1.

Ecological

Footprint adalah

alat

bantu

untuk

dapat

kita

pergunakan

dalam

mengukur penggunaan sumberdaya dan kemampuan menampung limbah dari populasi

manusia dihubungkan dengan kemampuan lahan, biasanya dinyatakan dalam hektar.
Ecological Footprint dapat digunakan sebagai ukuran prestasi kita dalam mendukung
keberlanjutan bumi ini, dan menjadi indikator terbaik dan efisien dalam mendukung
keberlanjutan kehidupan. Alat ukur ini menjadi penting dalam konteks untuk mengetahui
apakah kegiatan konsumsi yang kita lakukan masih dalam batas daya dukung lingkungan
ataukah sudah melewatinya, dengan kata lain masih dalam surplus ataukah sudah dalam
defisit (penurunan kualitas) ekologi.

Dari hasil polling yang dilakukan pada tahun 2014, seluruh dunia akan menjadi 60
persen lebih rendah, dunia akan beroperasi lebih nyaman dengan batas lingkugan

yang sustainable. Amerika misalnya per kapita memerlukan 7,2 hektar atau 7 kali kebutuhan
warga negara Indonesia. Apalagi negara seperti Qatar yang perkapita memerlukan 11,7 hektar
dan membutuhkan lebih banyak lagi. Sedangkan Indonesia hanya perkapita memerlukan 1,2
hektar. Keseimbangan alam akan tercapai bila pola konsumsi per kapita mengikuti negara
seperti Indonesia.

2. Wawasan lingkungan ada 5, yaitu:

1. Antropocentric
Antropocentric adalah suatu pandangan yang menyatakan bahwa manusia adalah pusat
dari alam semesta, sedangkan lingkungan hanya sebagai objek eksploitasi
2. Biocentric
Biocentric adalah suatu pandangan yang menyatakan bahwa pentingnya alam dan
manusia hanya sebagian dari alam
3. Ecosystem-Centered
Ecosystem-Centered adalah suatu pandangan yang menyatakan bahwa ekosistem yang
terdiri atas biotik dan abiotik
4. Biosphere
Biosphere adalah suatu pandangan yang menyatakan bahwa wawasan lingkungan yang
menganggap dunia ini sangat penting dan mencakup kebaikan umat manusia.
5. Self-Centerd
Self-Centerd adalah suatu pandangan yang menyatakan bahwa wawasan lingkungan
yang berpusat pada diri sendiri.
Menurut saya, diantara ke-5 pandangan tersebut yang merupakan pandangan
nerkelanjutan adalah biosphere yang menyatakan bahwa wawasan lingkungan yang
menganggap dunia ini sangat penting dan mencakup kebaikan umat manusia. Dunia
sangat penting bagi kehidupan manusia sekarang dan dikemudian hari. Tetapi, hanya
sedikit manusia yang sadar akan hal itu. Banyak manusia yang yang masih menganut
pandangan antropocentric, yakni pandangan yang menyatakan bahwa manusia adalah
pusat dari alam semesta, sedangkan lingkungan hanya sebagai objek eksploitasi. Manuia
yang menganut pandangan ini, mempunyai ambisi untuk mengeksploitasi lingkungan
sekitar hanya untuk kepentingan dirinya sendiri, kebanyakan dari mereka tidak peduli
akan dampak yang telah mereka perbuat meskipun tanpa disadari dampak yang mereka
perbuat telah mereka rasakan.

3. review jurnal
a. Jurnal 1

Rural Water Supply Management and Sustainability: The Case of Adama

Area, Ethiopia

Wise utilization of water resources is becoming very important as world faces water
crises. The main objective of this study was to investigate the rural water supply systems with
case study in Adama area, in central Ethiopia. Both quantitative and qualitative data were
collected and analyzed. Four sample water schemes were selected and totally 148 (63 were
female) representative households were selected for answering the questionnaires. Key
informant interviews and group discussions were also conducted. The study assessed issues
such as community participation, water committee empowerment, management and
governance of water supply schemes, women participation, functional status of water supply
scheme, sanitation and hygiene issues, external support, and monitoring system of water
supply schemes. The findings indicated that the community participation in planning and
implementation was very good while monitoring mechanism of operation and management as
well as community participation on choice of technology was poor. The water schemes were
located at reasonable distances i.e. less than 2 km in most cases and the time taken for round
trip to fetch water from source was less than or equal to 30 minutes in most cases, however
the queuing time was more than an hour. The water supply was inadequate as only about 15%
of beneficiaries could get 20 liters of water per day per capita. The water sources were
exposed in many cases to human waste, wild life, livestock and uncontrolled flooding.
Sanitary practices in the study area were poor as only about 3.4% had ventilated and
improved pit latrine and open pit and/or open field defecation were widely practiced.

b. Jurnal 2

Assessment of Sustainability of Community Water Supply Projects in

Kandy District
Introduction of community water supply projects, implemented and managed by the
community with an initial support from governments or international organizations has been

considered as a useful strategy to provide access to safe drinking water to rural communities.
Sri Lanka has also adopted this strategy through the Community Water Supply & Sanitation
Project. Since there were concerns about the sustainability of numerous water schemes
implemented throughout the country, a research was carried out in 20 community managed
water schemes in eight Divisional Secretariat divisions in Kandy district to assess the
sustainability of community based rural water supply projects using a methodology adopted
by the UNDP and World Bank in six other countries. Participatory research methodology
tools were used for the assessment based on 5 sub-indicators, such as physical condition,
operation and maintenance, consumer satisfaction, financial management and willingness-tosustain the system. The results show that the community water supply projects to provide
water to rural areas of Kandy district has been a success since 14 out of 20 schemes were
found to be sustainable indicating that the strategies followed during the project
implementation have succeeded. However, the study has also highlighted areas which require
further attention to ensure that these systems would continue to provide the expected services
and improve the functioning of other potentially sustainable schemes in the longrun. A
capacity building program along with an institutional arrangement to provide the support
services by the authorities, at least in the short term, is considered vital to help improve the
Community Based Organizations and to make them capable and mature entities.