation for discharge into a trolley. During rainy season when the brick
manufacturing cannot be done the ash will be stored in the Ash Storage Silos with adequate storage
capacity.
The ash generated from the proposed power plant is devoid of heavy metals. Hence it can be utilised for
brick manufacturing. Hence there will not be any impact on land environment due to the proposed power
plant.
Post Project Monitoring Strategy
The monitoring of various environmental parameters is necessary which part of the environmental
protection measures is. Monitoring is an important feature because the efficiency of control measures can
only be determined by monitoring. Locations and frequency of monitoring as per the guidelines of PCB
and MOEF will be carried out.
Noise Level Management
The major noise generating sources in the proposed power plant will be Turbine generator, High Pressure
Boiler and Compressor at 1 m distance from the source. The major noise levels will be confined to the
working zones of the proposed power plant. The Noise levels during the day time (6AM to 10 PM) shall
be 75 dB and night time (10 PM to 6AM) shall be 70 dB.
The following precautions would also be observed:
a. Adopting shock-absorbing techniques would reduce the impact.
b. Damping materials such as rubber / lead sheets would be used for raping the work places like turbine
generator, high pressure boilers, compressors, rooms etc.
c. Ear mufflers will be provided to the workers
d. Use of hollow concrete blocks in the main power block will reduce the noise levels outsides.
e. Extensive greenbelt shall be developed for further attenuation of noise levels.
Green Belt Development
Greenbelt will be developed along the boundary. The tree species to be selected for the plantation would
be pollutant tolerant, fast growing, wind firm, deep rooted. A three tier plantation is proposed comprising
of an outer most belt of taller trees which will act as barrier, middle core acting as air cleaner and the
inner most core which may be termed as absorptive layer consisting of trees which are known to be
particularly tolerant to pollutants.
Composting:
The composting does not use any scarce resources (like water); it doesnt produce any solid waste or
emissions to water and soil. The limited number of vehicles onsite (few dumpers, front end loaders etc.),
do produce local combustion gases. The engines of vehicles however, will comply with existing norms;
therefore the amount of emissions will be very limited. The electricity used on the site causes off site
pollution related to electricity generation in power station. The amount of electricity used in the project is
marginal and therefore off site GHG emissions are negligible.
Composting can have some local environmental impact, mainly odour emissions. Odour reduction
techniques are applied by the use of inoculants. The fresh stacks of material are sprayed with inoculums/
sanitizer via sprayer to reduce odour and repel vectors. The inoculums will also reduce the problems of
flies and bird menace. During composting some dark coloured thick fluid may get generated. This fluid is
known as leachate. It should not percolate in the soil or else it will pollute the ground water. To avoid
this, proper concreting of the Compost Pad is done and a peripheral drain is provided to collect the
leachate generated during the process. The leachate so collected will be recycled over the windrows.
The air born litter is controlled by providing a green belt around the plant. The compost produced in the
plant will act as a soil conditioner and will enrich the organic content of soil. This will reduce soil erosion
and chemical imbalance in soil associated with excessive use of chemical fertilizers.
Control of dioxins and furans:
RDF is produced after processing of the waste containing paper, plastics, metals and PVC materials etc.
Though burning of RDF may lead to production of dioxin and furans, the plant will take all possible
measures in accordance to CPCB guidelines to prevent its release into the atmosphere. The following are
the control measures given by CPCB that will be followed by the plant:
Proper segregation of waste
Composting of organic waste
Avoid combustion of wet garbage
Good combustion chamber design to optimize the supply of air for achieving more complete
destruction of waste
The flue gas resulting from the combustion process is raised to a temperature of 850C for at least
2 seconds in the bioler
Quick cooling of flue gas to minimize dioxin reformation between 200C to 400C
Regular cleaning of boiler tubes to prevent build up of fly ash, which can serve as a catalyst for
dioxin reformation
Suspension of waste feeding operation to allow urgent trouble shooting and problem-fixing, when
abnormal monitoring readings of air emissions or boiler temperature is detected
Hence, RDF can be used safely, as an alternative fuel for power generation, keeping the dioxins and
furans within limits.
With the above environmental measures, the project is reduces all the possible impacts on the
environment due the processes involved.
D.2.
