Experiment 1

Module I
Tutorial I
Wave Shaping Circuits
Objectives: To Design and test the clipping and clamping circuits
Case 1: Demonstrate a positive, negative source signal clipping circuits to clip the input AC
waveforms in series and shunt ways. Use a DC source of 5V.
Design Steps: Use diode 1N4007, with maximum current IMAX=5mA along with a DC source
of VDC=5V
Use a sine wave source of 10V peak.

5 105
Maximum diode current IMAX=5mA=
=
R=1K.

Clipping Circuits:
VO

R=1K

Vi
5V

VO
5V

Vi

R=1K

Fig 1.1
Fig 1.3

Procedure:
Place the components on bread board, and connect them as shown in the circuit
diagram.
Set the source to supply a sine wave of 10 V peak and 1 KHz frequency.
Set the DC voltage to 5 V in case of the cases
Connect the input and output of the circuit to the two channels of the CRO to
observe the input and output waveforms. Measure the voltage amplitude, clipping
voltage using CRO.(Note: Both the channel ground should be common)
Set the CRO to display in XY mode to observe the transfer characteristics.(both the
channels are set to same attenuation factor)
Repeat the same for all the clipping circuits.

Case 2: Design a clipper circuit to clip the input signal between two independent
levels (VR1=5V> VR2=2V).
Design steps: Use R=1K and Vi=10sin (2000t)
R

D2
V0

VR2=2V

vi

VR1=5V

D1

Fig 1.5

Procedure:
Connect the circuit on the breadboard as shown in the circuit diagram.
Set the source to supply a sine wave of 10 V peak and suitable frequency.
Connect the input and output of the circuit to the two channels of the CRO to
observe the input and output waveforms. Measure the voltage amplitude, clipping
voltage using CRO.
Set the CRO to display in XY mode to observe the transfer characteristics.
Repeat the same for all the clipping circuits.
Case 3: Demonstrate a positive, negative and biased source signal clamping circuits to
clamp the input square waveforms .Use a DC source of 3V.
Study of clamping circuits
Vo
0.47uF
Vi

Vo
0.47uF
Vi
3V

Fig 1.6

Fig 1.7

Procedure:

Use the breadboard to place and connect the components as shown in circuit
diagram.
Switch on the circuit and the function generator and set the waveforms to required
amplitude of 10V P-P and frequency of 1 kHz.

Use two channels of the CRO to observe the input and output of the circuit
waveform. (in DC mode only)
Repeat the procedure for all the other circuits.

Observation/Conclusion:

Assignment:
1. Change the VR2= -2Vin the circuit shown in fig 1.5, observe the output waveform and
transfer characteristic. Hence write the conclusion
2. Reverse the bias voltage (VDC= -3V) in the circuit shown in fig 1.7 and 1.8, observe the
output wave form and give the reason.
3. Simulate all the circuits in tutorial 1 (Figure 1.1 to Figure 1.9) using PSpice schematics.
Perform the time domain (transient) analysis. Compare the test and simulated results.

VO
R=1K

VO

5V

Vi

Vi

R=1K

5V

Fig 1.2

Fig 1.4

Vo
0.47uF
Vi

Vo
0.47uF
Vi
3V

Fig 1.8

Fig 1.9

EXPERIMENT 2
Module II
DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN USING SSI/MSI
Tutorial 1
Combinational Circuit Design Using Logic Gates
Objectives: To design, build and test simple combinational circuits using logic gates
1. Realize the Boolean function f (W, X, Y, Z) = m (1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 14) using
(i) basic gates (ii) only NAND gates
Sample solution:
i) ICs required: IC7404(1 No), IC 7411(1 No), IC7408(1 No), IC7432(1 No)
w

z
1

2
1
3
5

2
13

4
6

2
5

3
4

12

2. Design an Excess-3 to BCD code converter and implement using residual gates
Sample Solution:
a) Block diagram defining the inputs & outputs

CODE
CONVERT OR

EXCESS -3

BCD

a) Truth Table
Assumption: Illegal inputs do not occur.
Excess-3
E2
E1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0

E3
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1

BCD
E0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

B3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1

b) Output logic expressions

B3 (E3, E2, E1, E0) = (11, 12)
B2 (E3, E2, E1, E0) = (7, 8, 9, 10)
B1 (E3, E2, E1, E0) = (5, 6, 9, 10)
B0 (E3, E2, E1, E0) = (4, 6, 8, 10, 12)
c) Minimize using Karnaugh Maps
e) Minimized logic functions

B E E E EE
3

B2 E2 E1E0 E2 E1 E2 E0

B EE E E
1

B E
0

f) Draw the Circuit diagram

B2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0

B1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0

B0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

g) List the Components used.

3. Design a 3-bit binary adder ( full adder ) and a 3-bit ( full-subtractor) binary
subtractor.
Assignments:
Simulate the following circuits using OrCAD PSpice
1. Realize the Boolean function f (W, X, Y, Z) = m (1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 14) using only NOR
gates.
2. Design a 2 bit binary magnitude comparator and realize it using minimum number of
gates.
3. Design an BCD to Gray code converter and implement using residual gates.

