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All this concerns the essence of belief and unbelief. However, when belief and unbelief
are mentioned as a basis for membership of the Muslim community or in connection with
legal rights and responsibilities as necessary corollaries of that membership, a clear line
of demarcation has to be drawn between those who believe and those who do not. In this
respect the determination of who is a believer and who is not will depend on the basic
minimum of belief regardless of quality of belief. In an Islamic society all those who
believe will be entitled to the same legal rights and will be required to fulfil the same
duties regardless of the differences in the quality of their faith. Likewise, all unbelievers -
regardless of the differences in the quality of their unbelief - will be placed in the
category of unbelievers disregarding the question whether their unbelief is of an ordinary
quality or an extremely serious one.
Even the best and the most devoted believers are liable to commit lapses. As long as man
is man, it is impossible for his record to be filled exclusively with righteousness of the
highest order and to be free from all lapses, shortcomings and weaknesses. Out of His
infinite mercy, however, God overlooks man's shortcomings as long as he fulfils the basic
duties incumbent upon him as God's servant, and favours him with a reward far greater
than that warranted by his good works. Had it been a rule that man would be judged
strictly on the basis of his deeds, that he would be punished for every evil deed and
rewarded for every good deed, no man, howsoever righteous, would have escaped
punishment