If environmental impacts are considered significant by the project participants or the host Party,
please provide conclusions and all references to support documentation of an environmental impact
assessment undertaken in accordance with the procedures as required by the host Party:
>>
Government of India in its notification57 dated 14th September, 2006, has directed that construction of
new projects or activities or the expansion or modernization of existing projects or activities listed in the
Schedule to the above mentioned notification entailing capacity addition with change in process and or
technology shall be undertaken in any part of India only after the prior environmental clearance from the
Central Government or as the case may be, by the State Level Environment Impact Assessment
Authority, duly constituted by the Central Government.
Hence, all new projects or expansion and modernization of existing projects or activities listed in category
A and B of the Schedule to the notification has to obtain prior EIA clearance. RDF based power projects
have not been included in either of the categories thus these projects do not require to undertake
environmental clearance prior to their installation.
SECTION E. Stakeholders comments
>>
E.1.
Brief description how comments by local stakeholders have been invited and compiled:
>>
A meeting was organized on 03/01/2009 by the project proponent at the project site to get comments and
suggestions of the local stakeholders on their project activity. Invitations were sent in form of individual
letters addressed to the different stakeholders identified for the project. Representatives of a wide cross
section of the society of the local inhabitants were invited to express their views along with the
representatives of the project proponent were present to clarify their queries and receive their feedback on
the project activity. The venue of the meeting was the S(MSW)GEL Plant at Rebladevpally Village near
Sultanabad in Karimnagar District. To get an organized and structured feedback from the stakeholders,
the meeting was designed in a question answer format, where social, economic and environmental issues
were put up in the form of questions and comments were invited on them. Project proponent replied to
their queries appropriately and suggestions came up in this meeting have been given due consideration
and future actions were planned accordingly. Pictures were also taken during stakeholders meeting
Stakeholder Consultation:
The local stakeholders are immediately affected by the activities of the project. The effect is on the local
environment, social life and economics. All the individuals and organizations falling in the above effects
are perceived as stakeholders. They can be within the boundaries of the village, district, state or nation.
S(MSW)GEL checked the opinion of the stakeholders on the project through consultation of stakeholders.
Rural Local Population:
The rural population is directly involved with the project. First of all they will be confronted with the
construction and operation of a power plant in their vicinity. Adequate attention was given to maintain a
cordial relationship with the local population during construction of the plant at the selected site and
designing the project. The project would lead to local manpower working at the plant site. Since, the
project will provide good direct and indirect employment opportunities the local populace is encouraging
the project.
57
http://envfor.nic.in/legis/eia/so1533.pdf
The project did not require displacement of any local population. Thus, the project will not cause any
adverse social impacts on local population rather helps in improving their quality of life.
Licensing and Regulatory Authorities:
APPCB has prescribed standards of environmental compliance and monitors the adherence to the
standards. The project has already received No Objection Certificate (NOC) from APPCB to start
commissioning of the plant and has also obtained the consent for operation (CFO) from APPCB.
The Government of India, through Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE), has been promoting
energy conservation, demand side management and viable renewable energy projects including wind,
small hydro and bagasse cogeneration / bio-mass power.
E.2.
Summary of the comments received:
>>
So far only positive comments have been received. The project is welcomed by all stakeholders because it
is environmentally benign, it generates income and jobs, it supports the development of the nearby rural
areas and the state, it helps bridging the gap between the demand and supply of electricity, reduces T&D
losses, among other benefits. In the absence of the project activity decreases aesthetic beauty and added
odor in the surrounding.
E.3.
Report on how due account was taken of any comments received:
>>
As no negative comments have been received, there was no need to address any particular concerns.
Annex 1
CONTACT INFORMATION ON PARTICIPANTS IN THE PROJECT ACTIVITY
Organization:
Street/P.O.Box:
Building:
City:
State/Region:
Postcode/ZIP:
Country:
Telephone:
FAX:
E-Mail:
URL:
Represented by:
Title:
Salutation:
Last name:
Middle name:
First name:
Department:
Mobile:
Direct FAX:
Direct tel:
Personal e-mail:
kiran@shalivahanagroup.com
Annex 2
INFORMATION REGARDING PUBLIC FUNDING
The project has not received any public funding and Official Development Assistance (ODA).