APPENDIX A
List of components available in the Integrated Electronics Laboratory
Low Power Resistors
4.7ohm
150ohm
560ohm
1.5kohm
5.6kohm
15kohm
56kohm
150kohm
560kohm
10ohm
180ohm
680ohm
1.8kohm
6.8kohm
18kohm
68kohm
180kohm
820kohm
10ohm

10ohm
33ohm
47ohm
100ohm
180ohm
220ohm
330ohm
470ohm
680ohm
820ohm
1kohm
1.2kohm
1.8kohm
2.2kohm
3.3kohm
4.7kohm
W
6.8kohm
8.2kohm
10kohm
12kohm
18kohm
22kohm
33kohm
47kohm
68kohm
82kohm
100kohm
120kohm
180kohm
220kohm 330kohm
470kohm
820kohm
1Mohm
33ohm
47ohm
100ohm
150ohm
1W
220ohm
330ohm
470ohm
560ohm
820ohm
1kohm
1.2kohm
1.5kohm
2.2kohm
3.3kohm
4.7kohm
5.6kohm
8.2kohm
10kohm
12kohm
15kohm
22kohm
33kohm
47kohm
56kohm
82kohm
100kohm 120kohm
150kohm
220kohm
330kohm 470kohm
560kohm
1Mohm
33ohm
47ohm
100ohm
5W
Potentiometers
100ohm
1K ohm
10 K ohm
25kohm
100kohm
Electrolyte Capacitors
2.2mf/63v
4.7mf/63v
10mf/63v
22mf/63v
47mf/63v
100mf/63v
220mf/63v
330mf/63v
470mf/63V
2200mf/63v
Ceramic Disc Capacitors
2.2kpf
3.3kpf
4.7kpf
100kpf
0.001mf
0.01mf
0.1mf
0.022mf
0.22mf
0.047mf
0.47mf
Low Power Zener Diodes
5.1V 0.5W
5.1 V/1.0W
6.8V/0.5 W
12.1V/1.0W
Low Power Diodes
IN4001
IN4007
BA159
Low Power Transistors
FET BFW-10
SL 100
SK100
BC 107
BC 547
BC 557
2N 3055
2N 3773
MOSFET-2N27000
3- Terminal Voltage Regulator ICs
7805
7812
7815
7905
7912
7915
317
OP-Amp / Timer ICs
741
555

Digital IC Pin Details and Functional Tables

7400 QUAD 2 INPUT NAND GATE

7402 QUAD 2 INPUT NOR GATE

7404 HEX INVERTER/NOT GATE

7408 QUAD 2 INPUT AND GATE

7410 TRIPLE 3 INPUT NAND GATE

7411 TRIPLE 3 INPUT AND GATE

7420 DUAL 4 INPUT NAND GATE

7421 DUAL 4 INPUT AND GATE

74LS30 -8 INPUT NAND GATE

7432 QUAD 2 INPUT OR GATE

7446/7447 BCD to Seven Segment Decoder

7473 DUAL J-K FLIP-FLOP

7474 DUAL D FLIP-FLOP

7486 QUAD 2 INPUT EXCLUSIVE OR GATE

7490 ASYNCHRONOUS DECADE COUNTER

74112 JK FLIP FLOP WITH PRESET AND CLEAR

74LS138/74LS139 -3:8 Decoder

74151 - 8:1 MULTIPLEXER

74153 - 4:1 MULTIPLEXER

74154 4:16 DECODER / DEMULTIPLXER

Inputs

Outputs

G1

G2

10

11

12

13

14

15

74194 FOUR BIT BIDIRECTIONAL UNIVERSAL SHIFT REGISTER

LT-542 SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY (COMMON ANODE)

g

VCC

a
f

LT542
g

c
d
dp

VCC

dp

74LS283 FOUR BIT BINARY FULL ADDER WITH FAST CARRY

LOGIC FAMILIES OVERVIEW

Logic
family

Prop.
delay

Rise/fall Vihmin
Time

74
74LS
74F
74AS
74ALS
ECL
4000
74C
74HC
74HCT
74AC
74ACT
74AHC

22ns
15ns
5ns
4.5ns
11ns
1.45ns
250ns
90ns
18ns
23ns
9ns
9ns
3.7ns

2.0V
2.0V
2.0V
2.0V
2.0V
-1.165V
3.5V
3.5V
3.5V
2.0V
3.5V
2.0V
3.85V

2.3ns
1.5ns
2.3ns
0.35ns
19ns
3.6ns
3.9ns
1.5ns
1.5ns

Vilmax

Vohmin

Volmax

Noise
Margin

0.8V
0.8V
0.8V
0.8V
0.8V
-1.475V
1.5V
1.5V
1.0V
0.8V
1.5V
0.8V
1.65V

2.4V
2.7V
2.7V
2.7V
2.5V
-1.025V
4.95V
4.5V
4.9V
4.9V
4.9V
4.9V
4.4V

0.4V
0.5V
0.5V
0.5V
0.5V
-1.61V
0.05V
0.5V
0.1V
0.1V
0.1V
0.1V
0.44V

0.4V
0.3V
0.3V
0.3V
0.3V
0.135V
1.45V
1V
0.9V
0.7V
1.4V
0.7V
0.55V

(Typical values for rough comparison only. Refer to data sheet, values valid for Vcc=5V)