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#3 Vcc
6.3V
2uA
32V
Sync.
Voltage
Ref.
UVLO
Vck
1mA
#4
Feedback
OSC.
#1
Drain
2.5R
#5
Soft Start
& Sync.
S
R
Q
LEB
Voffset
#2
Source
GND
Sense
5V
Rsense
Reset
Sense
FET
S
7.5V
Reset
Q
Thermal
Protection
OVP
Control IC
Rev. 1.0.2
2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
AN4105
APPLICATION NOTE
Rg
Ccc
V cc
3
In te rn al Bia s
P o we r O n
Re se t
L a tch
Co mp a ra to r
Fairchild Power
Switch(FPS)
SPS
5V
V re f
1 5V /1 0 V
-
UV L
Vz
6V
Good Logic
Icc
[mA]
20
Power On
Reset Range
0.3
6V
10V
15V
Vz
Vc
[V]
[V]
c
APPLICATION NOTE
AN4105
Precision
Current Source
2uA
Vck
1mA
Idrain
OSC.
Vfb
#4
#1
5V
2.5R
On
Cfb
Vfb*
Vss
#2
Sense
Off
Ioffset
#5
Css
Reset
Rsense
Vsense
Isense
Figure 4. Fairchild Power Switch(FPS) feedback circuit appropriate for off line SMPS use (current mode PWM).
AN4105
APPLICATION NOTE
2uA
Vo, 80V
12V
PC817
Vck
1mA
Vfb
SPS
OSC.
#4
C1
33n
R3
1k
R1
33k
Cfb
33n
2k
2R
Vfb*
R4
3.3k
1k
Ioffset
10n
R2
1k
KA431
C2
Sense
Rsense
LM431
Control IC
(a) Control
ControlCircuit
circuitusing
thatKA431(LM431)
used KA431(LM431)
2uA
Vo, 80V
R1
33k
12V
PC817
Vfb
2k
2R
Vfb*
1k
2.2k
C1
0.1u
OSC.
#4
Cfb
33n
R3
1k
SPS
Vck
1mA
Ioffset
Rsense
Sense
R2
Vz
Zener the
Diode
Control
IC
(b) Control
ControlCircuit
circuitusing
thata used
zener
diode
Figure 5. Fairchild Power Switch(FPS) feedback control circuit.
APPLICATION NOTE
AN4105
Fa ircPower
hild Switch(FPS)
Pow e r
Fairchild
1 0V
2
SPS
Sw itc h (SPS)
PW M
Co mp a ra to r
5V
Ds
5 0k
#4
Note that when the voltage across CS exceeds 3V, The voltage
at the comparators inverting terminal no longer follows the
voltage across CS. Instead, it follows the output voltage
feedback signal. In shutdown or protection circuit operation,
capacitor CS is discharged, in order to enable it to charge from
0V at restart.
1.6 Synchronization
In an SMPS intended for use with monitors, synchronization
is handled differently than in a general purpose SMPS. For
monitor use, it is necessary to prevent noise from appearing on
the monitor display. To accomplish this, it is necessary to
synchronize the SMPS switching frequency with the
monitors horizontal sync frequency. The monitors horizontal
scan flyback signal is commonly used as the external sync
signal for the SMPS. By synchronizing the switching with the
horizontal scans flyback, the switching noise is positioned at
the far left of the monitor display where it cannot be seen.
Figure 7 shows how to implement the external circuit for
synchronization. The external sync signal, applied across
resistor Rs, cannot drop below 0.6V because of diode Dsync.
After the conclusion of the initial soft start, the voltage across
Cs remains at 5V until the external sync signal is applied, at
which point it looks like VRs of Figure 8. The sync comparator
compares VCs against a 6.3V level and produces the
comparator output waveform, Vcomp of Figure 8.
A Fairchild Power Switch (FPS) has an internal timing
capacitor, Ct. Figure 8 shows that when the voltage on Ct, VCt,
reaches an upper threshold, it begins to discharge; then, when
it reaches a lower threshold, it again starts to charge. This
operation is controlled by the internal oscillator. The oscillator
output signal, VCk in Figure 8, which goes low.
