1

A PARENTS KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES OF ASTHMA IN

CHILDREN: BASIS FOR PROPOSED ASTHMA EDUCATION PROGRAM

A Research Study Presented to the Faculty

of the School of Health Sciences,
St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

By
GARMA, MAIS CLARE O.
HERCULANO, SR. AURELIA, SPC D.
MACASADDU, MARK A.
ROSQUETA, ROJEANE B.
RESEARCHERS

November 2014

APPROVAL SHEET
In

partial

fulfillment

of

the

requirements

for

the

degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING, this research study

entitled: A PARENTS KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES OF
ASTHMA

IN

CHILDREN:

BASIS

FOR

PROPOSED

ASTHMA

EDUCATION

PROGRAM, has been prepared and submitted by MAIS CLARE O.

GARMA, SR. AURELIA HERCULANO, SPC, MARK A. MACASADDU, AND
ROJEANE B. ROSQUETA who are hereby recommended for Oral
Examination.
JOSEPHINE D. LORICA, DPA
Research Adviser
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a
grade of PASSED.
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
OSCAR M. TURINGAN, PhD
Chairman
MELANIE ADOLFO, MSN
MEMBER

Accepted

and

approved

JESUS PIZARO, DPA

MEMBER

in

partial

fulfillment

of

the

requirements for the degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING.

MA. ELIZABETH C. BAUA, DNS

Dean,School of Health Sciences

DEDICATION
This humble piece of work is wholeheartedly dedicated
to our beloved

parents,

to our family,
to our teachers,
to our friends and
to our school, St.Paul University Philippines.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research study would not have been possible without the
help of significant people who shared their time and expertise.
With all their heart and sincerity, the reseachers would like to
express the deepest gratitude and appreciation to the following:
To the panelist,Oscar Turingan, PhD, Melanie Adolfo, MSN
and

Jesus

Pizaro,

DPA,

for

their

understanding

and

intellectual contributions in enhancing the content of

this study;
To Maria Heicielle G. Amistad, MD, Ma. Socorro Cabinta,
MD

and

Magdalena

researchers

to

clinics;
To Krizzette

I.

Velarde,

conduct
Joy

C.

the

MD,

study

Escobar,

on

Ph.D

researchers improve their study by

for

permitting

their
for

the

respective

helping

the

careful reading to

detect any errors in spelling, punctuation, or grammar.

To the Business Permits and Licensing Office (BPLO) of
Tuguegarao City, for providing them a list of pediatric

clinics around the city;

To their participants, for the participation during the

data collection of this study;

To their research instructors, Dr. Josephine Lorica and
Maam Katherine B. Arellano, for guiding them patiently
throughout the study, for giving considerations and for
sharing their intellect as to how the researchers will
develop their study;

To their statistician, Maam Fe Masigan, for helping them

on statistical computations;
To their family, for their prayers, concern, love and

support;
To their friends, for their kindness, help, understanding

and words of encouragement;

And most especially to Almighty God, for giving them the
strength, wisdom and perseverance to continue and finish
this study and for keeping them safe.

You are like the light for the whole world...in the same way your light must
shine before people, so that they will see the good things you do and praise
your Father in heaven (Matthew5:14; 16)

ABSTRACT
TITLE:

PARENTS

ASTHMA

IN

KNOWLEDGE,

CHILDREN:

ATTITUDE

BASIS

AND

FOR

EDUCATION PROGRAM
RESEARCHERS: GARMA, MAIS CLARE O.
HERCULANO, SR. AURELIA, SPC D.

PRACTICES

PROPOSED

OF

ASTHMA

MACASADDU, MARK A.
ROSQUETA, ROJEANE B.
DEGREE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
SCHOOL: ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES
TUGUEGARAO CITY, CAGAYAN
YEAR COMPLETED: 2014
ADVISER: DR. JOSEPHINE D. LORICA

Introduction
According to World Health Organization(WHO), Asthma is a
disease characterized by recurrent attacks of breathlessness and
wheezing. This may vary in severity and frequency from person to
person. This condition may occur from hour to hour and day to day
in each individual.
Childhood

asthma

management

includes

the

thorough

monitoring, control of symptoms, and the prevention of attacks

(Pinnock H, Fletcher M, Holmes S, Keeley D, Leyshon J, Price D,
Russell

R,

Versnel

J,

Wagstaff

B.