Annex 3
BASELINE INFORMATION
From Carbon Dioxide Baseline Data base, Version 06, March 2011 published by Government of India,
Ministry of Power Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Government of India.
6.0
DATE
Mar-11
BASELINE METHODOLOGY
ACM0002
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
NEWNE
0.86
0.84
0.82
0.81
0.83
0.82
South
0.78
0.73
0.72
0.72
0.76
0.75
India
0.84
0.81
0.80
0.79
0.82
0.81
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
NEWNE
1.03
1.02
1.01
1.00
1.01
0.98
South
1.00
1.01
1.00
0.99
0.97
0.94
India
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.00
1.01
0.98
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
NEWNE
0.70
0.67
0.63
0.60
0.68
0.81
South
0.70
0.71
0.70
0.71
0.82
0.76
India
0.70
0.68
0.65
0.63
0.71
0.80
2009-10
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
NEWNE
0.87
0.85
0.82
0.80
0.84
0.90
South
0.85
0.86
0.85
0.85
0.90
0.8525
India
0.86
0.85
0.83
0.81
0.86
0.89
Annex 4
MONITORING PLAN
Detailed Procedure for sampling waste composition
The composition of incoming waste will be done by sampling fresh waste. At least 24 samples will be
collected annually for each MSW processing siet. The procedures laid down in Chapter 3, Section 3.3 of
Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, prepared by the expert committee constituted by the
Government of India, Ministry of Urban Development; Central Public Health and Environmental
Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO), will be followed to determine the composition of waste.
Methodology for testing
For each of the sample, waste from the freshly arrived solid waste will be collected from randomly
selected four incoming trucks. 100 Kg (approx) sample will be collected from each truck and a quarter of
sample (25 kg approx) will be retained for sampling. Hence the composite sample size will be 100 Kg (25
kg each from 4 trucks). Physical inspection of the waste in the truck would be required to see that the
waste is of uniform nature. Care should be taken to verify that the samples are taken from trucks so as to
represent the entire batch.
Using coning and quartering method about 100 kg of composite sample will be drawn out from the
original solid waste. The waste should be sorted to segregate to the required constituents for weighing of
each component. This would be done at the site itself. The parameters would be noted down in format as
provided in table below.
Format for Physical Testing
S.no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Waste Composition
Wood and wood products and straw
Pulp, paper, and cardboard (other than sludge)
Food, food waste, beverages, Fruit and vegetable and tobacco
(other than sludge)
Textiles
Other (non food) organic putrescibles, Garden, yard and park
waste
Glass, plastic, metal, other inert waste
Total
Date
Weight in Grams
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
MONITORING INFORMATION
Sampling plan for determination of various monitoring parameters
The sampling plan for determining possible waste composition and other monitoring parameters is based
upon general statistical methods and the formula is given below58.
x
n =
Z(c/100)2r(100-r)
Nx
/((N-1)E2 + x)
Where
N
sample size
population size
margin of error
Z(c/100)
response distribution
The size of sampling has been determined so that it is statistically significant with a Margin of Error of
20% at a 95% confidence level.
The critical value at a 95% confidence level is 1.9659
The response distribution is kept at a conservative 50% as this gives the maximum sample size.
Thus the value of x as per Equation 27 is calculated as:
x= (1.96)2*50*50 = 9604
Calculation of Sample Size
The processing capacity of plant is 1400 TPD and will receive about 51100 (10 tonnes capcity each) truck
load of waste. Thus the population size (N) is 51100.
Given
x = 9604
N= 51100
58
http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html
59
www.ucd.ie/statdept/classpages/introquantmethods/introqmchp12.pdf (Page 3)
E= 20
The sample size as per Equation 28 is calculated as:
n=51100*9604/ ((51100-1)*202 + 9604) = 24
Therefore the Sample Size is 24.
Appendix 1
List of projects included in Common Practice Analysis (commissioned before December 2010)
Plant
Installed Capacity
(in MW)
6
6.6
Remarks
Not considered
since it is a CDM
project
Not considered
since it is
validating under
CDM project
60
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/SGS-UKL1171644490.79/view
61
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/Validation/DB/7M3JABN4HFYCJAQPDZ7F9DC3LQK3L9/view.html
62
http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/Sustainable%20Solid%20Waste%20Management%20in%20India_
Final.pdf
-----