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Guide to

MS 2
Yuri Valentinovich
Knorozov Papers, 1945-1998

47 linear inches

Processed by Alexander Tokovinine

July 2008

Provenance: Estate of Iurii Valentinovich Knorozov, 2007

Citation: Iurii Valentinovich Knorozov Papers, 1945-1998, MS 2, Image Collections and
Fieldwork Archives, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Trustees for
Harvard University.

Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection

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Biographical Sketch
Iurii Knorozov was born in 1922 in Kharkov, Ukraine. His parents had Russian and
Armenian roots and were members of the Soviet intelligentsia. By the time Knorozov
graduated from high school, he spoke Russian, Ukrainian, and some German. In 1939,
he was admitted to the Kharkov State University where he majored in history.
Knorozov met the beginning of the war of 1941-1945 in the Ukraine. The country was
soon occupied by the German army. Knorozov and his mother eventually managed to
cross the battle lines back to the Soviet-controlled territory in 1943. Knorozov was then
able to continue his undergraduate education at the Lomonosov Moscow State
University (MSU). His college friends recalled that he was fascinated with writing
systems and paleography, especially with Egyptian hieroglyphs. In 1944, Knorozov
entered the military service. After the end of the war in 1945, he went on to complete his
undergraduate studies at the MSU. His thesis on the Shamun Nabi mausoleum and the
associated oral and written tradition was based on his fieldwork in Xorazm
(Khwarezm/Khorezm), Uzbekistan, as a member of the archaeological-ethnographic
expedition of 1945-1948 directed by Sergei Tolstov. Knorozovs first publication in the
Sovetskaia Etnografiia journal (Soviet Ethnography) in 1949 was based on his
undergraduate thesis.
In 1949, Knorozov moved to St. Petersburg. Thanks to the efforts of Sergei Tokarev,
another of Knorozovs mentors at MSU, he was appointed junior research fellow at the
Museum of the Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR. About that time, Knorozov
became increasingly fascinated with the problem of the decipherment of Maya
hieroglyphs. While studying the manuscript written by Diego de Landa, the Bishop of
Yucatan, that was supposed to be the main subject of his doctoral dissertation, he
realized that the so-called Landas alphabet of Maya hieroglyphs contained readings
of several syllabic signs. Knorozov then turned to the published Maya codices, identified
the same signs in these manuscripts, and deciphered new syllables. He discovered that
Maya writing was logo-syllabic and determined basic spelling rules.
The first results of Knorozovs decipherment were published in 1952 as an article in
Sovetskaia Etnografiia. It was well-received by the Soviet academia. Tolstov and
Tokarev then arranged Knorozovs new research appointment at the Kunstkamera
Museum which was affiliated with the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of
Sciences of the USSR and obtained permission for Knorozov to defend his Ph.D.
dissertation on Diego de Landas manuscript in 1955. The initial article on the
decipherment was followed by a series of publications in Russian, Spanish, and
English. In 1956, Knorozov participated in the International Congress of Americanists in
Copenhagen where he presented his ideas to the international academic audience for
the first time. Two later monographs Pismennost Indeitsev Maiia (The Writing of
Maya Indians) published in 1963 and Ieroglificheskiie Rukopisi Maiia (Maya
Hieroglyphic Manuscripts) published in 1975 summarized Knorozovs work on the
Maya writing system. Also in 1975, he received the prestigious Gosudarstvennaia
Premiia (National Fellowship) of the USSR for his contributions to Maya studies.