2010).

These

include

understanding to the diverse triggers and basic mechanisms of an

asthma attack, and to understand the necessity of maintenance

medication.

Long-term

control

reduces

the

need

for

emergency

treatment to prevent further complications. However, until now,

children

who

are

diagnosed

or

undiagnosed

from

asthma

still

remain untreated (Joe K.G,Yanhui Sun, Roni G, Lynn B.G.,2009),

which

results

in

poor

quality

of

life.

gap

between

recommended and actual practice still exist because of parents

who

lack

Price

D,

of

adequate

Ryan

D,

asthma-related

Haughney

J,

knowledge

Horne

R.,

(Clatworthy

2009)

like

J,
its

pathological mechanisms, medications and prevention (Zahradnik

A., 2011), a good attitude that is reflected by confidence and
positive relationships with physicians (Yilmaz O, Eroglu N, Ozalp
D, Yuksel H., 2012), and practices that refers to the timely
intervention

and

active

management

with

appropriate

care

(McArthur R., 2012).

In the study about the knowledge, attitudes and practices of
parents of children with asthma in 29 cities of China: a multicenter study made by

Zhao, Shen, Xiang, Zhang, Xie, Bai,and

Chen(2013), consistencies between parent knowledge, attitudes and

practices were identified. This indicates that improved asthma
knowledge

and

attitudes

can

encourage

parents

to

correctly

monitor their childs condition and better manage and adhere to

their medication regimen

Based on the GINA report, there are social and economic factors
that are integral to the understanding asthma and its care,
whether it is viewed from the perspective of the individual
sufferer, the health care professional, or entities that pay for
health

care.

treatment

of

appropriate

One

systematic

asthma

review

depends

intervention

by

the

on

reported
accurate

parent

and

that

adequate

evaluation
child

and

and

timely

communication with the health provider. Their understanding of

asthma

management

and

their

concerns

about

medications

being

prescribed affect such parental actions.

Statement of the problem

This study aims to assess the extent of knowledge, attitude,
and

practices

of

parents

managing

asthma

attack

among

their

children.
It specifically answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the participants in terms of
1.1 Mothers age
1.2 Motherss highest educational attainment
1.3 Mothers Type of Work
1.4 Annual Family Income
2. What is the extent of knowledge of the mothers
regarding asthma?
3. What is the extent of attitude of the mothers regarding
asthma?

4. What

is

the

extent

of

practices

of

the

mothers

regarding asthma?
5. Is there a significant difference in the extent of
knowledge of the mothers regarding asthma when grouped
according to profile variable?
6. Is there a significant difference in the extent of
attitude of the mothers regarding asthma when grouped
according to profile variable?
7. Is there a significant difference in the extent of
practices of the mothers regarding asthma when grouped
according to profile variable?
8. What program of intervention be proposed to enhance
knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers on asthma?
Methods
The

researchers

used

descriptive

design.

It

is

study

designed to depict the participants in an accurate way. More

simply put, descriptive research is all about describing people
who take part in the study. A sample of 33 mothers who have
asthmatic children were recruited from the three private clinics
of pediatricians. The participants in the study have met the
following inclusion criteria: Parents of pediatric children whose
asthma

was

diagnosed

by

certified

pediatrician

based

on

clinical history and physical examination. The researchers used

the 30-item questionnaire tool entitled Questionnaire on asthma
knowledge, attitudes and practices among parents of children with

10

asthma by Dr. Ernesto Salvador. A final list of 12 items for the

knowledge domain, 10 items for the attitude domain and 8 items
for the practices domain were included in the final research
tool. The questions remain the same but the researchers had
rearranged

the

questions

in

each

of

the

domain

(Knowledge,

Attitude and Practices) for them to easily compute its mean and
its

percentage

in

each

of

the

questions.