V C O MP
V RS
Rs
Dsyn c
6 .3V
OSC .
S yn c
c o m p a ra t o r
S eries
#5
Cs
K A5XX Series
Exte rna l
Syn c In p ut
KA2SXX
Rs K
A 5S X X
KA3SXX
K
A 5Q X X
V CS
E x t e rn a l
S yn c
I n p ut
#5
Cs
PW M
c o m p a ra to r
5V
2V
0V
V CS
5V
0V
V C O MP
0V
V ThH
V CT
0V
V ThL
V ck
0V
AN4105
APPLICATION NOTE
2uA
Vck
1mA
Vfb
Vo
OSC.
#4
D1
Cfb
D2
2.5R
2R
Vfb*
Ioffset
LM431
KA431
Sense
Rsense
Reset
7.5V
R
Q
Thermal
Shutdown
Shutdown
APPLICATION NOTE
AN4105
Vo
#
Cd
Cf
D1
D2
Vfb*
Vz=3.9V
3.9V
3V
0
t
LM431
KA431
t1
7.5V
Tim e Constant
= 3.5R*Cfb
(a)
t3
t2
2uA = Cfb*0.9V/t2
Shutdown
2uA = Cd*3.6V/t3
< SPS
Delayed
Shutdown
>
<Fairchild
Powerlong
Switch
(FPS) long
Delayed Shutdown>
(b)
Figure 10. Long delay shutdown.
AN4105
APPLICATION NOTE
Vo
n :1
Vin
V sn
V in
SPS
LM431
C o n t ro l
IC
K A 4 31
2
3
V fb
V cc
Rsd
C fb
n *: 1
V tx
Ccc
(a ) F ly b a ck c o n v e rt e r
V tx
No Rsd
n *V s n / n
n *V o
L ow Rsd
L a rg e R s d
0
n * V in / n
The voltage Vtx waveform of NB and VCC(the rectified VNB) depending on Rsd
(b ) F la yb a c k co n v e rt e r c o n t ro lle r v o lt a g e a n d R s d d e p e n d e n t V c c
(1 )
V cc
S h u t do w n
(2 )
(3 )
UVLO
S h u t do w n
1 0V
7 . 5V
3V
V fb
Cvcc
t
0V
O u t p ut s h o rt
UVLO
S h u t do w n
(C ) V c c a n d V f b w a v e f o rm s d e p e n d in g o n t h e re la t iv e s iz e o f C v c c a t o u t p u t sh o rt
Figure 11. Operation of the SMPS flyback converters output short circuit protection (latch mode ).
APPLICATION NOTE
AN4105
Vin
Vo
V sn
Vin
P C1
SPS
1
Co n tro l
IC
2
KA4 31
LM431
B urst Mo de
S hu t Do wn
V fb
Vcc
Rsd
Ccc
PC1
Vo
PC2
n *:1
Vtx
P C2
L atch Mod e
Cfb
Sh u t Do wn
voltage protection circuit operates. Since VCC is proportional to the output, in an over voltage situation it will also
increase. In the Fairchild Power Switch (FPS), the protection
circuit operates when Vcc exceeds 25V. Therefore in normal
operation Vcc must be set below 25V.
