OCNG251(Brooks)Spring15

TopicalStudyGuideforExam#4
Ch.12:MarineEnvironment
Strategiesforsurvivalinthesea:differentstrokes
fordifferentfolks
Camouflage,deceptionandsubterfuge
Osmosis:hypertonic,hypotonic;freshandsaltwaterfish
Phytoplanktonandphotosynthesis
Sunlightandnutrients;importanceofviscosityandsurfacetovolumeratio
Distributionofspeciesonlandandintheocean
Divisionsofthemarineenvironment:pelagic,benthic,neritic,oceanic,euphotic,
aphotic,littoral,abyssal
Streamliningandadaptationtoawaterenvironment
Plankton,nektonandbenthos:differentstrategies,differentenvironments
Ch.13BiologicalProductivity:
Photosynthesisandrespiration
Diatoms,coccolithophoresanddinoflagellates:primaryproducerswithdistinctivecharacter
Harmfulalgalblooms(redtides)
Primaryproduction:polar,midlatitudeandequatorialdifferencesinproduction
Factorsaffectingdistributionofproductivityintheoceans(light,nutrients)
Ecosytemsandbioticcommunities:producersandconsumers
Foodchainsandfoodwebs
Energyflowandtransferefficiencyintrophicsystems
Worldfisheriesandoverfishing;maximumsustainableyield
Ch.14and15PelagicandBenthicAnimals:
Strategiesforsurvival:floating,swimming,buoyancyadjustments
Soft(gelatinous)critters:jellies,anemones;medusoidandpolypoidshapes
Typesofsymbiosis
Swimmersandsquirters:squid,fish,adaptationsformobilityandspeed
Migrationandspawningofanadromousandcatadromousspecies
Whitevspinkmuscletissueinfish
Mammals:sirenia,pinnipeds,fissipeds,cetaceans
Baleenandtoothedwhalesandtheirdifferences
Deepdivingandecolocationabilities
Feeding,reproductionandmigrationhabits
Reproductionstrategies:mammals,arthropods,fish
Benthicexamples:oystersandcoralreefs
Worlddistributionofcoralreefsdependenceontemperature
Threatstolivingreefs

Shortanswerquestions
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1.Givesomeexamplesillustratinghoworganismshaveadaptedtotheirenvironmentand
developeddistinctstrategiesforsurvivalinthesea.Forexample,whatdifferencesdoweseein
caudalandpectoralfins,andhowarethesevariationssuitedtoparticularstrategies?
2.Whattypeofsymbiosischaracterizesreefbuildingorganisms?
3.Explaintheconceptofmaximumsustainableyieldusedinfisheriesmanagement.
4.Approximatelyhowmuchphytoplanktonisrequiredtoproduce1kgofafifthtrophiclevel
consumer?
5.Explaintheprincipaldifferencesbetweenprimaryproductivityinpolar,temperateandequatorial
latitudes,especiallynotingthevariationinproductivityoverayear.
6Whyareredtidesdangeroustohumans?Whatorganismsareresponsible?Whyareoysters
moredangeroustoeatthanfishwhenexposedtoredtides?
7.Mostphytoplanktonarepuredrifters,butdinoflagellatesarecapableofsomedegreeoflocomotion.
Howdotheydothis?
8.Whyisitpotentiallylethaltodrinkseawater?(Iknowitssalty;whatdoesthatdotoyou?)
9.Copepodsshowaremarkablediversityinplumagerelatedtolatitude.Whyshouldsuchasmallorganism
gotoallthattrouble?
10.Whatisthedifferencebetweeneukaryoticandprokaryoticorganisms?
11.Whatisthedifferencebetweenheterotrophicandautotrophicplankton?
12.Canyouthinkofanexplanationforthefactthatonlyabout15%ofthetotalnumberofspeciesknown
toexistonearthoccurintheocean?Isntthissurprising,giventhattheoceancoversmorethan70%ofthe
earthssurface?
13.Whatwouldhappentoasaltwaterfish(thinkNemo)ifyouputhim/herinafreshwatertank?
14.Inmanypartsofthesubtropicalocean,youwillfindlownutrientsandhighoxygenconcentrationsnear
thesurface,whereasbelowthemainthermocline(depthsofabout8001000m)youwillfindtheopposite.
Howdoyouexplainthisobservation?
15.Whatdoesthe1934ChryslerAirflowhavetodowithtunaandsharks,andwhyisthatimportant?
16.ColeridgespoemTheRimeoftheAncientMarinercontainstheselines:Water,watereverywhere/
noranydroptodrink.Whatdoesthishavetodowiththeprocesscalledosmosis?
17.WhatdesignfeatureoftheChevroletCorvettesubliminallysuggestsashark?
18.Whattypeofsymbiosischaracterizesreefbuildingorganisms?

19.HowisitthattheshellsofsomecephalopodssuchasNautiluscanbefoundonshoresthousandsof
kilometersdistantfromwheretheanimalslive?
20.WhatarethedefiningcharacteristicsofanimalsintheorderSirenia,andhowdidtheordergetthat
name?
21.HowwouldyouexpecttheTexasoysterindustrytobeaffectedbyincreasinglevelsofdissolvedCO2
intheoceans?
22.Whatcausescoralbleaching,andwhyisitbecomingamajorthreattolivingreefs?
23.Whatdistinguishingcharacteristicsaresharedbymostmammals(includingmarinemammals)?
24.Somewhalesareabletoaccuratelylocatepreyorsignalotherwhaleswithsound.Howaretheyableto
dothis?
25.Inwhatwaysdodeepwaterfishesdifferfromthosewhospendtheirlivesnearthesurface?
26.Whydofishformschools?Whatsinitfortheindividualfishinalargeschool?
27.Howdothemigrationhabitsofgraywhalesandbluewhalesdiffer?
28.Squidhavenocaudal(tail)fin,buttheyareveryadeptatmovingaround.Howdotheydothis?
29.CanyoudescribetheprocessbywhichwhalesinthesuborderMysticetifeed?
30.Howdospermwhalesdivethousandsofmetersandstaysubmergedforhourswithoutsufferingfrom
nitrogennarcosisorthebends?
31.Whatistheprincipaldifferencebetweenovoviparousandoviparousreproductionstrategies?
32.Whatdifferencesandsimilaritiescharacterizemedusoidandpolypoidanimals?
33.Whyisthereanuppersizecatchlimitonsomefishandcrustaceans?