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Knorozovs decipherment of Maya writing was met with strong opposition from several
prominent Mayanists, particularly J. Eric S. Thompson and his students. However,
several anthropologists, art historians, and linguists including Michael D. Coe, David
Kelley, Floyd Lounsbury, and Tatiana Proskouriakoff corresponded with Knorozov and
encouraged him. An abridged edition of Knorozovs Pismennost Indeitsev Maiia
translated by Sophie Coe was published as Selected Chapters from the Writing of Maya
Indians by the Peabody Museum of Harvard University in 1967. Epigraphers applied
Knorozovs approach to Classic Maya inscriptions and deciphered additional signs. As
more inscriptions were photographed, drawn, and published, the corpus of Maya
logograms and syllables with known phonetic values grew exponentially.
As early as the mid-1950s, Knorozov also became interested in the decipherment of the
Easter Island (Rongorongo) script. This work resulted in a number of articles, some of
them written jointly with Nikolai Butinov and later with Irina Fedorova. Knorozov also
contributed to the study of the Indus Script and published several reports and articles on
this subject between 1965 and 1995. Nikolai Gurov was Knorozovs main collaborator in
this research until the late 1970s. Subsequent publications on the Indus script were coauthored by Margarita Albedil. During the 1960s-1970s, Knorozovs research interests
extended into signaling theory and semiotics as he participated in the Linguistics section
of the Research Council on Cybernetics of the National Academy of Sciences of the
USSR. Beginning in 1963, Knorozov headed a special research group dedicated to the
decipherment of ancient scripts.
Knorozovs research on Maya writing in the 1980s and 1990s was shaped by
collaboration with Galina Ershova, who co-authored a number of publications on Classic
Maya inscriptions. In addition, he became fascinated with the topic of the peopling of the
Americas. Knorozov took part in archaeological and ethnographic expeditions to the
Kuril Islands. This research resulted in several publications on Ainu ethnography and
archaeology.
In the 1990s, the Guatemalan and Mexican governments acknowledged Knorozovs
contributions to Maya studies. He was presented with an honorary medal by the
Guatemalan government during the 1990s and in 1994, the government of Mexico
awarded him the Order of the Aztec Eagle. The 1990s was also the first time when
Knorozov traveled to Mexico and Guatemala and visited several important Maya sites.
Knorozov died of pneumonia in St. Petersburg in 1999. He was survived by his
daughter Ekaterina and granddaughter Anna.

Scope and Content Note

The Knorozov Papers contain correspondence, manuscripts, notes, journal offprints,
and photographs from the personal papers of Iurii Valentinovich Knorozov (1922-1999),
Russian anthropologist and linguist, famous for his breakthrough in the decipherment of
Maya writing, who also made important contributions to the study of other ancient

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scripts, signaling theory, and semiotics. The collection contains materials dating from
1945 to 1998 and is organized into four series: biographical, correspondence, writings,
and research files.
The Biographical series, 1945-1994, includes a group of Knorozovs personal daily
notes, receipts, notes on research planning, hand-written selections of prose and
poetry, and documents related to Knorozovs trips to Copenhagen, Mexico, and
Guatemala. The files also include newsclippings about Knorozov from Soviet and
Spanish language newspapers. The earliest document in the Papers is a typed text on
table manners dated 1945.
The Correspondence, 1952-1998, includes professional correspondence as well as
various notes and attachments, between Knorozov and other scholars and institutions in
the Soviet Union and abroad. The few personal letters are New Year/Christmas
greetings. The series is not large, but recurring subjects of the letters are theoretical
linguistics, Maya languages and writing, Peru writing/notation systems, archaeology of
Kuril Islands, and publishing. Correspondence with David Kelley, Michael and Sophie
Coe, Tatiana Proskouriakoff, Thomas Barthel, Norman and Dolores McQuown, and the
Peabody Museum of Harvard University, will be of particular interest to Mayanists.
Letters and reports related to the activities of the Research Council of the Soviet
Academy of Sciences on Cybernetics, the Semiotics research group, the Group of the
decipherment of ancient scripts, and to Ustinovs work on the computer-assisted
decipherment of Maya writing are also of great importance for future scholarship. Other
Knorozovs correspondents include Ignace J. Gelb, Rafael Girard, John P. Harrington,
Eleazar Meletinskii, Peter Lanyon-Orgill, and Aleksandr Reformatskii.
Of greatest importance in this series, Writings, 1960 -1988, are manuscripts and
offprints of Knorozovs publications, including parts of the drafts of the monographs
Pismennost indeitsev maiia (Writing of Maya Indians) published in 1963 and
Ieroglificheskiie rukopisi maiia (Maya Hieroglyphic Manuscripts) published in 1975.
There are also offprints of Knorozovs articles on Maya and Mesoamerican calendars
published in the Sovetskaia Etnografiia journal in 1971-1973. Knorozovs work on
Classic Maya inscriptions in the 1980s is represented by a full set of drafts and notes,
which led to a publication of the inscription on the sarcophagus from the Temple of the
Inscriptions at Palenque, in 1988. The series also includes some manuscripts related to
the signal systems theory including transcripts of the colloquium on signaling theory
organized by the Research Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1961,
as well as drafts of an article on childrens art, and drafts of a paper on the origins and
evolution of Paleolithic art. In addition, there are several manuscripts of reviews and an
offprint of an article on ancient Peru writing systems that Knorozov co-authored with
Fedorova.
The Research Files, 1940s-1990s is the largest series in the Knorozov Papers and
contains notes, news clippings, manuscripts and offprints by other scholars, all files
organized by topic. The range of subjects is broad from Ainu pictographs, archaeology,
and religion, to the peopling of the Americas, contacts between the Old and New

