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Murtaza Haider
murtaza.haider@ryerson.ca
Tel: 416.979.5000, ext. 2480
Trip Distribution
Trip distribution makes the link between the trips produced
by each zone and the trips attracted to each zone
Models predict trips for each zone and estimate the flow of
trips going from zone i to zone j for all i to j zone pairs
The estimated flow of trips going from i to j may depend on
the affinity i and j have for each other (e.g. distance,
average travel time)
Optional
Square matrix of costs of travel between the zones. The
IDs of the matrix must match the IDs of the zones
Balanced Matrix
Limitations
Cannot model changes in network well
No behavioral explanation behind model
Gravity/Entropy Model
Operates on the premise that flow between zones
decreases as the cost (or impedance) between zones
increases
Gravity models estimate flows between all zones,
given an input matrix of impedances from zone to
zone, and balanced vectors of productions and
attractions
Friction Factors
Gravity models generally use measures of relative
attractiveness rather than impedances to estimate
flow
Relative attractiveness is often a function of
impedance
Popular transformations are gamma, exponential and
inverse power functions of impedance
Transformations can also be in table format
Output:
Zone-to-zone trip matrix
Gravity Calibration #1
The values in a friction factor table or the
parameters for an impedance function are often
determined from an iterative process
This process, called Gravity Calibration, matches
the parameters to the Trip Length Distribution
(TLD) of observed riders
TransCAD provides a Gravity Calibration
procedure
Gravity Calibration #2
Inputs
Base year P-A matrix, impedance matrix, zone layer and
selection set
Process
Initial parameters or friction factor table
Apply the gravity model and estimate TLDs
Compare TLDs with observed TLDs and change
parameters or table as necessary
Apply gravity model and compare again
UTPS-like Calibration
Friction factors are weighted by productions, in
production constrained calibration, and attractions, in
attraction constrained calibration
Tri-Proportional Models
Doubly-constrained models require that the output
flow matrix match input productions and attractions
Tri-proportional models add the extra constraint that
groups of cells in the output flow matrix must sum
to specified values
Useful if you know that a sub-area has a known
amount of total trips
3. Matrix of Classes