COORDINACION DE

AISLAMIENTO
Facilitador: Jose Manuel Luque Nava

Incidencia de Rayos
Objetivo
Principal
Cmo se obtienen
?
Cmo se miden ?:

Con qu se mide ?:

Determinar el nmero de rayos que

terminan en la L. T., la S. E. o con
cualquiera estructura.
Modelo Geomtrico de la ltima etapa(salto
final).
Ecuaciones de regresin.
Densidad de rayos a tierra Ng Rayos/Km2
ao.
Contadores de rayos (CIGRE); rango de
observacin 15-20 Km los ms recientes 300400 Km
Sistema buscador de direccin de banda ancha
(sistema DF).
Sistema de tiempo de llegada (sistema TOA).

En forma indirecta:

Con el nmero de das tormenta (nivel

ceruneo).

Descargas Atmosfricas

Descargas Atmosfricas

Descargas Atmosfricas

Descargas Atmosfricas

Vientos
hasta 20
Km/h
Temp eratura
hasta de 20
C
1.5 2 Km

Tipos de Descargas Atmosfricas

Tipos de Descargas Atmosfricas

(cont...)
Del 84% al 96% de las descargas atmosfricas a estructuras
con alturas menores a 100 m son de tipo negativos
descendentes. El resto de las descargas son negativas
ascendentes o positivos.

Ejemplos de un detector de fallas:

The Coincident Lightning Events Detector (CLED) uses a flash counter to
classify substation circuit breaker operations as either lightning-caused
or not lightning-caused.

Con el contador CIGRE(10 kHz) se hicieron las primeras

mediciones de la densidad para comparar con el nmero de
2
das
tormenta/km
. la ecuacin de regresin es:
La forma
general de

N g kT

a
d
Donde:
Td es el da tormentas al
ao (Nivel ceruneo)

FUENTE

Inglaterra (Stringfellow)
Suecia (Muller-Hillebrands)
E.U.A (J. G. Anderson)
Young et. al.

0,0026
0,0046
0,12
0,177

2
2
1
1

Otras ecuaciones de regresin propuestas:

N g 0, 036kTd1,3

Kolokovov y Pavlova (ex

URSS)

N g 0, 04kTd1,25
Eriksson (Sudfrica)

Aceptada por IEEE como por

CIGRE
Promedio de Ng
Desviacin estndar = 32 % media
Aprox. 2 hr de tormenta por da

MAPAS DE DENSIDAD DE RAYOS A TIERRA

Algunos datos de inters:
El indice de incidencia ms alto en el mundo es de Java, 223
das tormenta por ao.
El valor del nmero de das tormenta es un valor promedio, el
cul es el utilizado en la conversin de densidad de rayos a
tierra.
La desviacin estndar es en promedio 19 % de la media.
Para valores bajos de Td la desviacin estndar aumenta: ejem.
Los mapas tambin dan un estimado del nmero de horas de tormenta.
55 % para Td = 4.

La relacin sugerida por CIGRE entre el nmero de das tormenta y el

Para
valores
altos
de Td,es
lala
desviacin
nmero
de horas
tormenta
siguiente: estndar es 14 % para Td

= 70

N g 0, 05kTh

Donde:
Th es el nmero de horas
tormenta-ao

MAPAS DE DENSIDAD DE RAYOS A TIERRA

Densidad de rayos a tierra de 1981 1991

MAPAS DE DENSIDAD DE RAYOS A TIERRA

La actividad atmosfrica se clasifica de la siguiente manera:

5 - 15

Nivel Bajo.

15 30

Nivel Medio

30 90

Nivel Alto

Los
Mayor
de 90
Nivelindican
Muy Alto
mapas
actuales
que para 30 das de tormenta-ao
la densidad de rayos vara de 1 a 2, empleando las ecuaciones
de CIGRE e IEEE resulta 2,8 y si utilizan las ecuaciones de

Dt

Angulo de Blindaje

Efecto de las sobretensiones

Descargas en la Torre de transmisin

Siluetas de Torres de Transmisin

Importancia del Sistema de tierra en una lnea de transmisin

Importancia del Sistema de tierra en una lnea de transmisin (cont. )

Determinacin de la resistencia considerando electrodos

Determinacin de la resistencia considerando electrodos (cont. )

Medidor de resistividad del terreno

Tipos de Resistividad del terreno

Ecuaciones para los tipos de electrodos

Ecuaciones para los tipos de electrodos (cont. )

Ejemplo.
Suponga que se tienen un terreno con resistividad de 500 m y
que se instala una lnea que usa contrantenas como red de
tierras, con conductores de acero de dimetro de a una
profundidad de 50 cm.
1. Calcular la longitud total de la contrantena para una
resistencia al pie de torre de 15 .
2. Calcular la longitud total de la contrantena para una
resistencia al pie de la torre de 10 .