After

the

data

collection, the data were classified, analyzed and interpreted

making use of the following statistical tools such as frequency
count, mean, percentages, and chi square. A Likert Scale was used
to

interpret

further

the

raw

scores

obtained

from

KAP

questionnaires. The Anova or F-Test was used to determine the

significant difference in the extent of knowledge, attitude and
practices of the participants when grouped according to profile
variable.
Results and Discussions
Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood and it
was proven that mothers always have the capacity to deliver
suitable care and have the greater capacity to monitor asthma. In
this study, majority of the parent belongs to early adulthood and
are college graduate. Most of them are housewife. In terms of
annual

family

income,

most

of

the

answer; but out of 33 who answered,

respondents
most

of

did

not

them

give
have

11

99,090.92 pesos to 116,363.64. As reported in GINA, social and

economic factors are integral in understanding asthma and its
care. The questionnaire that we had utilized in this study was
used to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of parents
of asthmatic children.
In the knowledge domain, majority of the participants have
high extent of knowledge regarding asthma with an overall mean of
3.68. They are fully aware what asthma is.
In the attitude domain, majority of the participants have
also high extent of attitude with an overall mean of 3.98. This
means that participants respond positively in the time of asthma
attack of their child.
In the practice domain, majority of the participants have
high extent of practices with an overall mean of 4.44 which means
that

participants

demonstrate

their

knowledge

and

attitude

through their actions like the timely intervention and active

management with appropriate care in managing asthma attack.
Results

of

this

study

also

showed

that

there

is

no

significant difference in the extent of knowledge of parents

regarding asthma when group according to profile variables ( Age
-0.161; type of work- 0.408; Annual family Income- 0.284 and
Highest Educational Attainment- 0.711).

12

There is no significant difference in the extent of attitude

of parents regarding asthma when they are group according to
profile variables (Age-0.733; type of work-0.340; annual family
income-0.070; highest educational attainment-0.409).
There
practices

is
of

no

significant

parents

difference

regarding

asthma

in

when

the
they

extent
are

of

group

according to profile variables (Age-0.285 ; type of work-0.285 ;

annual

family

income-0.184

highest

educational

attainment-

1.00).
Based on the results, the researchers concluded that the
participants are knowledgeable about its pathological mechanisms,
medications

and

relationships

prevention,
with

exhibit

physicians,

confidence
and

and

positive

demonstrate

intervention and active management with appropriate care.

timely

13

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title

Page

Title Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I
Approval Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II

Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III
Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV
List of

Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

XVI

List of

Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

Related Literature and Studies . . . . . . . . . .

. . 3

Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

Scope and Limitations of the Study . . . . . . . . . . 15

Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

15

. . 17

Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17

Data Gathering Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Chapter 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Chapter 4 SUMMARIES OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

Summary of Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

15

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
1

Title of Table

Page

Likert Scale

Distribution

20

of

participants

when

21

grouped according to Parents Age

Distribution
3

grouped

of

participants

according

to

when

Parents

Highest Educational Attainment

Distribution of participants

22

when

23
grouped according to Type of Work
Distribution

6
7

of

participants

when

grouped according to Annual Family

Total Incomes
Extent of Knowledge of the Mothers
Regarding Asthma
The Extent of Attitude of the

24

26
27

16

Mothers Regarding Asthma

The

Extent

of

Practice

of

the

29
Mothers Regarding Asthma
Significance

Difference

in

the

Extent of Knowledge Of Mothers on

9

30
Asthma when grouped according to age
bracket
Significant Difference in the Extent
of Knowledge of Mothers on Asthma

10

31
when grouped according to type of
work
Significant Difference in the Extent
of Knowledge Of Mothers on Asthma

11

32
when grouped according to Annual
Family Total Income
Significant Difference in the Extent
of Knowledge Of Mothers on Asthma

12

33
when

grouped

according

to

highest

educational attainment.
Significant Difference in the Extent
of Attitude of Mothers on Asthma
13

34
when

grouped

according

to

age

bracket
14

Significant Difference in the Extent

of Attitude of Mothers on Asthma

35

17

when grouped according to type of

work.
Significant Difference in the Extent
of Attitude of Mothers on Asthma
15

36
when grouped according to annual
family total income.
Significant Difference in the Extent
of Attitude of Mothers on Asthma

16

37
when

grouped

according

to

Highest

Educational Attainment.
Significant Difference in the Extent
of Practices of Mothers on Asthma
17

38
when grouped according to age
bracket.
Significant Difference in the Extent
of Practices of Mothers on Asthma

18

39
when grouped according to type of
work.
Significant Difference in the Extent
of Practices of Mothers on Asthma

19

40
when grouped according to Annual
Family Total Income.

20

Significant Difference in the Extent

of Attitude of Mothers on Asthma
when grouped according to Highest

41

18

Educational Attainment.

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
1

Title of Figure
Conceptual Framework illustrating

Page

19

The research flow

12