AN4105
APPLICATION NOTE
Vo
Vin
Vo
Vin
Rg
Rg
Control
IC
Vo
Vin
Control
IC
Rf
Rs
Rg
Cf
Cf
Control
IC
Rf
Rf
Rs
Cf
Charge/Discharge Current of
the equvalent capacitor
10
AN4105
APPLICATION NOTE
11
AN4105
APPLICATION NOTE
Rg
PW M
IC
MO S FE T
Rf
C u rre n t
S e n s in g
Cf
Rs
(a)
< N o ise elim inat ion u sing R C f ilter >
V ck
Vi
OSC
Vo
LEB
Ifb
V fb
Va
Vq
C fb
Vb
Ifb
V is
F e e d ba c k
C ir cu it
(b)
< In te rn al blo ck d iag ra m f or no ise elim inat ion u sing L E B >
V ck
Va
0
V fb
V is
0
Vb
Vq
0
0
12
APPLICATION NOTE
AN4105
V i TON = nV O T OFF
nV O
T ON
D
------------ = --------------- = ------------Vi
T OFF
D1
IO
IL m
IC
VD
VL m
Lm
V in
n:1
ID S
RO
VO
CO
V DS
OFF
T ON
T O FF
VDS
V i+ n V O
0
V Lm
Vi
0
B
nV 0
VD
V 0+ V i/ n
0
S lo p e = V i/ L m
S lp o e = n V O /L m
IL m
0
ID S
IC
ID
IO
0
t0
t1
t2
t3
13
AN4105
APPLICATION NOTE
OFF
VT
= nV T*
i ON
O OFF
VO
T ON
D*
-------- = ------------------ = ---------------Vi
T* OFF
1 D*
Deriving the above equation again, using Io and the fact that
the input and output powers are equal, Vo is obtained as:
2
( V i T ON )
V O = ----------------------------------------------------------------IO
2 ----- L m ( T ON + T OFF ) + V i
n
The following equation represents the input power:
2
1
P IN = --- L m I Lm,(peak) fsw
2
VDS
V i+nV O
Vi
0
VLm
Vi
V i+nV O
0
B
nV 0
VD
V O +V i/n
0
T OFF *
TON
Slope
Slpoe=V i/Lm
IL m
VO
T OFF
Slope=nV O /L m
0
ID S
ID
IC
0
IO
0
t0
t1
t2
t3
14
APPLICATION NOTE
AN4105
side current. The gain is at the low frequency end where core
loss is not a problem since only a minimum number of turns
need be wound. Also, turn on loss is not a serious problem
due to the low input current. Other losses such as eddy
current, skin effect, proximity effect, etc., are not significant.
A more clearly defined advantage of DCM operation is that
it permits the use of a slow and hence, low cost secondary
rectifier diode. In contrast to the continuous conduction
mode, in the discontinuous conduction mode the effective
current is higher, requiring the use of heavier wire and hence
thicker coils. Therefore DCM does not bring an advantage
insofar as transformer construction is concerned. Moreover,
DCM causes the MOSFET operating temperature to increase
because of the large effective primary side current, as was
described above (Section 4.3.1).
15
AN4105
APPLICATION NOTE
V i =10 0V
V i= 400 V
V DS
M e ri t s & de m e ri ts
n V O =6 7 V
V DS
n V O =6 7 V
- V o ltag e
V i=1 0 0V
0
V i=4 0 0V
VD
VD
V i/n =7 5 V
V O= 50 V
V i/n =2 6 7 V
V D S=1 67V
V D =1 25 V
V O= 50 V
ap p li e d to sw itch d ev ic e is
lo w
-E ffect iv e cu rren t in sw itc h i n g d ev ice
an d p rim ary w in d in g is lo w
-V o ltag e ap p li ed to rect ifi er d io d e is
h ig h
-O u tp u t v o lta g e rip p l e is sm al l
-C o n tro l m u st b e d o n e th ro u g h sh o rt
tu rn - o n tim e
V D S =46 7V
V D =31 7V
V DS
n V O =1 0 0 V
n:1
V DS
n V O =1 0 0 V
VLm
V i=1 0 0V
V i=4 0 0V
VD
Vi
VDS
0
VD
2
VD
- Int e rm e di a te D e si gn M e t hod
V i/n =5 0 V
V i/n =2 0 0 V
V O= 50 V
V D S=2 00V
V O= 50 V
0
V D =1 00 V
V D S =50 0V
V D =25 0V
V DS
V DS
n V O =1 5 0 V
n V O =1 5 0 V
V i=1 0 0V
V i=4 0 0V
VD
VD
V i/n =3 3 V
V i/n =1 3 3 V
V O= 50 V
V D S=2 50V
V D = 83V
V O= 50 V
V D S =55 0V
- V o ltag e
ap p li e d to sw itch d ev ic e is
h ig h
-E ffect iv e cu rren t in sw itc h i n g d ev ice
an d p rim ary w in d in g is h ig h
-V o ltag e ap p li ed to rect ifi er d io d e is
lo w
-O u tp u t v o lta g e rip p l e is larg e l
-C o n tro l m u st
tu rn - o n tim e
be
done
th ro u g h
lo n g
V D =18 3V
Figure 18. The current and voltage ratings required on the primary side switching device and the secondary side
rectifier diode depend on the turns ratio (n) selected.
