Report is a text which present information about something, as it is.

It is as a result
of systematic observation and analyses.
Generic Structure Report Text.
Seperti halnya dengan descriptive text, Report text juga hanya memiliki dua
struktur umum [generic structure] yaitu :
1. General Clasification; Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan,
keterangan, dan klasifikasinya.
2. Description: tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts,
qualities, habits or behaviors;
The Purpose of Report Text
Its social purpose is presenting information about something. They generally
describe an entire class of things, whether natural or made: mammals, the planets,
rocks, plants, countries of region, culture, transportation, and so on.
The Grammar of Report Text
1. Use of general nouns, eg hunting dogs, rather than particular nouns, eg our
dog;
2. Use of relating verbs to describe features, eg Molecules are tiny particles;
3. Some use of action verbs when describing behavior, eg Emus cannot fly;
4. Use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, eg Tropical cyclones
always begin over the sea;
5. Use of technical terms, eg Isobars are lines drawn on a weather map;
6. Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organize bundles of information;
repeated naming of the topic as the beginning focus of the clause.

Reading Ativity
1. Kangaroo
A kangaroo is an animal found only in Australia, although it has a smaller relative,
called a wallaby, which lives on the Australian island of Tasmania and also in New
Guinea.
Kangaroos eat grass and plants. They have short front legs, but very long, and very
strong back legs and a tail. These are used for sitting up and for jumping. Kangaroos
have been known to make forward jumps of over eight metres, and leap across
fences more than three metres high. They can also run at speeds of over 45
kilometres per hour.
The largest kangaroos are the Great Grey Kangaroo and the Red Kangaroo. Adult
grow to a length of 1.60 metres and weigh over 90 kilos.

Kangaroos are marsupials. This means that the female kangaroo has an external
pouch on the front of her body. A baby kangaroo is very tiny when it is born, and it
crawls at once into this pouch where it spends its first five months of life.

2. Thanksgiving Day
Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day is a celebration of harvest, thankfulness for
peace, and the attempt of Native Americans. It is usually celebrated in late autumn.
In the past, Thanksgiving was celebrated for their rich harvest in New England. In
North America, however, it was originally held to thank God for their survival in the
new land which was not easy for them. However, in Canada, it had been celebrated
as in New England. Thanksgiving now is celebrated in United States of America and
in Canada.
Thanksgiving festivals are held every fourth Thursday of November in the U.S and
on the second Monday of October in Canada. It is usually celebrated in four to five
days in the North America and for three days in Canada. It is celebrated through
families and friends gathering to eat and give good luck. Turkey is the main dish in
the thanksgiving dinner. Thanksgiving parades are also usually held. In
Thanksgiving homes are decorated with wreaths, fresh and dried flowers. Lamps are
lighted to brighten the environment. Tables are decorated with best china and
antique silver dishes to mark the occasion.
3. Venice
Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with
Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been
known as the Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Bridges, and The
City of Light. The city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian
Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy.
Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands
formed by about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is
built are connected by about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the
function of roads, and every form of transport is on water or on foot.
You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is
mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most
Venetians travel by motorised waterbuses (vaporetti) which ply regular routes
along the major canals and between the citys islands. The city also has many
private boats. The only gondolas still in common use by Venetians are the traghetti,
foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points without bridges.

You can see the amusing citys landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo
Contarini del Bovolo, Saint Marks Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the
Veneto, rural residences for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most
interesting aspects of Venetian countryside. They are surrounded by elegant
gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high society. The city is also well known
for its beautiful and romantic view, especially at night.