Determinacin de la resistencia considerando Contrtenas (cont.

)

Determinacin de la resistencia considerando Contrtenas (cont.

)

Determinacin de la resistencia considerando Contrtenas

Determinacin de la resistencia considerando Contrtenas (cont.

.)

Determinacin del facto de acoplamiento

capacitivo con un solo hilo de guarda
Como es sabido las lneas de transmisin con un cable de guarda
presentan un blindaje ms deficiente que cuando se usan dos
cables de guarda en trminos generales, sin embargo las ondas
que inciden sobre este cable induce una tensin en todas las fases
de los conductores que conducen la potencia. El valor del factor de
acoplamiento cambia para cada conductor de fase dependiendo de
su posicin.

Determinacin del facto de acoplamiento

capacitivo con un solo hilo de guarda
(cont. )

Determinacin del facto de acoplamiento

capacitivo con un solo hilo de guarda
El factor de acoplamiento se obtiene con la siguiente expresin:
(cont.b )
C

log

a
2h
log
r

Donde:
C = es el factor de acoplamiento capacitiva.
a = distancia del conductor a hilo de guarda.
b = distancia del conductor a la imagen del hilo de guarda.
h = altura del hilo de guarda hasta tierra.
r = radio del hilo de guarda.

Determinacin del facto de

acoplamiento capacitivo con dos
La mayora de las lneas de transmisin por razones de proteccin
hilosatmosfricas,
de guarda
efectiva contra descargas
usan dos cables de guarda,

en este caso se supone que la onda de corriente del rayo se induce

en partes iguales en cada conductor de guarda y el factor de
acoplamiento se calcula para cualquiera de los conductores de
fase, como una resultante de las ondas en los cables de guarda.

Determinacin del facto de acoplamiento

capacitivo con dos hilos de guarda (cont.
)

STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS

All specifications of strength are based on the following atmospheric
conditions:
1. Ambient temperature: 20
2. Air pressure: 101.3 kPa or 760mm Hg
3. Absolute humidity: 11 grams of water/m3 of air
4. For wet tests: 1 to 1.5 mm of waterlminute
If actual atmospheric conditions differ from these values, the strength in
terms of
voltage is corrected to these standard values
TYPES OF INSULATION
Insulation may be classified as internal or external and also as selfrestoring and nonselfrestoring. Per ANSI C92.l (IEEE 13 13.1) [1,2].

External Insulation: External insulation is the distances in open air or

across the surfaces of solid insulationin contact with open air that are
subjected to dielectric stress and to the effects of the atmosphere.
Examples of external insulation are the porcelain shell of a bushing, bus
support insulators, and disconnecting switches.
Internal Insulation: Internal insulation is the internal solid, liquid, or
gaseous parts of the insulation of equipment that are protected by the
equipment enclosures from the effects of the atmosphere. Examples are
transformer insulation and the internal insulation of bushings. Equipment
may be a combination of internal and external insulation.
Examples are a bushing and a circuit breaker.
Self-Restoring (SR) Insulation: Insulation that completely recovers
insulating properties after a disruptive discharge (flashover) caused by
the application of a voltage is called self-restoring insulation.
This type of insulation is generally external insulation.
Non-Self-Restoring (NSR) Insulation: This is the opposite of selfrestoring insulators, insulation that loses insulating properties or does

DEFINITIONS OF APPARATUS STRENGTH, THE BIL

AND THE BSL

-Basic Lightning Impulse Insulation Level

The BIL or basic lightning impulse insulation level is the electrical
strength of insulation expressed in terms of the crest value of the
"standard lightning impulse."
That is, the BIL is tied to a specific waveshape in addition being tied to
standard atmospheric conditions. The BIL may be either a statistical
BIL or a conventional BIL. The statistical BIL is applicable only to selfrestoring insulations, whereas the conventional BIL is applicable to
non-self-restoring insulations. BILs are universally for dry conditions.
The statistical BIL is the crest value of standard lightning impulse for
which the insulation exhibits a 90% probability of withstand, a 10%
probability of failure.
The conventional BIL is the crest value of a standard lightning impulse
for which the insulation does not exhibit disruptive discharge when

DEFINITIONS OF APPARATUS STRENGTH, THE BIL AND THE

BSL (CONT..)
In IEC Publication 71 [3], the BIL is known as the lightning
impulse withstand voltage. That is, it is defined the same but
known by a different name. However, in IEC, it is not divided into
conventional and statistical definitions.