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Worlds, and Mesoamerican archaeology. There is a number of files on Maya

languages and writing, and fewer files on Olmecs, Isthmian script, Peruvian writing and
notation systems, Indus script, systems theory, structural linguistics, phonology,
morphology, semantics, semiotics, and signaling theory.
The largest subject cluster is the materials on Maya languages and writing. It features
Knorozovs notes on Maya (Yukatek) grammar and vocabulary made while working on
the manuscripts of Pismennost Indeitsev Maiia (Writing of Maya Indians) published in
1963 and Ieroglificheskiie Rukopisi Maiia (Maya Hieroglyphic Manuscripts) published in
1975. Some notes on Yukatek are organized by specific subjects like weather or
astronomy. Another set of notes is dedicated to names and place names (onomastics
and toponymy). Besides glosses, these notes contain examples of hieroglyphic
spellings from the codices. There are also notes on the grammar and vocabulary of
other Maya languages. A set of notes deals with the frequency of signs in Maya
codices. In addition, the section includes thematic selections of images from the codices
and photographs of Maya monuments grouped by region and archaeological sites.
There are also offprints and manuscripts by David Kelley, Thomas Barthel, and Roberto
Esclante. A selection of Danish newspaper articles about Knorozovs presentation of the
decipherment of Maya writing at a congress in Copenhagen in 1956 is of particular
importance to anyone interested in the history of decipherment and can be found in the
Biographical series. Knorozovs bibliographic notes on Maya studies reflect his
knowledge of and preferences in dealing with published works on Maya languages,
writing, art, and archaeology.
In addition to Knorozovs study of Maya writing, this series reveals his interest in the
Olmec civilization and Isthmian (Olmec) and Zapotec writing, including offprints of
articles on Olmec archaeology and early Mesoamerican writing systems, photographs,
and notes on some Isthmian and Zapotec inscriptions. The inclusion certain offprints
and drawings also illuminates Knorozovs correspondence with Michael Coe, George
Stuart, and Joyce Marcus. Various correspondents sent materials to Knorozov for
opinions, or because he had difficulty obtaining a copy. Victoria de la Jara and Thomas
Barthel were Knorozovs main correspondents and providers of materials on Peru
writing systems and there several files dealing with tukapu and Colonial hieroglyphic
writing.
Knorozovs interest in the history and theory of writing systems is also reflected in a
selection of notes and materials on various scripts and notation systems grouped by
type of script/signs (alphabets, syllabaries, numbers, rebuses, ciphers, and pictograms)
or by geographic location (China, Japan, Africa, and Eskimo). Materials on linguistics
theory constitute another major section of the research files series. These include
Knorozovs own notes on signaling theory, offprints of articles by several prominent
Soviet linguists on the subjects of morphology, semantics, and phonology, and reports
and newsletters of the Research Council on Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of
USSR. Despite the fact that Knorozov published multiple articles on Easter Island and
Indus scripts, there are almost no research files on these two subjects. Knorozov was in
the habit of folding a piece of paper in half and placing a set of notes inside. Sometimes

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the package was identified, others not. A few re-used notes on the Indus script
decipherment have been identified and placed in a separate folder.
Finally this series contains a few notes and visual materials on Ainu ethnography and
language with a special emphasis on pictograms. Several packages of notes and
reports also reflect Knorozovs participation in the archaeological research on the Kuril
Islands in the1980s and 1990s. A set of notes corresponds to Knorozovs research on
Ainu religion, which led to a publication on Ainu beliefs about reincarnation.
Provenance
The Knorozov Papers were purchased from his estate in 2007.
Permission to Publish
Please contact the Curator of Image Collections and Fieldwork Archives for further
information about copyright issues and permission to publish items from this collection.
Notes to Researchers
The series divisions do not reflect the original organization of the papers because by the
time the papers arrived at Dumbarton Oaks, original order had been lost. The series
and many file names were created to facilitate scholarship.
Most of the papers are in Russian, with other languages including Spanish, Dutch,
English and German. Further Ainu files and materials are at the Library of Congress.
Other Knorozov materials exist at the institutions where he worked. There are
oversized Russian language newspapers in a box at the end of the collection.