Flood Facts, Types of Flooding, Floods in History

In terms of lives lost and property damaged, floods are just behind tornadoes as the top natural
disaster. In the United States, flood damages totaled $8.41 billion in 2011. There were 113 floodrelated deaths. Floods can affect any area to some degree; wherever rain falls, flooding can
occur.
As water falls to the Earth in the form of rain or snow, it seeps into the ground. But if the ground
is frozen or the surface impervious (asphalt or concrete are two contenders) or the soil is
already saturated and cannot absorb the water faster than it falls from the sky, problems arise.
Water running downhill into channels and streams begins to "pile up", eventually overrunning
the sides of those channels. How quickly this happens depends on the strength of the
precipitation and the slope of the land. Sometimes flooding causes deep water to move quickly,
while other times, shallow water may linger, taking days to dissipate.
Report Text 2:
Vulcano
A volcano is a mountain which is form by the eruption of material from earths
interior through a central opening or groups of opening. Volcanoes are scattered
over the world. Volcanoes can be devided into three categories bassed on volcano
from and type of volcanic activity. They are Shield, Composite, and Eksplosion
volcanoes.
A shield volcano is bult chiefly of layers of basalt (a dark, heavy lava). A few shield
volcanoes are composed of andesite (a related, less dense type of lava).
A composte volcano has more frequent and violent explosive eruptions than shield
volcanoes do. Lava may be extruded from either central crater or fissures on a
volcanos sides.
Explosion volcanoes are composed of inclined layers of pyroclastic debris and
contain no lava. During an eruption, debris are ejected from the crater. Most
explosion volcanoes are built during one period of eruption.

(Adapted from: Golden Home Encyclopedia, V p. 185)

Report Text 3:
The Solar System
The solar system consists of a star (the Sun), the planets, and a number of other
bodies, such as satellite and asteroids. The Sun is the center of the solar system.
The planets revolve around it. There are eight planets in all. They are :Mercury,
Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Some planets have
satellites. The Earth has one satellite. It is called the Moon.

Report Text 4:
Insect Anatomy
The body of an insect consists of three parts: the head, the thorax, and the
abdomen. The head contains the insects brain, eyes, and mouth. It also carries the
antennae. The thorax is the central part of the body. It is contains the legs and
wings. There are three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings. The insects abdomen
contains its digestive and reproductive organs.

Report Text 5:
Crocodiles
Crocodiles are rather lizard-like, They have tlong tails and the limbs are short and
straddled sideways. Crocodiles belong to reptiles. The elongated crocodiles are
probably the most distinctive features. The head is typically one-seventh the total
body length of and the species have a narrow or broad snout.
Crocodiles have a minimum exposure posture in water, in wihich only the eyes,
ears, and nostrils lie above the waters surface. This minimum exposure posture
has obviously been important to crocodiles throughout their evolution.

Report Text 6:
Tornados

A tornado is a powerful, twisting wind storm. It is one of the most

destructive storms on earth. A tornado is also called a waterspout.
A tornado is a long cloud which comes down from the sky. It is shaped like
a funnel and consists of wind which whirls around and around extremely fast. In
fact, the wind can reach a speed of more than 900 kilo meters per hour.
Most tornadoes form a long a front (boundary) between cool, dry air, and
warm, humid air. Weather scientists are unable to know exactly when tornados will
occur. Fortunately, the tornado is not usually very big and it does not last long.

Report Text 7:
Windmill

Tittle

A windmill is a machine for converting wind energy into mechinal

energy. A windmill is used for grinding gain, pumping water for
irrigation and in the past few years for generating electrcty.

General
Classificatio
n

A common windmill consists of a high steel tower on stop of which

revolves an air motor. The parts of the air motor are fixed into the
wind shaft and are automatically held into the wind of furled
according to whether water should be pumped or if the mill needs to
be proctected from the severity of the wind
An ordinary 8-foot windwheel develops less than 1/10 horse power.

identificati
on

Report Text 8:
Gorillas

Tittle

Gorillas are the largest of all the primates, the animal order
including lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes. They are the anthropoid
apes which have the greater in size. Gorillas are terrestrial animals,
inhabiting the land, not the water. Many of them live in forests of
central West Africa.

General
Classificati
on

A male gorilla can be 180 centi meters tall and can weigh 200 kilo
grams. Physically gorillas are very powerful, but they do not often fight.
In fact they are peaceful animals. Gorillas live in small family groups of
about 15. In a group, there is one strong, other male, some young

descripti
on (to
describe,
quality,

male, and a few females with their babies. Like some other kinds of
apes, they are vegetarians. They move slowly around a large area of
jungle eating leaves and bushes.

habit and
behaviors

In some ways gorillas are like humans. However, according to some

careful research, they are not the ancestors of human beings.
Unfortunately, people hunt and kill gorillas. People also cut down and
burn their trees where they live. There are now only about 10,000
gorillas left in the world.
Report Text 9:
Social function

Generic structure
Lexicogrammatical
Features

Significant

To describe the way things

are,
with refrence to a
range of natural, manmade and social
phenomena in our
environment

General
classification: tells what
the phenomenon under
discussion is.

