Chapter 14

Atomic Physics

Positive charge
distributed
Electron
throughout
atom

FIGURE 14.1 Thomson’s

model of the atom: negatively
charged electrons in a volume
of continuous positive charge.
particles
Target –
F I G U R E 14.2 (a) Rutherford’s
technique for observing the
+ scattering of alpha particles from a
thin foil target. The source is a
– naturally occurring radioac-tive
Lead screens
screens substance, such as radium. (b)
Rutherford’s planetary model
of the atom.
(a) ( b)
 –e
+ Ze

F I G U R E 14.3 The classical

model of the nuclear atom.
Because the accelerating electron
radiates energy, the orbit decays
until the electron falls into the
nucleus.
 r

dr

FIGURE 14.4 A
spherical shell of radius r and
thickness dr has a volume
equal to 4 r 2 dr.

P 1s(r)

r = a0

a0 = 0.052 9 nm r
(a) (b)

FIGURE 14.5 (a) The probability density of finding the electron

as a function of distance from the nucleus for the hydrogen atom in the
1s (ground) state. Note that the probability has its maximum value
when r equals the Bohr radius a 0 . (See Example 14.2.) (b) The cross-
section in the xy plane of the spherical electronic charge distribution
for the hydrogen atom in its 1s state.
 P(r)
0.6

0.5
1s

0.4

0.3

0.2 2s

0.1

0.0 r/a0
0 4 8 12 16 20
Figure 14.6
The radial probability density function versus 3 for the 1s
and 2s states of the hydrogen atom.
B B
z
z
|L| = 6h
Lz = 2h Lz = 2h
Lz L
Lz = h θ Lz = h

Lz = 0 Lz = 0

Lz h Lz h

Lz = –2h Lz = –2h
=2
(a) (b)

FIGURE 14.7 A vector model for 2. (a) The allowed

:
projections of the orbital angular momentum L relative to a
magnetic field that defines the z direction. (b) The orbital
:
angular momentum vector L lies on the surface of a cone.
 z z
S

S
(a) (b)

F I G U R E 14.8 The spin of an

electron can be either (a) up or
(b) down relative to a specified z axis.
The spin can never be aligned with
the axis.
 Beam of
silver atoms
Oven

Photographic
plate

Nonuniform
Classical magnetic field
pattern
Actual
pattern

F I G U R E 14.9 The apparatus used by Stern and Gerlach to verify space quantization. A
beam of neutral silver atoms is split into two components by a nonuniform magnetic field as
shown by the actual pattern in the box.
 S

Spin up
spin

1 1
ms = 2
2

0 S= 3
2

1 1
2 ms 2

Spin down
spin

F I G U R E 14.10 Spin angular momentum S

:

exhibits space quantization. This figure shows the two

allowed orientations of the spin angular momentum
:
vector S and the spin magnetic moment vector : spin
for a spin- 12 particle such as the electron.
 Electronic
Atom 1s 2s 2p configuration

Li 1s 22s 1

Be 1s 22s 2

B 1s 22s 22p 1

C 1s 22s 22p 2

N 1s 22s 22p 3

O 1s 22s 22p 4

F 1s 22s 22p 5

Ne 1s 22s 22p 6

F I G U R E 14.11 The filling of electronic states must obey both the exclusion principle and Hund’s rules.
 25 He
Ne

20
Ionization energy (eV)

Ar
Kr
15
Xe
Hg Rn
10

5 Tl
Li Na K Rb
Cs
8 8 18 18 32
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Atomic number, Z

F I G U R E 14.12 Ionization energy of the elements versus atomic number.

 =0 =1 =2
0 n=

–0.8 eV n=4
–1.5 eV n=3

–3.4 eV n=2
ENERGY

–13.6 eV n=1

F I G U R E 14.13 Some allowed electronic

transitions for hydrogen, represented by the
colored lines. These transitions must obey the
selection rule l.
 Kα
Intensity

30 40 50 60 70 80 90
, pm

F I G U R E 14.14 The x-ray

spectrum of a metal target
consists of a broad continuous
spectrum (bremsstrahlung) plus a
number of sharp lines, which are
due to characteristic x-rays. The
data shown were obtained when
37-keV electrons bombarded a
molybdenum target.
 1/

Z
F I G U R E 14.15 A Moseley plot
of √1/ versus Z, where is the
wavelength of the K x-ray line of the
element with atomic number Z.
 n E
0
6
5 13.606 eV
4 E
n2
3
ENERGY

2
α β γ δ

Figure P14.4 An energy level diagram

for hydrogen showing the Balmer series
(not drawn to scale).
 B

| L| = 2
Lz =
Lz = 0

Lz
=1