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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

Folder Title

Biographical
Business Cards and Contact Information, n.d.
Daily Planners, n.d.
Mexico Trips, 1992-1993
MSC Notes,1977?
News Clipping, 32nd International Congress of Americanists
(Copenhagen, 1956 Press Reviews
Newsclippings, Mexican and other Spanish Language Newspapers,
re: Knorozov
Newsclippings, Soviet Newspapers about Knorozov
Poetry, n.d.
Prose, n.d.
Receipts, 1976
Research Planning, 1968, 1994
Reviews of Knorozovs Writing of Maya Indians and of Evreinov,
Kosarev, and Ustinous Application of Electric Computing Machines in
the Study of Maya Script
Correspondence
American Anthropologist, 1962,
Argentina,1952, 1958, 1960, Correspondence with Individuals from
Argentina
Arqueologa Mexicana, 1994
Thomas Barthel, 1964
Belgium, Jamin, 1956
C.R. Bird, 1962
Iu. Bromlei, 1966
Lyle Campbell, 1979
Centro de Estudios Mayas, 1997
Charles Upson Clark, 1952-1954
Michael Coe, 1957
Sophie Coe, 1965, 1993
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Spain); Francisco De
P. Solano, 1962
Costa-Rica (33rd International Congress of Americanists), 1957-1959
George Cowgill, 1957
Current Anthropology, 1961
Alexander Ebin, 1962
Embajada de Mexico, 1995
Galina Ershova, 1986, 1990
Rudigh Fuchs, 1994
Ignace J. Gelb, 1964
Rafael Girard, 1956
Francisco Guerra, 1960
John P. Harrington, 1956

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37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68

69
1
2
3
4
5

Folder Title

Hermann Publishing House, 1958, Pierre Beres Knorozov

Hermitage Museum, 1998
Ibero-Amerikanische Bibliothek, 1957, Hans-Joachim Bock Knorozov
G. Kutscher
Institute of Slavic and Baltic Studies, 1979?
Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, 1968
International Biographical Catalogue, 1998
C. Jaschek and F. Atriobarandela, 1998
P. Jeganathan, 1994
Katsnelson, Isidor S. (Kauhe teoh, Ueuaop), 1968
David H. Kelley, 1956-1959, 1961, 1963
Johann Knobloch, 1969
La. Kuzmin, 1988
Peter A. Lanyon-Orgill, 1957, 1959?, 1960
George Lobsiger, 1956
Norman and Dolores McQuown, 1970-1972, 1993, 1979
Alan L. Mackay, 1956
Joyce Marcus, 198?
E. Meletinskii, 1982
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc, 1971
Mexico, 1954, 1957
Museo Nacional de Arqueologica y Etnologia Guatemala, 1952-1960
Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography Kunstkamera, 1994
Nauka Publishing House, 1966
Pamiatniki Mirovoi Literatury, 1966
Peabody Museum Harvard University, 1964-1966, (J. Brew, Iu.
Knorozov, Gordon Willey, Sophie Coe, Henry Field)
Tatiana Proskouriakoff, 1970
Luis Vasquez Pueyo, 1970
F. I. Pyzhianov, 1985, 1994
Jim Rauh, 1970
A.A. Reformatskii, 1961
Research Council on Cybernetics Academy of Sciences, USSR, Re:
Correspondence Reports on Linguistics-Semiotics, 1959, 1962, 1966
Research Council on Cybernetics Academy of Sciences, USSR, Re:
Decipherment of Ancient Scripts, 1964-1966, 1968, 1970, 1973,
[Folder includes correspondence with Pavlov, Boiko, Rozentsveig,
Markov, and Shreder]
F. Roucaute, 1962
Salvador, 1953, 1956
Anatolii Shkunkov, 1994
Staatliches Museum Fr Vlkerkunde, Dresden, 1957, 1959, [Kurt
Biermann to Knorozov]
L. Supagn, 1970
W. Cameron Townsend, 1956