16
APPLICATION NOTE
AN4105
5. The Transformer
5.1 Why a Transformer Is Needed
There are three reasons for needing a transformer in a power
conversion circuit. The first reason is safety. A transformer
affords electrical isolation between the primary and
secondary sides, as shown in Figure 19a. In addition, a true
ground on the output side helps prevent electric shock. The
second reason is for voltage conversion. For example, if a
dc/dc converter (such as the buck converter shown in Figure
19b) switching at 50kHz is used to obtain 5V from 100V.
The duty cycle would only be 5%. Using a 50kHz switching
frequency, the control circuit may have only about 1s to
act, which is not an easy task. Even if this were possible, the
internal voltage and current for each element would be very
large reducing efficiency. The problem is aggravated at high
output current. In the above example, using a transformer to
AC220V
DC
& Rectifier
Output
GND
Vin=100V
100V
Vo=5V
---->
Electric Shock
short when touched Safe to touch
Duty 5%
---->
5V
5V
Vo=5V
Vin=100V
10:1
1000V
5V
100V
--> 10V
-->
Duty 50%
-->
5V
conditions:
1.The coupling coefficient between the windings
is unity (i.e., the leakage flux is zero);
2.The coil loss is zero (the device has no losses).
3.The inductance of each coil is infinite.
17
AN4105
APPLICATION NOTE
IP
IS
I d e a l T ra n sfo rm e r
VP
VS
NP : N
VP : VS =N
VP
I P*
IP
: N
IS
Lm
VS
IP : IS = N S : N P
Figure 20. Ideal transformer.
NP : N S
V P : V S =N P : N S
IP * : I S = N S : N P
Figure 21. A model of an actual transformer showing the
magnetizing inductance Lm, which accounts for energy
storage.
Rp
Llp
Ideal Transformer
Rm
Lm
Lls
Rs
18
APPLICATION NOTE
AN4105
6. Transformer Design
6.1 Core Selection
The maximum power that a transformer core can deliver and
the maximum energy a transformer inductor can store
depends on the shape and size of the core. In general, as the
effective cross sectional area (Ae) increases, more power can
be delivered. Also, as the window area (Aw) on which the
coils are wound increases, more and thicker windings can be
used, allowing a further increase in the power that can be
delivered. The product of Aw and Ae is called the area
product, AP, and the maximum power a transformer can
deliver is proportional to an exponential power of AP.
Indeed, recent transformer theory shows designs depending
almost entirely on AP. In the broader view, a flyback
converter transformer can be viewed as a coupled inductor,
so it's common to design a flyback transformer using
inductor design methods. The two equations below, (a) and
(b), represent two ways to calculate AP. Equation (a) below,
is a method based on whether or not the core is saturated, is
appropriate at low operating frequencies. Equation (b),
limited by core loss, is appropriate at high frequencies. For
any given design, it is necessary to calculate AP using both
equations, and the equation that gives the higher value is the
one that must be considered correct. Equation (a) assumes
that all losses are wire losses and ignores the core (iron) loss.