DEFINITIONS OF APPARATUS STRENGTH, THE BIL AND THE

BSL (CONT..)
BSL-Basic Switching Impulse Insulation Level
The BSL is the electrical strength of insulation expressed in
terms of the crest value of a standard switching impulse. The BSL
may be either a statistical BSL or a conventional BSL. As with the
BIL, the statistical BSL is applicable only to selfrestoring
insulations while the conventional BSL is applicable to non-selfrestoring insulations BSLs are universally for wet conditions.
The statistical BSL is the crest value of a standard switching impulse for
which the insulation exhibits a 90% probability of withstand, a 10%
probability of failure.
The conventional BSL is the crest value of a standard switching impulse
for which the insulation does not exhibit disruptive discharge when
subjected to a specific number of applications of this impulse.
In IEC Publication 71 [3], the BSL is called the switching impulse
withstand voltage and the definition is the same. However, as with the

DEFINITIONS OF APPARATUS STRENGTH, THE BIL AND THE

BSL (CONT..)

DEFINITIONS OF APPARATUS STRENGTH, THE BIL AND THE

BSL (CONT..)

Statistical vs. Conventional BIL/BSL

As noted, the statistical BIL or BSL is defined statistically or
probabilistically. For every application of an impulse having the
standard waveshape and whose crest is equal to the BIL or BSL, the
probability of a flashover or failure is 10%. In general, the insulation
trength characteristic may be represented by a cumulative Gaussian
distribution as portrayed in Fig. 3. The mean of this distribution or
characteristic is defined as the critical flashover voltage or CFO.
Applying the CFO to the insulation results in a 50% probability of
flashover, i.e., half the impulses flashover. Locating the BIL or BSL at
the 10% point results in the definition that the BIL or BSL is 1.28
standard deviations, f, below the CFO. In equation form

Statistical vs. Conventional BIL/BSL (CONT)

Sigma in per unit of the CFO is properly called the coefficient of
variation. However, in jargon, it is simply referred to as sigma. Thus a
sigma of 5% is interpreted as a standard deviation of 5% of the CFO.
The standard deviations for lightning and switching impulses differ.
For lightning, the standard deviation or sigma is 2 to 3%, whereas
for switching impulse, sigma ranges from about 5% for tower
insulation to about 7% for station type insulations, more later.
The conventional BIL or BSL is more simply defined but has less
meaning as regards insulation strength. One or more impulses having
the standard waveshape and having a crest value equal to the BIL or
BSL are applied to the insulations. If no flashovers occur, the
insulation is stated to possess a BIL or BSL. Thus the insulation
strength characteristic as portrayed in Fig. 4 must be assumed to rise
from zero probability of flashover or failure at a voltage equal to the

Statistical vs. Conventional BIL/BSL (CONT)

Statistical vs. Conventional BIL/BSL (CONT)

Standard BILs and BSLs

There exists a standard number series for both BILs and BSLs that
equipment standards are encouraged to use. In the USA, ANSI C92 and
IEEE 1313.1 lists the values shown in Table 2, while IEC values are
shown in Table 3.
These values are "suggested" values for use by other equipment
standards. In other words, equipment standards may use these values or
any others that they deem necessary. However, in general, these values
are used. There are exceptions. For any specific type of equipment or
type of insulation, there does exist a connection between the BIL and the
BSL. For example, for transformers, the BSL is approximately 83% of the
BIL. Thus given a standard value of the BIL, the BSL may not be a value
given in the tables. In addition, in IEC, phase-phase tests are specified to
verify the phase-phase BSL. The phase-phase BSL is standardized as
from 1.5 to 1.7 times the phase-ground BSL. Thus, in this case, the BSL

tandard BILs and BSLs (CONT.)

tandard BILs and BSLs (CONT.)

tandard BILs and BSLs (CONT.)

tandard BILs and BSLs (CONT.)

CALCULO DE DISTANCIAS EN AIRE

A partir del concepto de tensin crtica de flameo, se establecen los
valores de tensin de aguante o nivel bsico de aislamiento al
impulso (NBI) que se establecen como valores tericos para una
distribucin de Gauss normal.
Ejemplo. Para determinar el aislamiento en aire en una lnea de
transmisin con tensin nominal de 765 kV, se hicieron pruebas de
impulso por rayo y se aplico el siguiente criterio de prueba:
20 impulsos o tensiones de prueba para cada nivel de tensin.
Ondas de rayo con polaridad negativa.

Tensin de
Prueba (kV)

Nmero de
pruebas

Nmero de flmeos o
fallas

% de fallas

1750

20

1/20 = 5%

1850

20

5/20 = 25%

1900

20

10

10/20 = 50%

2000

20

17

17/20 = 85%

2150

20
Total de fallas=

20
53

20/20 = 100%