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7
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9
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12
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16

17
18
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20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

30
31

32
33
34
35

Folder Title

C.L. Trepaniek, c. 1960

University of Chicago Press, 1974
Uruguay, 1953
V.A. Ustinov, 1959-1962 (correspondence and notes related to
Ustinovs dissertation)
Venezuela, 1953, 1956-1959
Vestnik Akademii Nauk , n.d.
Voprosy Iazykoznaniia, 1976
Voprosy Istorii , 1976-1977
Wenner-Gren Foundation, 1962
Mark Zhukovskii, 197?-199?
Unidentified Correspondents, 1977
Writings
Manuscripts
K State Izobrazitelnoe Tvorchestvu Detei on the article Children Art
Colloquium on Signal Systems Theory (transcript)
K Voprosu Osmysle Termina Promiskuitet (of the meaning of the
term promiscuity)
Ieroglificheskie Rukopisi Maiia ( EPO
L

) (Maya Hieroglyphic Manuscripts)

Nadpis na sarkofage V Palenke (Inscription on the Sarcophagus at
Palenque)
O Sbornike Iskusstvo Stran Iatinskoi Ameriki (O Ceophlike
Uckycctbo Ctrah Atuhckou Amer k )
Osobennosti detskikh izobrazhenii (Peculiarities of Childrens Art)
Osobennosti sovremennykh signalnykh sistem (Peculiarities of
Contemporary Signal Systems)
Paleolithic Art in North America
Peopling of the New World (Original Title Unknown)
Pismennost Indeitsev Maiia (The Writing of Maya Indians)
V Zashchito T. Kheierdala (In Defense of T. Heyerdahl)
Review of Andreevas Dissertation Algorithmic Recognition of
Statistical Combinatory Types of Word Change and Word Categories
Based on Russian Language
Review of the article Cosmological Text of the Ancient Eastern
European Black Sea Area - By Marchenko
Response to Thompsons and Barthels Critique of Knorozovs
Decipherment of Maya Writing
Offprints
The Ancient Ways of the Mayans
Review of Michael Coes Book Americas First Civilization
Drevnee Pepuanskoe Pismo: Problema I Gipotezy, 1970 (Ancient
Peruvian Script: The Problem and Hypotheses)
K Voprosuo Genezise Paleoliticheskikh Izobrazhenii, 1976 (On the
Origins of Paleolithic Art)

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36

37
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Folder Title

10

Zametki o Kalendare Maiia (Notes on Maya Calendar, 1971, 1973),

[several articles about classic Maya calendar]
Research Files
Africa - Nigeria Archaeology, [an article about Akwanshi]
Africa Writing
Ainu - Artifacts-Ikunisi, [photographs and notes on Ikunisi]
Ainu - Pictographs
Ainu Religion - Kuril Islands Archaeology
America - Contacts with the Old World
America - Indigenous Languages
America - Peopling, [Offprints of several articles]
Anthropology Russia - Bibliography
Aztec Archaeology [Michael Coe 1964 offprint]
Central American Newspapers
Chinese Writing
Communication in Space
Consejo Estatal Consultivo de la Educacion en Yucatan
Eskimo - Archaeology
Eskimo - Pictographs
Europe Astronomy
Evolutionary Biology
Indus Script - Decipherment
Japanese Writing
Ket Mythology
Kuril Islands -Archaeology
Kuril Islands - Newspapers
Linguistics - Bibliography
Linguistics - Cybernetics
Linguistics - Cybernetics, Reports of the research Council on
Cybernetics
Linguistics -Invented Languages
Linguistics -Morphology
Linguistics - Phonology
Linguistics - Secret Codes and Cyphers
Linguistics - Poetry and Metrics
Linguistics - Semantics
Linguistics - Semiotics
Linguistics - Semiotics Ethnic Semiotics Group, 1989
Linguistics - Semiotics Research Council on Cybernetics 1962
Linguistics - Signal Systems
Linguistics - Signal Systems, Animals
Linguistics - Signal Systems, Child Development
Linguistics - Signal Systems, Nonverbal Communication
Linguistics - Structural Analysis, Articles by A. Reformatskii
Linguistics-Theory

