Chapter 1 Introduction: Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Allan R. Hambley
Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All rights reserved.
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Automobile Electronics (I)
Table 1.1 Current and

Emerging Electronic/Electrical
Applications in Automobiles and
Trucks

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Automobile Electronics (II)
Table 1.1 (continued)

Current and Emerging
Electronic/Electrical Applications
in Automobiles and Trucks

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Figure 1.2 The headlight circuit. (a) The actual physical

layout of the circuit. (b) The circuit diagram.

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Review of Atom Structure,

Coulomb Force, & Electrical Field

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Potential, Difference, and Voltage,
Voltage is the difference in electric potential energy of a

unit charge transported between two points

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Electrical Charges, Currents In Nature

Lighting is due
to high voltage
discharge: large
electrical
currents, and
electron

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Figure 1.4 Current is the time rate of charge flow

through a cross section of a conductor or circuit element.

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Figure 1.14 When current flows through an element and

voltage appears across the element, energy is transferred. The
rate of energy transfer is p = vi.

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Figure 1.3 An electrical circuit consists of circuit elements,

such as voltage sources, resistances, inductances, and
capacitances, connected in closed paths by conductors.

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Figure 1.5 Plots of charge and current versus time for

Example 1.1. Note: The time scale is in milliseconds
(ms). One millisecond is equivalent to 103 seconds.

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Figure 1.6 In analyzing circuits, we frequently start by

assigning current variables i1, i2, i3, and so forth.

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Figure 1.7
Examples of dc and ac currents versus time.

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AC currents can have various waveforms.

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Figure 1.9 Reference directions can be indicated by labeling

the ends of circuit elements and using double subscripts on
current variables. The reference direction for iab points from a
to b. On the other hand, the reference direction for iba points
from b to a.
Figure 1.13 The positive reference

for is at the head of the arrow.

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Figure 1.11 If we do not know the voltage values and

polarities in a circuit, we can start by assigning voltage
variables choosing the reference polarities arbitrarily. (The
boxes represent unspecified circuit elements.)

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Figure 1.14 When current flows through an element and

voltage appears across the element, energy is transferred. The
rate of energy transfer is p = vi.
p = vi.

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Figure 1.16
Circuit element for Example 1.3.

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Table 1.2 Prefixes Used for

Large or Small Physical Quantities

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Figure 1.17
See Exercise 1.6.

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KCL: Kirchhoff Current Law

(Kirchhoffs first law, first rule, node rule)
The net current entering into a node is zero
=1 =0
=1 =0

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Real
numbers
Complex
numbers

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KCL: Kirchhoff Current Law

(Kirchhoffs first law, first rule, node rule)
The net current entering into a node is zero
=1 =0
=1 =0

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Figure 1.18 Partial circuits showing one node each to

illustrate Kirchhoffs current law.
1 2 + 3=0
3 + 4=0

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5 6 7=0

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Figure 1.19 Elements A, B, C, and D can be considered to be

connected to a common node, because all points in a circuit
that are connected directly by conductors are electrically
equivalent to a single point.

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Figure 1.20
Elements A, B, and C are connected in series.

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Figure 1.21
See Exercise 1.7.

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Figure 1.22
Circuit for Exercise 1.8.

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KVL: Kirchhoff Voltage Law
(Kirchhoffs second law, second rule, loop rule)
The algebraic sum of the voltages equals zero
for any closed path (loop) in an electric circuit

=1 =0
=1 =0

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Real
numbers
Complex
numbers

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Figure 1.23 In applying KVL to a loop, voltages are added or

subtracted depending on their reference polarities relative to
the direction of travel around the loop.

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Figure 1.24
law.
Circuit used for illustration of Kirchhoffs voltage
+ + =0
+ =0
+ + =0

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Figure 1.25
In this circuit, conservation of energy requires
that vb = va + vc.

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Figure 1.26 In this circuit, elements A and B are in parallel.

Elements D, E, and F form another parallel combination.

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Figure 1.27 For this circuit, we can show that va = vb = vc. Thus,
the magnitudes and actual polarities of all three voltages are
the same.

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Figure 1.28 Analysis is simplified by using the same voltage

variable and reference polarity for elements that are in
parallel.

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Figure 1.29
Circuit for Exercises 1.9 and 1.10.

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Figure 1.30
Independent voltage sources.

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Figure 1.31 We avoid self-contradictory circuit diagrams

such as this one.

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Figure 1.32 Dependent voltage sources (also known as

controlled voltage sources) are represented by diamondshaped symbols. The voltage across a controlled voltage
source depends on a current or voltage that appears elsewhere
in the circuit.

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Figure 1.33
Independent current sources.

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Figure 1.34 Dependent current sources. The current through

a dependent current source depends on a current or voltage
that appears elsewhere in the circuit.

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Figure 1.35 Voltage is proportional to current in an ideal

resistor. Notice that the references for v and i conform to the
passive reference configuration.

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Figure 1.36 If the references for v and i are opposite to the

passive configuration, we have v = Ri.

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Figure 1.37 We construct resistors by attaching terminals to

a piece of conductive material.

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Figure 1.38 Resistors often take the form of a long cylinder

(or bar) in which current enters one end and flows along the
length.

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= Resistivity, L=Length, A=Area

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Table 1.3 Resistivity Values

(m) for Selected Materials at
300 K

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Electric Power
Power = Total Energy / Time = E/T

Voltage = Energy Moving Unit Charge
Current = Total Charge / Time

= =
= = = 2 = 2/

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Figure PA1.1: Strain Sensor

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Figure 1.39
resistance.
A circuit consisting of a voltage source and a

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Figure 1.40
Circuit for Example 1.6.

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Figure 1.41
Circuit for Example 1.7.

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Table T1.1

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Table T1.1 (continued)

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Chapter 1 Introduction: Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

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Chapter 1 Introduction: Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

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EE292

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Automobile Electronics (I)

Table 1.1 Current and

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Automobile Electronics (II)

Table 1.1 (continued)

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.2 The headlight circuit. (a) The actual physical

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Review of Atom Structure,

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Potential, Difference, and Voltage,

Voltage is the difference in electric potential energy of a

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electrical Charges, Currents In Nature

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.4 Current is the time rate of charge flow

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.14 When current flows through an element and

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.3 An electrical circuit consists of circuit elements,

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.5 Plots of charge and current versus time for

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.6 In analyzing circuits, we frequently start by

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Examples of dc and ac currents versus time.

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

AC currents can have various waveforms.

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.9 Reference directions can be indicated by labeling

Figure 1.13 The positive reference

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.11 If we do not know the voltage values and

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1.14 When current flows through an element and

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Circuit element for Example 1.3.

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 1.2 Prefixes Used for

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

See Exercise 1.6.

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e