Focus on generic
participants.

Description: tells
what the phenomenon
under discussion is like
terms of (1) parts, (2)
qualities, (3) habits or
behaviors, if living: use, if
non-natural.

Use of relational
processes to state what is
and that which it is.

Use of Simple
Present Tense (unless
extinct).

No temporal
sequence.

What are clouds?

Tittle

Clouds are water vapour condensed into minute water particle which
float in masses in the atmosphere. There are three main type of clouds,
classified according to the height at which they occur. Clouds were first
named by the English chemist Luke Howard in 1803, a pioneer or
meteorology. The types he named were cirrus, cumulus, and stratus.

General
classificati
on

Cirrus clouds are usually high and appear as delicate whitish

threads against a blue sky. Because of their height, they are composed
of ice crystals and not of water droplets.

descripti
on

Cumulus clouds typically have a rounded appearance and

sometimes reach 20,000 feet into the sky. They are often characterized

by having an anvil shape in the center of the cloud.

Stratus clouds are layers of cloud which can form at any height and
tend to cover the whole sky. Often, the sky is overcast and the sun is
propably completely concealed.
This is a basic grouping of types of clouds. The ever-changing cloud
formations are an important aspect of meteorology and clouds can be
futher described in many ways

conclusi
on

(taken partly from life accents)

Obligation
Must or Have to
We can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a logical deduction based
upon some clear evidence or reason.

There's no heating on. You must be freezing.

You must be worried that she is so late coming home.

I can't remember what I did with it. I must be getting old.

It must be nice to live in Florida.

We also use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that some
personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost certainly agrees with the
obligation.)

I must go to bed earlier.

They must do something about it.

You must come and see us some time.

I must say, I don't think you were very nice to him.

We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means that
some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.

I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict.

We have to give him our answer today or lose out on the contract.

You have to pass your exams or the university will not accept you.

I have to send a report to Head Office every week.

In British English, we often use 'have got to' to mean the same as 'have to'.

I've got to take this book back to the library or I'll get a fine.

We've got to finish now as somebody else needs this room.

We can also use ' will have to' to talk about strong obligations. Like 'must' this usually means that that
some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary. (Remember that 'will' is often used to show
'willingness'.)

I'll have to speak to him.

We'll have to have lunch and catch up on all the gossip.

They'll have to do something about it.

I'll have to get back to you on that.

As you can see, the differences between the present forms are sometimes very small and very subtle.
However, there is a huge difference in the negative forms.

We use 'mustn't' to express strong obligations NOT to do something.

We mustn't talk about it. It's confidential.

I mustn't eat chocolate. It's bad for me.

You mustn't phone me at work. We aren't allowed personal calls.

They mustn't see us talking or they'll suspect something.

We use 'don't have to' (or 'haven't got to' in British English) to state that there is NO obligation or
necessity.

We don't have to get there on time. The boss is away today.

I don't have to listen to this. I'm leaving.

You don't have to come if you don't want to.

He doesn't have to sign anything if he doesn't want to at this stage.

I haven't got to go. Only if I want to

Conditional Clause and Main Clause

If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
conditional clause
main clause
I will go to Japan, if I have enough money
main clause
conditional clause

First, Second, and Third Conditional

1. First conditional:

If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.

2. Second conditional:

If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.

3. Third conditional:

If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.

Conditional clause
1. If + Present Tense

a.

Main clause
will + inf / present tense / imperative

If you help me with the dishes (if + pres),

I will help you with your homework. (will + inf)

b. If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three,

the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense)

c. If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).

2. If + Past Tense

would + inf

3. If + Past Perfect Tense

would have + past participle

We do not normally use will or would in the conditional clause,

only in the main clause.

Uses of the Conditional

1.

First conditional
a. Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is
possible.
b. Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.
e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him.
If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble.

2.

Second conditional
a. Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.

b. Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the
present, now.
e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
If I were you, I would tell my father.
Compare: If I become president, I will change the social
security system. (Said by a presidential candidate)
If I became president, I would change the social security
system. (Said by a schoolboy: improbable)
If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals.
If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)

3.

Third conditional
a. Nature: unreal
b. Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so
in the past.)
e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father
about that party.(But you didn't, and I have).