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19

1
2
3
4
5
6-8
9
10
11
12
13
1-2

3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6

7-8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
2

Folder Title

11

Maya - Archaeology George L. Cowgill

Maya - Art Themes, Specific Themes: Women, bats, snakes, vultures,
rabbits, foxes, dogs, jaguars, monkeys, deer, trees, zodiac, new year,
katuns
Maya Artifacts, Pottery
Maya Artifacts, Pottery - Clarkson
Maya Artifacts, Pottery - Chetumal Vessel [now at Dumbarton Oaks]
Maya - Astronomy, Michael Coe Native Astronomy in Meso America
Maya - Languages Names and Place Names
Maya - Bibliography (3 folders)
Maya - Calendar Maricela Ayala and Munro S. Edmonson, 1969
Maya - Chronology
Maya - Kinship
Maya Languages - Chontal, Article by Atwin Smailus, Escritura Maya,
November 1969
Maya Languages - Comparative
Maya Languages Writing, Word Lists by theme, Time, Weather,
Celestial Objects, Pottery, Clothes, Household Items, Astronomy,
Political Organization, Kinship, Agriculture, Trade, War, Gods (2
Folders)
Maya Languages Yukatek, Colonial Dictionaries
Maya Languages Yukatek, Dictionary
Maya Languages Yukatek, Grammar
Maya Movies, Ershova
Maya Religion - Gods, Red Winter Moiety, Blue Summer Moiety
Maya Religion -Gods, God B/ Chaak, GI, God K/ Kawill, God D
Maya Writing - Decipherment notes on Leon de Rosny
Maya Writing - Decipherment papers by Thomas Barthel
Maya Writing - Decipherment papers by Roberto Escalante
Maya Writing - Decipherment papers by David H. Kelley
Maya Writing - Decipherment, Reviews of Knorozovs Writing of Maya
Indians and of Evreinov, Kosarev, and Ustinous Application of
Electr. Computing machines in the study of Maya script.
Maya Writing - Inscriptions (2 folders)
Maya Writing - Reading and Translation Leiden Plaque
Maya Writing - Sign Frequency
Maya Writing - Signs
Mesoamerica Archaeology, Teotihvacan
Mesoamerica Writing, Joyce Marcus
Mongolian Archaeology and Writing
Navigation History Dicke Y Julio A. Ibarra Grasso
Nogai Kinship, [1 chart of kinship terms]
Olmec - Archaeology, offprints of articles by M. Coe, and Knorozovs
Notes on M. Coes Americas First Civilization
Olmec - Monuments, Photographs of Monuments from Lauenta Cerro

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3
4
5
6

7
8

10
11
12
13
14
15
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17
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Folder Title

12

de las Mesas
Olmec - Religion, Notes on Olmec religion and Gods
Olmec Writing - Notes on Isthmian Writing [sign lists and specific
inscriptions Tuxla tres zapotes]
Paleolithic Art Origins, Unorozous Notes on a monograph by stoliar
Peru - Inca, Guaman Poma de Ayala, Cutouts of Drawings by
Guaman Poma Published in the Russian Edition of Garcilaso de la
Vega
Peru - Mochica Mythology [offprint of an article by Berezkin]
Peru Writing - Knorozovs Notes on Tukapu Offprints of two articles by
Thomas S. Barbel Dealing with Dukapu Offprint of an Article by Ibarra
Grasso [About Inca Hieroglyphs], Offprint of an Article by Gustavo
Baca Corzo [on Same subject] Review of Peruvian Writing by
unknown author Bibliography of words by Barthel and Jara
Peru Writing [publications and materials prepared by Victoria de la
Jara]
Russia - Ethnography
Russia - Kinship
Russia - Siberia Ethnography
Russia Writing - History
Social Theory - Ethnicity, Articles by Gomilev
Social Theory - Kinship, Articles by Girenko
Social Theory - Political Economy
Social Theory - Social Evolution, Marriage
Statistics
Survival in Extreme Conditions
Systems of Theory
Systems Theory, Theory of Collectives
Writing - Comparative Alphabets and Syllabaries
Writing - Comparative Numbers
Writing - Comparative Pictographs
Writing - Maps
Writing - Rebus
Writing Theory, Samkovas Manuscript Origins and Development of
Writing
Zapotec Archaeology, Religion
Zapotec - Monuments and Inscriptions