4 1.31
LIP I RMS 10
AP = -------------------------------
420KB MAX
[ cm ]
a)
L = Inductance of Transformer
Ip = Operating peak current
Bmax = MAximum operating flux density
Irms = RMS current
0.24
[ A cm ]
4 1.58
LI I
0.66
2
m RMS 10
(K f
+ K ( f )2 )
[ cm ]
AP = ------------------------------------------
H SW
E sw
130K
b)
L = Inductance of Transformer
Ip = Operating peak current
Irms = RMS current
0.24
[ A cm ]
19
AN4105
APPLICATION NOTE
KP
K = KU KP
0.7
1.0
0.7
0.7
1.0
0.7
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.2
LI P
4
N MIN = ---------------------- 10
B MAX A C
L = Inductance of Transformer
Ip = Operating peak current
Bmax = Maximum operating flux density
Ae = Effective cross-sectional area of core
L = Inductance of Transformer
Ip = Operating peak current
Bmax = Maximum operating flux density
Ae = Effective cross-sectional area of core
20
uO ur N AC 2
- 10 [ cm ]
I g = --------------------------L
Uo = Permeability of free space
Ur = Relative permeability
References
1. Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook. 2nd ed.
Col. Wm. T. McLyman. Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1988.
2. Switch Mode Power Supply Handbook. Keith H.
Billings. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1989.
KA1H0280RB, KA1M0280RB, KA1H0380RB, KA1M0380RB,
KA1L0380RB, KA1L0380B, KA1H0680B, KA1M0680B,
KA1H0680RFB, KA1M0680RB, KA1M0880B, KA1L0880B,
KA1M0880BF, KA1M0880D, KA2S0680B, KA2S0880B,
KA3S0680RB, KA3S0680RFB, KA3S0880RB, KA3S0880RFB,
KA1H0165RN, KA1H0165R, KA1H0265R, KA1M0265R,
KA1H0365R, KA1M0365R, KA1L0365R, KA1H0565R,
KA1M0565R, KA1M0765RC, KA1M0765R, KA1M0965R,
KA2S0765, KA2S0965, KA2S09655, KA2S1265, KA3S0765R,
KA3S0765RF, KA3S0965R, KA3S0965RF, KA3S1265R,
KA3S1265RF, KA5H0280R, KA5M0280R, KA5H0380R,
KA5M0380R, KA5L0380R, KA5P0680C, KA5H0165R,
KA5M0165R, KA5L0165R, KA5H0165RV, KA5M0165RV,
KA5L0165RV, KA5M0165RI, KA5L0165RI, KA5H0165RN,
KA5M0165RN, KA5L0165RN, KA5H0165RVN,
KA5M0165RVN, KA5L0165RVN, KA5H02659RN,
KA5M02659RN, KA5H0265RC, KA5M0265R, KA5L0265R,
KA5M0365RN, KA5L0365RN, KA5H0365R, KA5M0365R,
KA5L0365R, KA5M0765RQC, KA5M0965Q, KA5S0765C,
KA5S09654QT, KA5S0965, KA5S12656, KA5S1265,
KA5Q0740RT, KA5Q0945RT, KA5Q0765RT, KA5Q12656RT,
KA5Q1265RF, KA5Q1565RF, FSDH0165, FSDH565,
FS6M07652RTC, FS6M12653RTC, FS6S0765RCB,
FS6S0965RT, FS6S0965RC, FS6S1265RB, FS6S1565RB,
FS7M0880, FS8S0765RC
APPLICATION NOTE
AN4105
21
AN4105
APPLICATION NOTE
DISCLAIMER
FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE TO ANY
PRODUCTS HEREIN TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY, FUNCTION, OR DESIGN. FAIRCHILD DOES NOT ASSUME ANY
LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE APPLICATION OR USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CIRCUIT DESCRIBED HEREIN; NEITHER
DOES IT CONVEY ANY LICENSE UNDER ITS PATENT RIGHTS, NOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS.
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY
FAIRCHILDS PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES
OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF FAIRCHILD SEMICODUCTOR
CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems
2. A critical component is any component of a life support
which (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or
device or system whose failure to perform can be
(b) support or sustain life, or (c) whose failure to per-form
reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support
when properly used in accordance with instructions for use
device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
provided in the labeling can be reasonably expected to
result in significant injury to the user.
www.fairchildsemi.com