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ada, seperti eritropoetin (Epo), protektif terhadap keruskan neuron pada stroke
neonatal [116,117]. Baru-baru ini, Epo terlihat menurun kemudian meningkat
pada kejang neuron hipocampus setelah kejang neonatus yang diinduksi hipoksia
pada mencit.
yang berubah setelah kejang usia dini [126] [127]. Selain reseptor glutamat,
inhibitor reseptor GABAA juga dapat dipengaruhi oleh kejang usia dini, yang
menghasilkan gangguan fungsi jangka panjang. Penurunan fungsi awal dan segera
pada inhibitor sinaps GABAergik yang dimediasi oleh perubahan pasca translasi
pada subunit GABAA diketahui terjadi setelah kejang yang diinduksi hipoksia
pada mencit [126]. Kejang yang diinduksi Flurothyl menghasilkan kerusakan
selektif dari inhibis GABAergik dalam satu minggu [128]. Terdapat bukti bahwa
beberapa perubahan ini terjadi dibawah reseptor glutamat permeabel Ca2+ dan
transfer sinyal Ca2+ serta terapi pasca kejang dengan antagonis GluR atau inhibitor
fosfat mungkin mengganggu perubahan patologi yang menyebabkan gangguan
jangka panjang dan epilepsi [123,126].
hewan dan
penelitian pada manusia harus selaras untuk memahami bagaimana data keamanan
dan efikasi dari hewan pengerat dan primata non-manusia untuk memprediksi
respon pada manusia. Sejumlah model kejang pada usia dini ada untuk penelitian
efek jangka panjang, dan ini juga bisa digunakan untuk mengetahui efek
pengobatan pada otak dan perkembangan kognitif. Uji klinis pada neonatus akan
sangat berkembang jika ada biomarker akurat
kronis, tetapi untuk saat ini hanya ada EEG. Pengukuran integritas metabolik otak
seperti spectroskcopy resonansi magnetik atau spectroscopy inframerah jarak
dekat, bila dikombinasikan dengan data EEG, dapat menunjukkan pengukuran
yang baik untuk efikasi terapi. Penggunaan pemantauan dengan EEG kontinu
dalam studi klinis terapi kejang neonatal akan menjadi penting. Penghentian
kejang merupakan tujuan terapeutik penting, namun peningkatan perkembangan
saraf juga merupakan hasil yang sangat penting.
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in
the
developing
brain.
Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A
tetap di sebelah kiri wilayah tengah, wilayah tengah garis tengah menjadi tidak
terlibat. Aktivitas kejang listrik ini terjadi pada keadaan tidak adanya aktivitas
klinis kejang pada wanita dengan usia kehamilan 40 minggu dengan hipoksiaiskemik ensefalopati. Wanita tersebut awalnya koma dan hipotonik dan, pada saat
dilakukan perekaman EEG, telah diobati dengan fenobarbital. (Dicetak ulang
dengan izin dari [136])
dan Na + dibandingkan dengan sinaps yang matur. Selain itu, reseptor AMPA
relatif kekurangan subunit GluR2, sehingga relatif meningkatkan permeabilitas
Ca2 + dibandingkan dengan sinaps matur. Antagonis reseptor NMDA spesifik dan
antagonis reseptor AMPA mungkin terbukti menjadi target terapi spesifik usia
untuk
pengembangan
pengobatan.
Aktivasi
reseptor
GABA
biasanya
Tabel 1
Berbagai etiologi dari kejang neonatus
Metabolik akut
Hipoglikemia
Hipokalsemia
Hipomagnesia
Hipo atau hipernatremia
Withdrawal syndrome yang berhubungan dengan penggunaan obat
Iatrogenik yang berhubungan dengan anestesi lokal
Kelainan metabolisme yang jarang pada neonatus
Cerebrovascular
Ensefalopati hipoksik iskemik
Tabel 2
Kandidat target potensial dan terpai dari eksperimen dan literatur
Profil
Perubahan akut
Mekanisme target
Gen
Reseptor NMDA
(valproate)
NMDA receptor
inhibitors
(memantine, felbamate)
NR2B-specific inhibitors
Reseptor AMPA
(Ifenprodil),
AMPAR antagonists
(topiramate, talampanel,
GYKI
compounds)
NKCC1 inhibitor
(bumetanide
-in combination with
GABA
agonists phenobarbital,
Reseptor GABA
benzodiazepines)
GABA receptor agonists
(phenobarbital,
Fosfatase
benzodiazepines)
Phosphatase inhibitors
(FK-
Kinase
506)
Kinase inhibitors
(CaMKII
inhibitor KN-62, PKA
inhibitor
KT5720, PKC inhibitor
Perubahan
sub Inflamasi
akut
chelerythrine)
Anti-inflammatory
compounds
(ACTH), microglial
inactivators
(minocycline,
doxycycline)
Erythropoietin,
antioxidants,
NO inhibitors, NMDAR
Kanal HCN
Reseptor CBI
antagonists (memantine)
I(h)-blocker ZD7288
CB1 receptor antagonists
(SR
Perubahan
Sprouting
kronis
14176A, Rimonabant)
Protein synthesis
inhibitors
(rapamycin,
Gliosis
cycloheximide)
Anti-inflammatory
agents,
(Cox-2 inhibitors,
minocycline,
doxycycline)