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What is Asexual
W Reproduction?
SHEE
T
Explain the term asexual reproduction. Highlighting the various types of asexual
reproduction.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction.
Explain the principles and importance of vegetation propagation as exemplified by the
use of cutting and tissue culture.
Asexual reproduction is the type of reproduction that produces offspring by a single organism
without the production or fusion of gametes. It usually results in the production of genetically
identical offspring to the parent and are referred to as clones.
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The bacterium cell must copy its DNA so the new cells will have DNA. DNA or,
deoxyribonucleic acid, has all of the information the bacterium will need to
survive, so it is important it gets copied. The DNA is tightly wound so it is in a
neat package called a chromosome.
The bacterium now grows larger. This allows for some separation between the
two DNA copies that are inside the cell. A division develops in the middle of the
bacterium. This division eventually completely divides the bacterium in half. This
is called cytokinesis.
Each cell is now called a daughter cell and they separate
Fragmentation
Fragmentation or clonal fragmentation in multicellular or colonial organisms is a form of
asexual reproduction or cloning in which an organism is split into fragments. Each of these
fragments develops into mature, fully grown individuals that are clones of the original
organism. Example: Sea stars regenerate their arms, lizards regenerate their tails.
Interesting Fact
Many species of annelids (worms) reproduce via an asexual process called fragmentation.
Included in this category of worms are California blackworms, or mudworms. These
worms are hermaphroditic -- they have both male and female reproductive parts -- and
can reproduce sexually. However, many times these worms will reproduce using
fragmentation. In this case, blackworms can break apart and each consequential fragment
can become a new worm.
Budding
A form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual produced as an
outgrowth (bud) of the parent, and is later released as an independent, identical
copy of the parent. It involves the replicating of the DNA of the cell and
enclosing the replicated DNA into a much smaller amount of cytoplasm and cell
membrane than the original parent cell. Therefore a daughter cell that is much
smaller than the parent is produced but is genetically identical.
Examples : The Hydra produces via budding
Spore Formation
This type of asexual reproduction occurs in Fungi. The typical body structure of
fungi is a mass of fine tubes called hyphae. The whole mass of hyphae is called
mycelium. At the tips of hyphae are spores that are enclosed in a special
structure called sporangium, or free spores. Spores are small structures that
contain a nucleus. They are produced in large numbers and are very light;
therefore they can easily be dispersed by either animals or by the wind. After the
spores are dispersed via wind and animals should they land in favorable
conditions (warmth, water and oxygen), they will germinate and develop into
new plants.
Vegetation Propagation
The most common form of asexual reproduction is called vegetation propagation. This is the
form of asexual reproduction in which a bud grows and develops into a new plant.
Cutting
This is a an artificial means of asexual reproduction. The procedure involves the removing a
part of the plant by cutting and placing it in a suitable medium for growth. It produces roots
and grows into a new plant.
Types of Cutting
Stem cutting: the plants side shoot is cut right across. This is the area a leaf joins the
stem.
The piece of stem and at least one leaf node buried in the soil. Overtime the cutting
produces new roots at the node.
Example: Sugar cane
Root cutting: the plant is cut across its root. The section of the root that is cut is buried
beneath the soils surface. Overtime new shoots are emerged.
Example: Breadfruit
Tissue culture
Plant tissue culture is the collection of techniques used for the growth of plant cells. The
leaf is first placed in disinfectant solution to ward off bacteria. Small pieces of tissues are
extracted from the leaf. The explant is exposed to a culture of liquids.
Hormones: controls the growth of the tissues and its development into the roots stems and
leaves of the new plants. For example auxin
Nutrients: such as sucrose provides energy for the group of cells and other sterile
nutrients such as potassium. The explants are remained under sterile conditions until they
are big enough to resist infections from fungi.
After periods of time, the cells in explant form calluses through the process of mitosis.
The calluses are then placed onto a sterile agar jelly that contains nutrients which
activates the development of roots and shoots.
The mixture in the solution changes overtime during different stages of growth in the
cells.
When the plant becomes large enough to fend for itself, it is placed into sterile soil in
order to complete its growth process.
The desired trait of the parent plant is preserved among the stock of plants.
It is an economical way obtaining the desired variety.
Tissue culture produces disease free plants in a short time.
It is beneficial to agriculturists who grow crops that do not produce seeds.
It allows the multiplied species to become well adapted to their new environment